YARDSTICK INTERNATIONAL COLLEGE

PROJECT MANAGEMENT

The relationship between solid waste management

practice and its influencing factors:
in case of some selected wereda of Addis Ababa:

BY: ANDARGACHEW GASHU

Advisor: (Advisor’s name and title)

ADDIS ABEBAB
. MARCH, 2021

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES ……………………………………………………………………………….…..…..... i
LIST OF ANNEX …………………………………………………………………………………………... i i

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................1

1.1. Introduction...................................................................................................................... 1
1.2. Research Background ....................................................................................................... 1
1.3. statement of the problem ................................................................................................ 3
1.4. Research objectives.......................................................................................................... 4
1.4.1 General research Objectives .................................................................................................................. 4
1.4.2 Specific Research objectives ................................................................................................................ 4
1.5. Research hypotheses ...................................................................................................... 5
1.5.1 General research hypothesis ................................................................................................................. 5
1.5.2 Specific research hypothesis .................................................................................................................. 5
1.6. Research questions .......................................................................................................... 6
1.6.1 General research questions .....................................................................................................................
6
1.6.2 Specific research questions.....................................................................................................................
6
1.7. Scope of the study............................................................................................................ 6
1.8. Significant of the study..................................................................................................... 6
1.9. Limitations of the study ................................................................................................... 7
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................ 8

2.1. Theoretical framework of solid waste management ..................... 8

2.2. Solid waste management practice
2.3. Theoretical frame work of factors influencing effective solid waste management practice
2.4. Factors influencing effective solid waste management practice
2.4.1. Financial factors and SWM
2.4.2. Technical Factors and SWM
2.4.3. Social Factor and SWM
2.4.4. Institutional Factor and SWM
2.4.5. Political factor
2.5. Theoretical framework of the relationship between influencing factors
and effective solid waste management practice (SWM)……………………………….
2.6. The relationship between influencing factors and effective SWM. ……..

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3
CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ………..............................................18
3. Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 18
3.1. Research Area ................................................................................................................ 18
3.2. Research Approach ........................................................................................................ 19
3.3. Research design.............................................................................................................. 19
3.4. Study population ............................................................................................................ 20
3.4.1. Target population ....................................................................................................... 28
3.5. Sample and Sampling ..................................................................................................... 28
3.5.1. Sample size ................................................................................................................. 28
3.5.2. Sampling technique .................................................................................................... 29
3.6. Data collection................................................................................................................ 29
3.6.1. Development of questionnaire .................................................................................. 29
3.6.2. Data analysis ............................................................................................................... 23

4. Work plan and Budget Application…............................................................................... 24

4.1 Work plan break down........................................................................................ 24
4.2 Budget break down............................................................................................ 25
5. Referance......................................................................................................................... 26
 LIST OF TABLES

Table 1 global dimensions of solid waste problems................................................

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1 Location of Yeka sub city ………………………………….……………………………..

Figure 2 Conceptual .Framework…………………………………………………………………………………………………

LI ST OF
ANNEX

Annex 1: Work plan break down........................................................................................

Annex:2 Budget break down............................................................................................
 Acronyms

AACA Addis Ababa City Administration

AAEPA Addis Ababa Environment Protection Authority

AAHB Addis Ababa Health Bureau

AMPRP Adama Master Plan Revision Project

AASBPDA Addis Ababa Soli Waste Management Agency

AU African Union

CSA Central Statistics Authority

ECA Economic Commission of Africa

EMA Ethiopia Map Agency

ESI Africa Environmental Sustainability Initiative of Africa

FAO Food and Agricultural Organization

ISWM Integrated Solid Waste Management

ILF International Labour Force

MSE M icro and Small Enterprises

MSWM Municipal Solid Waste Management

NGOs Non Governmental Organizations

SWC Solid Waste Collection

SWM Solid Waste Management

UDEPA Urban Development Section unit East Asia and Pacific Region
UNDP United Nations Development Program

UN-Habitat United Nations Human Settlement Programme

UNHCR United Nations Center for Human Settlements

UK United Kingdom

UNEP United Nations Environmental Program

US United States

WB World Bank

WMS Waste Management Systems

 Chapter One
Introduction

1.1 Background
Solid waste can mean contrasting things to a number of people (Moore, 2012). According to,
UNEP, 2001, its defied as the substances or objects, which are required to be disposed of by the
national law of specific nations and nationalities. Solid waste is referred to the used materials
including domestic solid waste produced by households, shops, hotels, offices, hospitals,
construction and water bodies (Jin, Wang, & Ran, 2006). It includes all substance that we do not
want or fail to use it. All rubbish, sludge, trash and other discarded solid materials resulting from
industrial, residential and commercial activities can be considered as solid waste substance.

