LAWS in CHEMISTRY

By Dr Vipan Goyal
 Chemical Laws

The laws of nature related to chemistry is known as chemical

laws.

Chemical reactions, normally, are administrated by certain laws,

which are observed and formulated in words become
fundamental concepts in chemistry.
 Significant Chemical Laws
Laws Explanation
“Equal volumes of all gases, at the same temperature and
Avogadro's Law pressure, have the same number of molecules”.
Avogadro’s number : 6.023 x 10 23 molecules
According to this, radiant energy is emitted or absorbed in the
form of small energy packets called quanta. In case of light
Planck’s quantum theory of
these energy packets are known as photons. The energy of
Radiation
each quantum is directly proportional to frequency of
radiation. Planck’s constant = 6.626 x 10-34 Js
“The absolute pressure exerted by a given mass of an ideal gas
is inversely proportional to the volume it occupies if the
Boyle's Law
temperature and amount of gas remain unchanged (constant)
within a closed system”
 Significant Chemical Laws
Laws Explanation
“When the pressure on a sample of a dry gas is held
Charles' Law (also known
constant, the Kelvin temperature and the volume will
as Law of Volume)
be directly related”
PV = nRT (n is number of mole) and R is gas constant
Ideal gas equation
(1.987 cal K-1 mol-1)
"At constant volume, the pressure of given mass of a
Gay-Lussac's Law gas is directly proportional to the temperature in
Kelvin.
 Significant Chemical Laws
Laws Explanation
Law of conservation of
“Energy can neither be created nor be destroyed”
energy
Heisenberg’s Exact position and momentum cannot be determined
Uncertainty principle simultaneously.
“The amount of substance produced at an electrode is
Faraday's Law
directly proportional to the quantity of electricity
Electrolysis
passed”
 Significant Chemical Laws
Laws Explanation

Atomic Theory “Matter is composed of distinct units known as atoms”

Dual nature of electron i.e. all matter has both particle and
wave nature.
λ = h/mv, where λ is wavelength, h is Planck's constant, m is
de-Broglie’s equation
the mass of a particle, moving at a velocity v. de
Broglie suggested that particles can exhibit properties of
waves
All the four quantum numbers for any two electrons in an
Pauli’s Exclusion principle
atom cannot be identical.
The filling of electrons in orbitals first take place singly after
Hund’s Rule
than pairing of electrons takes place.
 Significant Chemical Laws
Laws Explanation
It states that the rate of the effusion of a gas is inversely
proportional to the square root of its density or
Graham’s Law of diffusion
molecular mass under similar conditions of temperature
and pressure.
“Describes the behavior of a hypothetical ideal gas”.
Kinetic Theory of Gases The average kinetic energy of a collection of gas particles
is directly proportional to absolute temperature only.
“Explains that the electrons orbiting the atoms first fill
Aufbau Principle the lowest energy levels and then second higher levels
and so on and so forth”
 Significant Chemical Laws
Laws Explanation
It states that in a mixture of non-reacting
Dalton’s law of gases, the total pressure exerted is equal to
partial pressure the sum of the partial pressures of the
individual gases.
 Ideal and Real Gases
• Gases which follow gas laws at all conditions of temperature
and pressure are called Ideal Gases.
• Real gases follow gas law only at high temperature and low
pressure.
Thank You