Key to Chemistry Part-I 363 ( Rene (iii) epee (iv) w) CHy = CHy ——> (CHs~ CH2),N'BI- By Hoffman's reaction: Steps Involved: Cy — CH + Bm > Cry ~ CH — Br+ HBr CH - CH) ~ Br+ NHy ——> CHs—- CH - NH> + HBr (CH ~ CH) — NH2 + CH3 — CHa — Br ——> (CH3 ~ CH2):NH + HBr H+ CHs ~ CH) = Br ——> (CHy~ CH)\N + HBr (CHs ~ CH:)3N + CHs ~ CH: ~ Br ——> [(CHs~ CH2),N*]Br CH = CH; ——> CH3- CH; - CH2- CH: - OH Steps Involved: CH = CH2 + HCl ——> CH3- CH) ~ Cl 2CHs — CH: ~ C+ 2Na ——> CH - CH: ~ CH: ~ CHs + 2NaCl CHs- Cl CHs + Ch ——> CHs— CH) - CHa - C CHs—CE 1+ KOH (ag) ——> CHs—CH2—Cl CHsCH2CH;Cl ——> CH3- CH= CH: Steps Involved: Cl+HCl OH+KCI 100°C, alcohol (CH — CH: — CH: - Cl+ KOH ————> CH) - CH = CH + H20 + KCI CH;COOH ——> CHsCH,COOH Steps Involved: CHsCOOH + (OH ——> CH3COONa + H20 Electrolysis, 2CHyCOONa + 2H20 ———> CH: = CH; + 2CO2 + 2NaOH + Ha hy CHs~ CH; + Ch —“> CHs~ CH: ~ Cl+ HCI Ether Hy ~ CH ~ C+ Mg "5 CHy — CH ~ Mg - Cl Ether CHs - CH) - Mg Cl+CO> —““. CHy - CH a (CH ~ CH> = COOH + MX " C364 a Q) GB) ay a2) ICH.10] Alkyl Halides DO YOU KNOW? Formula of neo pentyl chloride is: CH3 | CHs — C- CH; Cl CHs called methylene di iodide. Order of reactivity of alkyl halides is: RI > R-Br> R-Cl> R-F Those species which are electron deficient and accept the electron pairs to form the covalent bond is called “electrophiles”. The species which have the tendency to donate the electrons are called nucleophiles Sx2 reaction is bi molecular where Sy1 is uni-molecular, Primary alkyl halides give Sx2 reaction. Tertiary alkyl halides give Sw! reaction. Tertiary carbonium ions are more stable than the primary carbonium ions Grignarid’s reagents react with Formaldehyde and epoxides to form primary alcohols. Grignard’s reagent (R — Mg — X) was discovered by victor Grignard in 1902 and he got the Nobel Prize in 1912. Ketones react with Grignard’s reagent to form tertiary alcohols.