Solid waste management is a challenged practice that including, the collecting, transporting,
and disposing of solid material that is discarded because it has served its purpose or is no longer

useful. Effective solid waste managements have got advantages. It’s important to ensure clean
and well-ordered environment and landscape. It’s also important to promote health and sanitation,
it reduces pest infestation. Additionally, it’s also vital to improves community health and
production of energy from the waste. Therefore, effective solid waste managements have got huge
economic, social, political and psychological benefits for human beings, nations and
nationalities. .
Solid waste management (SWM) is in crisis in many of the worlds largest urban areas as
populations attracted to cities continue to grow and this has led to an ever-increasing quantity
of domestic solid waste while space for disposal decreases (World Bank, 1999). The majority
of the world's fast-growing cities are located in developing nations near or south of the
equator. For many cities in Africa, handling the environmental cost of rapid increase and
urbanization represents an outstanding challenge. This is particularly true for the sector of
solid waste management. While cities are generating an ever-increasing amount of waste, the
effectiveness of their solid waste collection (SWC) and special disposal system is declining.
The management of solid waste (MSW) is a growing problem in many urban areas in Africa
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today. Most cities in Africa with the fast expansion of urban areas are characterized by a lack
of resources, institutional organization, and the capacity to provide the basic infrastructure
which is, in turn, has caused increased problems concerning the management of solid waste.
Moreover, the lack of proper land use planning has resulted in the creation of informal
settlements, with a narrow street that makes it difficult for collection, trucks to reach many
areas of the cities. This leaves an outsized  portion of the population within the cities with
none access to solid waste services. As a result, people dispose of their waste illegally on open
fields, streets, rivers, and ditches. The quantity of waste generated in Addis Ababa is
increasing because of rapid population growth and urbanization. This has outpaced the
financial and manpower resources of the municipality to deal with the collection,
transportation, resource recovery, recycling, and treatment of solid waste (AASPDA, 2003).

Inadequate solid waste management (SWM) in Addis Ababa has resulted in the accumulation
of waste on open lands, in drains, and in the residential area, causing a nuisance and foul-
smelling pools, environmental pollution through leachates from piles( water and soil
pollution), and burning of waste (air pollution), clogging of drains. This situation is believed
to result in poor environmental conditions, which in turn presents a formidable threat to
health. Thus, there is a need for an improved waste management system (WMS) of the city
(Samuel Shimelis, 2007)

1.2. Statement of the problem

The generation of solid waste and final disposal presents unique problems in all most every
country, and is evidenced by the impacts upon human health and environment when it’s not
properly managed. On the opposite hand, if there are adequate financial resources, the solid
waste management is enhanced. Many cities in the developing world cannot meet the need of
solid waste management although investing a large proportion of their budget. As a result,
ineffective solid waste management risks to public health and, societal well-being. In our
contrary, solid waste in Addis Abeba town is accumulated and poorly managed. Nevertheless,
solid waste has become an important issue in Addis Abeba. Lots of wastes are often found by
roads, rivers, and many other open spaces in the city, and this is causing significant health and

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environmental problems. In the capital city of Addis Abeba, the capital production of
domestic waste is estimated at 0.45kg per person per day and the daily production of domestic
waste will be 2500 tons(source/////).

According to the researcher observation, there are a lot individuals, particularly, female
work on solid waste collection, transportation and disposal. but still solid wastes are
abandoned in most streets, drainage channels and even around recreation centers. The reason
behind is not studied very well. Particularly, the solid waste management practice and its
relation with its influencing factors were not studied so far. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is
to determine the current solid waste management practice and the relationship between solid
waste management practice and its influencing factors in some selected wereda in of Addis
Ababa and their relationship. . .

1.3.1 General research Objectives

The general Research objective of this study is to determine the current solid waste
management practice and the relationship between solid waste management practice and its
influencing factors in some selected wereda in of Addis Ababa and their relationship.

1.3.2 Specific Research objectives

The specific objectives of this research were is to:
 Examine the current solid waste management practice in some selected wereda of Yeka sub-
city administration in Addis Ababa
 Compare whether there exists a significant mean difference among wereda of Yeka sub-city
administration in relation to solid waste management practice.
 Examine whether there exist statistically significant relationship between effective waste management
practice and influencing factors.
 Determine the extent that influencing factors significantly predict effective solid waste management
practice in some selected wereda of yeka sub-city administration in Addis Ababa

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 1.4. Research questions

This study answers the following specific research questions.

 what is the current solid waste management practice in some selected wereda of Yeka sub-
city administration in Addis Ababa
 Is their statistically significant mean difference among the three weredas of Yeka sub-city
administration, in relation to solid waste management practice?
 Is their statistically significant relationship between influencing factors and effective waste
management practice?
 Which of the influencing factors significantly predict effective solid waste management
practice in some selected wereda of yeka sub-city administration in Addis Ababa?

