GOVERNMENT COLLEGE OF

ENGINEERING AND LEATHER

TECHNOLOGY

COURSE TITLE: BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

COURSE CODE: ES-EE101

REPORT

TOPIC TOPIC
Determination of steady state and transient response of
Determination of steady state and transient
R-L, R-C, L-C circuit to a step change in voltage.
response of R-L, R-C, L-C circuit to a step
change in voltage.

NAME: SAIDEEP MUKHOPADHYAY

STREAM: INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
ROLL NO:
SEMESTER-I
 ACKNOWLEGEMENT
In the accomplishment of this report successfully,
many people best owned upon me their blessings
and the heart pledged support, this time I am
utilizing to thank all the people who have been
concerned with this report.
Primarily I would thank God for being
able to complete this report with success. Then I
would like to thank my Principal sir Prof. Sanjoy
Chakraborty. Faculty of Electrical department
Prof. Agniva De sir, whose valuable guidance has
been able to patch up the report and make it full
proof success. His suggestions and his instructions
have served as the major contributor towards the
completion of the report.Then I would like to
thank my parents and friends who have helped me
with their valuable suggestions and guidance has
been very helpful in various phases of the
completion of the report.
Last but not the leastI would like to
thank my classmates who have helped me a lot.
DATE: 25/11/2022 Saideep Mukhopadhyay
IT DEPARTMENT
 CONTENTS
Experiment-I
Apparatus
Experiment-I PartA
Problem
Theory
Diagram
Values
Curves
Result
Experiment-I Part B and PartC
Problem
Theory
Diagram
Values
Curves
Results
 PART A
Problem: Determination of steady state and
transient response of RC Circuit to a step
change in voltage.
Theory:

We observe a series RC circuit shown in above

figure.Capacitor (C) is uncharged initially and at t = 0,
it starts getting charged through resistor (R) when
switch (K) is on. To determine the exact nature of
response we note that at every instant the KVL must be
satisfied.
VR +VC= VO
iR+VC = VO
The current in the capacitor is the same as R. Hence i is
related to the voltage Vc across the capacitor relation.
i=c dve/dt
Putting the value of i we get,
C(dVC/dt) R+VC=VO
This is the differential equation that gives the response
to the circuit we first separate the variables. Thus
rearranging the terms we get,
RC (dvc/vo-vc) =dt
After Integrating each side and rearranging we get,
RC ln( V0 – Vc) = t + constant
In order to evaluate constant we apply initial condition
at t = 0, we must have Vc = 0
Constant = -RC ln(V0)
So as a result the value of voltage as a function of time
for RC comes Vc(t) = V0 (1 - 𝑒−𝑡/𝑅𝐶)
Vc(t) = V0 (1 - 𝑒−𝑡/τ)
Here 𝜏 = RC is the time constant of the circuit, Also the
Current Response of the circuit is given by,
i(t) = i0𝑒 −𝑡/τ where i0 = V0/R
Discharging of Capacitor:
The voltage for which capacitor will get decay, can now
be expressed as a function of time as-
Vc(t) = V0𝑒−𝑡/τ If time t = 𝜏 is discharge time constant
with no change in resistance. It may appear to be same
as charging constant. However if resistance is varied for
discharging path the time constant of discharging path
is decided by resistance value in discharging path along
with value of capacitor (C).
DIAGRAM

Values:
Block controlled Voltage Source
Source type DC
Initial Amplitude (in V) 0V
Block: Step
1
1. Step Time

0
2. Initial Value

100
3. Final Value

0
4. Sample Time

For RC circuit
210
1. Resistance (in Ω)

50 x 10-4
2. Capacitance (in F)

Curve

RESULT
Current in the circuit i0 = 0.4762
Equation of the current response I (t) =
0.4762𝑒−0.9519𝑡
Equation of the voltage response V(t) =
100(1 - 𝑒−0.9519𝑡)
Voltage across Resistance = VR = 0
Voltage across Capacitance = VC = 99.99
Part- B
PROBLEM:-
Determination of steady state and transient
response of R-L Circuit to a step change in
voltage.