1.5. Significant of the study

The finding of the study will contribute greatly to the benefit of all those who directly or indirectly
influenced with it. Firstly, //// benefited a lot from this study. A //// may. The information may help
each and every /// to. It helps to make a right decision with full confidence so that they can save
their time, energy and money. ////////// also will benefit a lot from study. It may help them to
recognize the SWM practice gap. Moreover, it helps the ////// to plan ///// so that they can
produce ////// within a short period of time for zones, for regional as well as for a country as a
whole. Additionally, the outcome of the study also provided for ////, /////, and ////. They may use it
for //////. The outcome of the study also given to ////, //////, as well as //////. The study report could be
used as a reference material for other researchers in the area. It may pave the way for other
researchers to study the issues, at regional or country traits.

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. 1.6. D e limitations of the study

There is variety of limitations of this study such as time limitations and cost constraint. The
study was localized in Yeka sub-city Administration. It would have been better to cover the
whole sub city in Addis Abeba in order to increase its generalizability. But now it will only
cover f e w areas which make the study to be less generalizability. Due time, finical and other
constraints, the study was delimited to only three and five variables of influencing factors and solid
waste management practice respectively.

1.8. Definition of key terms

Solid waste: Solid waste is referred to the used materials including domestic solid waste produced
by households, shops, hotels, offices, hospitals, construction and water bodies (Jin,
Wang, & Ran, 2006).
Solid waste management: it’s the practice that including, collecting, transporting, and disposing of
solid material

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 CHAPTER TWO

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1. Theoretical framework of solid waste management

Municipal solid waste is refuse from households, non-hazardous, waste from industrial,
commercial and institutional, market waste, yard waste, and waste from street sweeping and
all of these encompass the function of collection, transfer, treatment, recycling, recovery, and
disposal (Schübeler, 1996)

Collection Transportation

Solid waste management practice

Recycle

Figure 2.1.Conceptual framework of solid waste management

2.2. Solid waste management practice

Alam, Chowdhury, Hasan, Karanjit, & Streshta (2008) tried to explore generation, storage,
collection, and transportation of municipal solid waste in the city of Kathmandu, the capital of
Nepal. The study found that the main source of waste generation in Kathmandu is domestic waste
and it is increasing exponentially due to lack of public awareness, haphazard urbanization, and
environmentally unfriendly materials. The waste generation in Kathmandu is 115m3 /d, and

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majority of the city inhabitants are willing to segregate organic and non-organic waste and store
them separately. Street sweeping is the main form of primary collection by solid waste
management and is not directly involved in door to door household waste collection. Moreover,
road side collection serves the main collection system. There is no transportation fixed root of
collection waste to the transfer station or disposal site and it depends solely upon drivers, and70%
of total cost is consumed mainly vehicle repair and maintenance mainly in spare parts. The author
recommended in order to improve the collection, transportation, and transfer of solid waste
management, the Kathmandu municipality and private sector should work together to amend the
existing legislation and policies on waste management and encourage the participation of private
limited companies and NGOs in all aspects of SWM.

According to Hosetti (2006), the situation in European countries as far as plastic waste is
concerned is as follows. Total plastic consumption including virgin polymers and recycled
granules continued to increase, rising from 6% between 2000 and 2002. The significant growth
occurred during 2002 (4.1%) and only 2% during 2000 to 2001.The per capita consumption of
virgin plastics in the Western Europe rose from 91.5kg to 94.8kg during the period 2000 and
2002.In 2002 the total collectable waste recovered was 38%, it was 36% in 2000 and in tonnage
terms, it remained the same at 11%.Mechanical recycling of plastic waste was 17% in 2000 and it
increased to 22.5% during 2000 and 2002 in tonnage terms. There was significant increase in
recycling of packaging waste.The energy was recovered from 4,411,000 tons of plastic waste in
2000. It increased to 4,688,000 tons in 2002. An increase of 6.8% was recorded. However, it is not
encouraging to note that the plastic waste going to landfills also increased a little bit. Plastic
consumption in the world is at an average annual growth rate of 7.5%. That brought all solid
polymers from 8 million tons in the world in 1960, to 160 million tons in 2000 and will continue
to increase reaching 300 million tons in 2010, estimated using a conservative annual rate of 6.5%.
The total world production/consumption of plastics, since the beginning at the turn of the century
has kept an average annual growth rate of 15% or doubling every ten years, until 1975 and when
this trend was broken at the first oil shock occurred. The average growth rate of plastics was 15%
from 1960 to 1974, 8% thereafter from 1974 to 2000 (Hosetti, 2006) T. Ch. Ogwueleka (2009)
conducted research using methods of document review, observation and interview he found that

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poor funding is one of the main reasons for poor collection an disposal of refuse. The waste
management fee is insufficient to cover for waste management, majority of environmental agency
workers have little or no functional background or training in engineering and management, so the
operations result in effective and inefficient solid was te management. Therefore, the common
constraint faced environmental agencies include lack of institutional arrangement, insufficient
financial resources, absence of bylaws and standards, inflexible work schedules, insufficient
information on quantity and composition of waste, and inappropriate technology.

Solid waste are some things that has no value and no further use and which we wish to
urge obviate (Sankoh and yan,2014). It comes from unusable residues in raw materials which
are rejected by the community (Sankoh and yan, 2014). With the progress of civilization and
human development, the waste generated became more complex in nature since waste
generation depends on population, thus an increase in population and urbanization will cause
largely the increase in solid waste (sankoh&yan,2014). Many years ago, Beede and Bloom
(1994) approximated the global municipal solid waste (MSW) generation rate at 1.3 billion
tons per day. However, the need to manage this problem technologically, economically and
socially acceptable manner is mandatory to every nation of the world (Achankeng, 2004).

The solid waste handling hierarchy is internationally accepted and recommended and the
following ascending order of preference is; open-burning, dump, landfill, incinerate, recycle,
reuse and prevent. While, open burning and dumping are least preferred and actually not
recommended even though many undeveloped countries are highly using (Achankeng, 2004).
The problem of municipal solid waste management varies in magnitude in different regions,
nations, and cities of the world. Currently, an estimated 54 percent of the world’s population
lives in urban areas and this is expected to increase to 66 percent by 2050, about one third or
to two-thirds of the solid waste generated is uncollected which then dumped in the streets and
in drains, contributing to flooding, breeding of insects and contributing to the spread of
diseases (Awosan, 2017 )

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As we can see from this table the major driving force for waste generation are population,
consumption, affluence and technology. Therefore, the impacts of these factors will double
global waste generation. The daily average per capita for Africa is between 0.5-0.87kg
(UNEP, 2000a; ENCAPAFRICA, 2004). In Asia, it varies between averages of 0.1-0.6kg in
India. And Latin America and the Caribbean have averages of 0.3 -1.0kg per capita per day
( UNEP,2000d). According to Cointreau (1992) stated waste generation per capita per day in
kilogram to be an average of 0.4-0.6, 0.5-0.9, and 0.7 -1.8 respectively for low, middle, and
higher income Countries.

The classification of solid waste on the basis of the source is as follows. According to
Rossetti(2006), he classified solid waste is: Residential and municipal, which is the waste that
originates from residential area such as houses and apartments. The waste consists of food
leftovers, vegetables, peeled materials, plastics, wood pieces, clothes. It also includes waste
originated from demolition, construction, and street-cleaning. Commercial and institutional: it
is the waste that came from stores, hotels, shops, markets, and medical facilities, and so on.
The waste that originates from any institution is known as institutional waste such as papers,
food, glasses, metals, etc. Agricultural waste: any waste that originates from agricultural
activities is known as agricultural waste like manure and other wastes from farms and poultry
houses.

As stated in Rosetti (2006) he classified waste basis on their types such as Refuse: which is all
types of rubbish and garbage. The rubbish is waste material like paper, rubber, leather, wood
etc. whereas, garbage is waste materials from kitchen waste like food, slaughterhouses etc.

The quantity of generated waste mainly depends on population and people’s living standards.
Thus, the total solid waste generated per day in Addis Ababa is estimated to be 0.5kg per
capita per day. As a result, a large proportion of the waste remains uncollected which is
disposed of in open spaces (Amiga, 2002). Nevertheless, generation rates for the African
countries in the major cities are estimated to range from 0.3-1.4 kg per capita per day. The
solid waste generation per capita in ( Benin, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Egypt, Ghana,

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Morocco, and Uganda are, 0.5, 0.7, 1.4, 0.7, 0.5, 0.4, 0.6, and 0.6 respectively) (Habitat,
Nairobi 1997).

According to Tinmaz &Demir (2006), he found that municipal solid waste management in
Corlu town in turkey generated 170tonnes of waste each day or 1.15kg per capita per day.
However, Taylor & Koushki( 2011)Stated that an average household in Kuwait produces 1.55
large bags and 2.46 small bags of solid waste per day.. Furthermore, The study shows that an
average household in Kuwait produces 8.39kg of waste per day. It’s also very important to
note that the rate an average household comprising of 6 persons generates 1.4kg/person/day.
On the other hand, Americans produce 1.2kg which is less than 17% of what was produced in
Kuwait. Approximately 57% of household in Kuwait produces one large bag daily.
Furthermore, 29% produce two large bags. And four percent produce a minimum of two large
bags.

Generally, waste collections are carried out in two systems secondary collection and primary
collection. The primary collection involves storage and transportation of the waste from the
households to local collection points and this is however is achieved in various means (Qing,
Keat, & Gersberg, 2010). Furthermore, the secondary collection is where the waste from a
number of the primary collection is taken from the transfer station to the final disposal site
(Qing et al.,2010).