THEORY :-
Consider a series RL circuit shown in
Figure above. Inductor (L) is unenergized
initially.
At t=0, when switch(K) is thrown on
position, it starts getting energized through
resistor(R).
To determine the exact nature of response
we note that at every instant the KVL must
be satisfied.
VR+VL=V0
iR+ L di/dt= VO
After Integrating each side andrearranging,
we get
-(L/R) In(i0 - iL) = t + constant
In order to evaluate constant we apply
initial condition at t=0, we must have Ve=0
Constant = -(L/R) In(i0)
So as a result the value of current as a
function of time for RC comes
iL(t) = i0(1 - 𝑒−𝑅𝑡/𝐿) where i0 = V0 /R
iL(t) = i0(1 - 𝑒−𝑡/τ)
Here τ = L/R is the time constant of the
circuit.
Decay of RL Circuit When at t = 0, V0 = 0
iL(t) = i0 𝑒−𝑡/τ
It is clear that the current is exponentially
decaying. At point 'P' on the graph, the
current value is 0.368 times its maximum
value. The characteristics of decay are
determined by values R and L which are
two parameters of network. For physical
interpretation of the result, we must
consider energy in network. Before the
switch is moved to position 2, the energy in
inductor is

DIAGRAM
 Values :-
Block: controlled Voltage Source
Source Type DC
Peak Amplitude (in V) 0V

Block: step
1
1. Step Time
0
2. Initial Value
100
3. Final Value
 0
4. Sample Time

For RL circuit
210
1. Resistance (in Ω)
380 x 10-3
2. Inductance (in H)

CURVE:

Result :-
Current in the circuit i0= 0.4762
Equation of the current response i(t) = 0.4762𝑒−552.63𝑡
Equation of the voltage response V(t) = 100𝑒−552.63𝑡
Voltage across Resistance = VR = 99.998
Voltage across Inductance = VL = 0.00019

PART C
Determination of steady state and transient response
of R-L-C Circuit to a step change in voltage
THEORY:-

Let us consider the R-L-C circuit as shown above:

Applying KVL, we obtain
𝑉0(𝑡)= 𝑖(𝑡)𝑅+𝐿𝑑𝑖/𝑑𝑡 + 1/𝐶∫𝑖(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
Taking Laplace transformation on both sides of the
above equation,
V(s) = RI(s) + L[sl(s) – i0] + 𝐼(𝑠)/𝑠𝐶 + 𝑉𝑐(0)/𝑠
(s) + c(0) SC
Now as all initial conditions set equal to zero, i.e.
i(0)=0 and vc(0)
The equation becomes,
V(s) = I(s)[ R + sL + 1/sC ]
Here v(t) = u(t) so, V(s) = 𝐼/𝑠
Therefore,
𝐼/𝑠 = I(s)[ R + sL + 1/sC ]
Or, I(s) = I/𝐿/𝑠2+𝑅/𝐿+1/𝐿𝐶
The roots of the denominator polynomial of the
above equation are,
𝑠2+𝑅/𝐿+1/𝐿𝐶 = 0
Or, 𝑠1 = -𝑅/2𝐿 +√𝑅2/4𝐿2−𝐼/𝐿𝐶 and,
𝑠2 = -𝑅/2𝐿 -√𝑅2/4𝐿2−𝐼/𝐿𝐶
Let 𝜔0 = 1/√𝐿𝐶 and K𝜔0 = 𝑅/2𝐿
So, K = 𝑅/2√𝐶/𝐿
I(s) = 𝐼/𝐿/(𝑠−𝑠1)(𝑠−𝑠2) = 𝐼/𝐿(𝑠1−𝑠2)/(𝑠−𝑠1) +
𝐼/𝐿(𝑠2−𝑠1)/(𝑠−𝑠2)
Or, I(s) = 𝐼/2𝜔0𝐿√𝑘2−1 [ /(𝑠−𝑠1) –𝐼/(𝑠−𝑠2) ]
Taking inverse Laplace Transformation on both
sides,
i(t) = 𝐼/2𝜔0𝐿√𝑘2−1 𝑒−𝑘𝜔0𝑡[𝑒𝜔0𝑡√𝑘2−1−𝑒−𝜔0𝑡√𝑘2−1]

Diagram : -
Block: controlled Voltage Source
Source Type DC
Peak Amplitude (in V) 0V

Block: step
1
1. Step Time
0
2. Initial Value
100
3. Final Value
0
4. Sample Time
For RLC circuit
310
1. Resistance (in Ω)
268 x 10-3
2. Inductance (in H)
25 x 10-4
3. Capacitance (in F)

Curve : -

Result :-
Current in the circuit i0 = 0.3225
Equation of the current response i(t) = 0.432𝑒−0.45𝑟𝑡
Equation of the voltage response V(t) = 100(1 -
𝑒−0.45𝜀𝑡)
Voltage across Resistance = VR = 2.82
Voltage across Inductance = VL = 31.132
Voltage across Capacitance = Vc = 65.1233

REFERENCES

1. D. P. Kothari and I. J. Nagrath, “Basic Electrical

Engineering”, Tata McGraw Hill, 2010.
2. D. C. Kulshreshtha, “Basic Electrical
Engineering”, McGraw Hill, 2009.