Therefore, waste collection methods are communal systems where containers located in public
places, block collection, kerbside collection, and door-to-door collection. Nevertheless, source
separation means that solid waste is classified into several different parts such as composting
materials (foods), combustible materials( fiber and paper), and recyclable materials such as
plastic, metal, glass(Hui, Li’ao, Fenwei, & Gang, 2006). It has been estimated that waste
transportation, including labor and machinery, accounts for 70% to 80% of the total cost of
solid waste management (Imam, Mohammed, Wilson & Cheeseman, 2008)

According to Sankohand Yan (2014) shows that there is a positive relationship between
socioeconomic and waste generation such as average family size, income, and marital status
as well as educational level. However, there is a negative relationship between age and

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occupation (Sankohand Yan, 2014). Mukama et al., (2016) conclude that the categories of
major waste generation in households were food (38%) and plastics (37%), and most
household store their waste in polythene bags (59.1%) and sacks (20.2%) and (10.3% ) of the
households do not have waste storage containers and most of them keep their wastes outside
the house in the open atmosphere(Mukamaetal.,2016).

2.3. Theoretical frame work of factors influencing effective solid waste management practice

Solid waste management practice is influenced by five factors. These are, Financial Resources
which includes operating and financial cost, cost recovery and Fund for Investment. The second
factors are Political Aspect which focuses on authority regulations and rules enforcement
government priority. The third is Technical Aspects which includes knowledge of waste
collection/transport Modern vehicle /Equipment Skilled labor. The fourth is Social aspects that
involve condition of the workers, beneficiary’s attitude and. awareness raising program. the last
but not the least is Institutional Aspects which include elongated contract, municipality capacity
and institutional setup (GETNET ZEMENA MUCHE, 2016)

Financial Political

Influencing factors of SWM

Social

Institutional
Technical

Fig. 2.2 Conceptual framework of Influencing factors of SWM

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2.4. Factors influencing effective solid waste management practice
2.4.1. Financial factors and SWM

If a system is to be fully sustainable it is very important that long-term financial costs, as well
as short-term operating costs, are taken into account (coffey& Coad,2010). Financial aspects
for Solid waste Management concern budgeting, cost accounting, capital investment, cost
reduction, and cost recovery (Schübeler, 1996). Financial resources are concerned with
operating costs for waste collection, financial costs, cost reductions and control, cost
recovery, and operational financing (Coffey&Coad, 2010; Schubeler, 1996). Therefore,
adequate budgeting, cost accounting, financial monitoring, and financial evaluation are very
important to the effectiveness of the management of solid waste systems (Schubeler, 1996).
However, Schubeler (1996) stated that officials responsible for municipal solid waste
management do not have accurate information concerning the real costs of operations and this
is due to the lack of capacity to use available financial tools and methods. Furthermore,
financial constraints are the main reason for inadequate collection and disposal of solid waste
in most of the third world countries where local councils are weak and lack of finance
(Zurbrugg,2002; Hufane,2015). Operating costs are labor cost, fuel, cost, and maintenance
cost. in addition to that, financial cost includes costs to own vehicle including their
depreciation and the cost of recovery includes refuses collection charge, government grants,
and littering fines(Coffey& Coad,2010). Generally, the largest proportion of overall solid
waste management expenditures are absorbed by the sweeping and collection services
(Coffey, M., Coad, 2010) . The main reasons for poor collection and disposal of waste are
related to insufficient funding and cause inadequate capacity to handle solid waste, low
morale of waste workers due to poor remuneration, lack of training, and finally lack of
expertise and manpower to run solid waste (Ogwueleka, 2009).

Budgetary constraints are often felt in developing countries where resources are scarce and
dissemination of this limited resource are mishandled where many municipalities are
struggling to achieve acceptable quality service due to these financial problems
(McAllister,2015). Another major constraint seen throughout the developing world is the lack
of educational awareness and effective waste management practice(McAllister,2015). The
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way to improve waste management is to improve the status of financial resources, operating
costs, and management of cost recovery (Hufane, 2015). According to Coffey and Coad
(2010), Solid waste management in developing countries is mainly attributed to technical
inefficiencies and it also supports the view of Shubeler et al (1996) Solid waste management
system in developing countries display an array of problems, but one major or contributing
factor of this setback is poor and inappropriate of technical aspects. As Zurbrugg (2003)
shows one of the main reasons for inadequate collection services is the lack of financial
resources to cope with the increasing amount of generated waste produced. The largest portion
of the financial cost is spent on street sweeping, waste collection, and waste transportation,
and no financial cost allocated for modern disposal systems such as landfilling or incineration
due to insufficient funding (Alam, Chowdhury, Hasan, Karanjit, & Shrestha, 2008).
According to Christen and Berne(1996) stated that improvement of financial aspects in
MSWM can be achieved by attaching solid waste fees to the billing for another service, such
as water supply(Schübeler,1996).

2.4.2. Technical Factors and SWM

The technical aspects of Solid Waste Management are involved with the planning,
implementation, and maintenance of the collection and transfer systems, waste recovery, final
disposal, and hazardous waste management (Schübeler, 1996). Ineffective technologies and
equipment are another sources that can contribute to inadequate service coverage and
operational inefficiencies (Mcallister,2015). The poor collection, disposal, and transfer of
wastes are the result of the poor status of technical aspects (Hufane, 2015). The collection
comprises household containers, primary and secondary collection vehicles, and equipment
(Muche,2016). Lack of adequate modern waste disposal equipment, lack of regular training,
and inaccessibility of spare parts for damaged and broken vehicles and equipment are more or
less negatively influencing factors on the proper waste disposal practice (Muche,2016). If the
container is shared by households, there is a risk that waste will be dumped near it and this
will discourage others from putting their waste inside the container (Coffey & Coad, 2010).
All kinds of waste are the result of the absence of management and control of waste, the
management and control of solid and liquid waste remain a major problem in every town in
Somalia (Health, 2010). Therefore, for waste management to be technically effective the local
Page 26
authorities should provide proper waste collection systems with qualified personal, and the
availability of modern vehicles and equipment to reduce environmental health hazards
(Muche,2016). However, techniques that have often proven effective in the developed world
are ineffective in the developing world because they do not have the needed infrastructure and
knowledge to properly manage these technologies (Mcallister, 2015). Third-world countries
lack sanitary landfills and their disposal sites situated a long distance from communities and
this creates more financial difficulties because costs to collect, transport, and dispose of waste
considerably hard to afford(Mcallister, 2015). Lack of spare parts and insufficient funds
makes MSWM ineffective for the management of storage, collection, and transportation of
solid waste management(Alam et al., 2008). According to Ogwueleka, (2009) stated that
traffic congestion, city infrastructure, narrow roads, and harsh conditions of the road to the
disposal site contribute to the inefficient of solid waste collection. In order to improve the
technical aspect of MSWM technical facilities must be selected carefully to their regard such
as performance, maintenance requirement, and expected life cycle costs, and sources of
hazardous materials must be identified to prevent infectious healthcare wastes (Schübeler,
1996).

2.4.3. Social Factor and SWM

Social aspects of MSWM involve the waste generation and handling of community-based
waste management and the social conditions of waste workers(Schübeler, 1996). Public
awareness and attitudes to waste influence the people’s willingness to cooperate and
participate inadequate waste management practice (Zurbrügg, 2003). According to Marshal
and Farahbakhsh(2013), the main problems of solid waste management come from a lack of
public awareness, poor condition of waste workers, and lack of private sector and social
involvement. Lack of public awareness, lack of adequate salary and benefits, and low-level
attitudes for waste workers are all factors influencing the effectiveness of solid waste
management (MUCHE, 2016). There is a series lack of knowledge concerning and interest in
safe and reliable waste disposal among most health workers and there is no adequate funding
available for the effective implementation of safe disposal procedures for medical waste
(Alam et al., 2008). Social aspects of SWM can be improved by building social awareness and

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educational programs, waste workers are subject to health problems therefore, giving support
in their earnings, and access to social services will make SWM efficient (Schübeler, 1996).

2.4.4. Institutional Factor and SWM

Institutional aspects concern the distribution of functions and responsibilities and correspond
to organizational structures, procedures, methods, institutional capacities, and private sector
involvement (Schübeler, 1996). Successful solid waste management requires the integration of
many organizations and groups into partnerships such as national government, local
government, private sector, and informal sector. (Coffey, M., Coad, 2010). Local
government is normally responsible for SWM or handed over to the private sector which is
responsible for actual sweeping, collection, and disposal services(Coffey, M., Coad, 2010).
The primary collection which is the door-to-door collection, and transport to the point of
collection are often managed by community-based organizations or small enterprises and
often initiated by the residents desperately need for collection service and also willing to pay
monthly collection charge(Zurbrügg, 2003). In order to improve the effectiveness of MSWM,
the institution should do decentralization of responsibility, capacity building for strategic
planning and financial management, private sector involvement such as competitive bidding,
regulatory instruments, and monitoring and control systems (Schübeler, 1996).

2.4.5. Political factor

Political aspects include the formulation of goals and priorities, determination of roles and
jurisdiction, and the legal and regulatory framework (Schübeler, 1996). The national
government have little to say in waste collection services but rather play a significant role in
policy decisions such as to what extent the private sector should be involved, and it may
control the expenditures on solid waste management, and sometimes cover employment
payment in some cases(Coffey, M., Coad, 2010). Local government often involves solid waste
collection services, and often works under a national legal framework rather than a local one
and this makes it difficult to change the framework to suit local conditions such as private
sector involvement and community involvement (Coffey, M., Coad, 2010). Out-dated policies

Page 28
and lack of knowledge in re-use and recycling with effective enforcement of the law have all
contributed to the ineffectiveness of MSWM (Dominic, 2017).

In order to increase the standard living of the population, such policies are required on an
immediate basis, for example, public-private partnership is such a solution to the inability to
handle solid waste management operations (RODE, 2011). For the sustainable management of
waste, policy and regulations need to be clear and implementable; it needs to have also
oversight body to monitor the enactment and the implementation of those policies (Dominic,
2017). Lack of enforcement of policies of solid waste is the real challenge to sustainable
waste management. However, a straightforward, unambiguous legal and regulatory
framework, involving functioning and enforcement procedures at the national, provincial, and
local levels is extremely important to the proper functioning of MSWM (Mcallister, 2015).
Several challenges ranging from financial constraints, inappropriate technology, inadequate
manpower, and law enforcement have played a significant role against effective solid waste
management practice (Fei-baffoe, Nyankson, & Gorkeh-miah, 2014).

Page 29
2.5. Theoretical framework of the relationship between influencing factors and effective solid
waste management practice (SWM)

As shown in this figure the influencing factors were financial aspects, technical aspects, social
aspects, institutional aspects and political aspects and the effective SWM were collection,
transportation and disposal. The conceptual framework shows that the status of financial condition,
institutional condition, technical condition, social condition and political condition directly
influence the collection, transportation and disposal

finical Collection

Social

Technica Transpor
l
Influencing factors swm
Political

Institution Disposal
al
Fig. 2.3 Conceptual frame work of the relationship between influencing factors and effective SWM

2.6. The relationship between influencing factors and effective SWM.

As shown in this figure the influencing factors were financial aspects, technical aspects, social
aspects, institutional aspects and political aspects and the effective SWM were collection,
transportation and disposal. However, financial aspects was (financial cost, operating cost, and
cost recovery and investment on capital) while technical aspects was modern vehicle and
equipment’s , skilled personnel for waste collection, transfer, and waste disposal. Social aspect

Page 30
were the condition of the workers, beneficiaries attitudes and awareness raising programs.
Institutional aspects were conceptualized as integrated SWM, proper institutional framework, and
elongated contract. Political aspects were conceptualized as proper authority regulations and rules,
proper enforcement, and government priority. The conceptual framework shows that the status of
financial condition, institutional condition, technical condition, social condition and political
condition directly influence the collection, transportation and disposal. The relationship between
solid waste management practice and its influencing factors is not studied so far.

Page 31
 Chapter Three
METHODOLOGY

3.1. Description of the study area

Yeka Sub City is one of the 11 sub cities in Addis Ababa city administration with total population
of 368,774. Geographically, Yeka sub city is found in the north western part of Addis Ababa city.
The sub city is located between 9023'N latitude and 38044' E longitude. It has a population of about
346,664 of which 53.42% are female and 46.58% are male. About 2.2% of the population
comprises those under the age of 1 year; 7.2% of the population comprises those under the age of 5
years and 34.6% are in the reproductive age (15-49 years) and its altitude is 23540m above sea
level.Yeka sub city has 14 woredas. It borders with Oromia in the north and in the east, Gulele,
Arada and kirkose sub city in the west, Bole sub city in the South east. It also has a total surface
area of 85.46km2 (atlas map in yeka sub city land administration ).

Addis Ababa was established during reign of Emperor Menelik II in 1887. The Emperor and his
wife Empress Taytu discovered Addis Ababa in search for a better military oper- ation site. Since
its establishment Addis Ababa has gone through complete transfor- mation. The city has expanded

immensely with a current area of 530.14 km2. There has been a rapid growth in road construction.
The estimated population of the city is 4 million with a growth rate of 6% and population density

of 7,545 inhabitants/km 2. There has been a registered high migration from the rural regions to the
city, this can be attributed to the leap in population growth (IGNIS,2016).

The sub city topography is characterized by a plateau. Its altitude is above 23540 m above sea
level. The lowest and the highest annual average temperature of the sub city are about
10.5°c and 23 °c respectively.

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Figure 3.1 Location of Yeka sub city (source: Addis Ababa Atlas of key Demographic
and Socio Economic Indicators, 2010)

[Type text]Page 33
 3.2. Research Design
This study used cross-sectional research design and its correlation as well as descriptive in
nature. According to Gratton and Jones (2004) cross sectional research design is used to
compare many different variables at the same time with little or no additional cost. In this
study, the researcher Compare whether there exists a significant mean difference among wereda
of Yeka sub-city administration in relation to solid waste management practice. Additionally,
Examine whether there exist statistically significant relationship between effective waste
management practice and influencing factors. moreover, determine the extent that influencing
factors significantly predict effective solid waste management practice in some selected wereda
of yeka sub-city administration in Addis Ababa

3.3 Sampling Techniques

Both probability and non-probability sampling techniques are used in this study. Probability
sampling, especially systematic random sampling is used for households living in the peripheral
areas of the town. Thus, the samples are selected from the land administration documents list in
which all the target population are listed in alphabetical or in some other form Non – probability
sampling techniques is also used to get the required information about the issue that the
research undertaken specially purposive sampling has been used for the research to make more
viable and reliable about the information gathering and fruitful research This purpose sampling
techniques is used deliberately because the researcher consider as a good means of getting
information that made the sample more representatives for the entire population.

3.3.1. Target population

The target populations of the study have been 3 cluster of the sub city/Ferenssay ,Mehal and
Kotebe/ residential units (households) found at the peripheries of the study area dwellers
management and technical heads of the SWM officers and solid waste collectors / enterprise/.

[Type text]Page 34
 3.3.2. Sample size

The sample size is drawn from 2,610 household populations so as to get a manageable
representation in relation to time, fund and nature of the data required for carrying out the study.

To minimize errors, Nassiuma (2000) standard formula was used to select the required sample size
to represent the respondent population.
n = NC²
C ² + (N-1) e²
Where:
n = Sample Size
N= Household Population (2,610)
C= Coefficient of variation (10 %)
e = Sampling Error 1 %
Hence
n = (2,610) (10 %) ²
(10 %) ² + (2,610-1) 1 %²
n = 95.346
Therefore, the study included 95 household respondents and 7 key informants from Yeka sub city
and woreda SWM officer as well as solid waste collectors / enterprise s, thus, made a total of 102

3.4. Data sources

In order to make closer investigation data and information related to SWM and primary and
secondary data will be used in the study. These are questionnaire interview, physical survey and
observation will be conducted.
3.4.1. Primary data sources
Primary data sources will provide the basic data required for this study. The proposed methods of
primary data collection are questioner and Key informant interview. The questioners are to collect
data from the target households living in the study areas. They will be of structured types, with a
combination of closed and open ended questions in them. The data from questioner will be used for
situational assessment of SWM and to know about the Challenge and effectiveness . Key
informant interview will be made with individuals who have a knowledge and practical experience

[Type text]Page 35
of dealing with SWM in the study area. Specifically, they will be solid SWM officer and solid
waste collectors / enterprise working in the Sub-city administration office concerning the
Challenges of Solid Waste Management and factors influencing its effectiveness.
Physical survey and observation: physical survey and observation will be conducted to see the real
Challenges of Solid Waste Management and its factors.

3.5. Data collection instruments/tools

3.5.1. Questionnaires

The research is refers to the Challenges of Solid Waste Management and its factors in the study
area and gathered appropriate data from respondent opinion about the collection and disposal of
solid waste, and also gathered information's about the environmental impacts in the study area. The
researcher ask 7 experts and 2 managers which related to the SWM office and also ask 40 residents
household and also used ended and close ended questionnaires to conduct information.
3.5.2. Filed observation
The researcher used direct filed observation about the current conditions of environmental
situation in the selected area of the study to collect a data for the research and assessed the
influence of solid waste.

3.6. Method of data analysis and presentation

 SPSS statistical software package (SPSS Inc., version 25.0) will be used in statistical analysis. both
descriptive and inferential statistics will be used. Descriptive statistics will be used to Examine the
current solid waste management practice in some selected wereda of Yeka sub-city
administration in Addis Ababa. one way ANOVA test will be used to compare whether there exists a
significant mean difference among wereda of Yeka sub-city administration in relation to solid waste
management practice. And it was followed by post-hoc multiple comparison analysis to identify mean
difference among the given wereds. Alpha Value of 0.05 will be set for statistical significance. Pearson
Product Moment correlation test will also use to analyze the relationship between effective waste
management practice and influencing factors. Lastly, the multiple linear regression analysis method

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 will be used, to identify the most relevant factor that would be most important to predict the effective
waste management

4. Work Schedule and Budget Breakdowns

4.1 TIME SCHEDULE FOR RESEARCH WORK
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No. Activities Time frame work Remark
1 Submission of the title Up to Feb.25/21
2 Identifying senior essay to Advisor Up to Mar.5/21
3 Project proposal preparation Mar.4-20/21
4 Submission project proposal Mar.31/21
5 Preparation of questionnaires April.4-10/21
6 Field work and Data Collection April10- 25/21
7 Data analysis and final draft submission May 1-14/21
8 Finalizing and submitting papers to the advisors & May 15-18/21
coordinator
9 Defense May 20-25/21
10 Incorporation of comments and suggestion of examiners Jun 2-15 /21
& submitting the final version with three hard copies
&one copy to the coordinator.

4.2 BUDGET SCHEDULE OR COST BREAK DOWN OF THE STUDY

[Type text]Page 38
Number List of items Measuremen Amount Unit price Total
ts price(Br)
1 Paper Packet 2 250 500

2 Pen (Lexi) No. 8 5 40

3 Telephone card No. 8 50 400
4 Pencil No. 2 2 4
5 8GB flash No. 1 200 200
6 writing & printing of 20 10 200
research Page
questionnaires
7 Photocopy for Page 20 2 20
questionnaires
8 Writing & printing the Page 80 5.00 400
paper
9 Transport cost Trip 20 20 400
10 Allowance Days 20 100 200
11 Contingence (10% of
the total)
12 Total budget needed 2264

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