Introduction to Bioenergetics - Potential Energy - stored energy or the energy at rest.

- Kinetic Energy - an energy in motion or free energy.

Bioenergetics

- also known as biochemical thermodynamics, is the Laws of Thermodynamics

study of the energy changes that occur during
biochemical reactions. First Law of Thermodynamics

ATP-ADP CYCLE -Law of conservation of energy

-This states that energy cannot be created nor destroyed;
ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) rather, energy can be changed from one form to another.
- energy currency of the cell
- energy used by all cells Second Law of Thermodynamics

- an organic molecule containing high-energy phosphate -Energy cannot be changed from one form to another without
bonds
a loss of usable energy.
- It supplies energy for you.
-All energy transformations are inefficient because every
Energy reaction loses a portion of the energy input into the
- is defined as the ability to do work or bring about a surroundings.
change, allowing organisms to carry out different life
processes, including growth, development, Entropy
metabolism, and reproduction. - is used to indicate the relative amount of
disorganization in a system.
FORMS OF ENERGY - It is the measure of randomness. The more
disordered a system is, the higher is its entropy.
Thermal Energy
Chemical Energy Metabolism - overall chemical reactions that take place within
Mechanical Energy a dynamic body.
The triphosphate tail of ATP is the portion that provides
energy for cellular work.

● Each is negatively charged.

● Repel each other
● Breaking the bonds releases energy.
Substrate-level phosphorylation
Exergonic reactions
-are energy-releasing processes where the reactants have
greater energy than the products.
- the process of producing ATP by combining ADP and a
phosphate group from a phosphorylated molecule
instead of an inorganic phosphate.

Oxidative phosphorylation

- is an ATP synthesizing mechanism that utilizes the

energy derived from the transfer of electrons in an
electron transport system to combine ADP and
inorganic phosphate.
Endergonic reactions
-are energy-releasing processes where the reactants have
Photophosphorylation less energy than the products.

- is driven by the proton motive force generated during

the flow of electrons in the light reaction stage. The
protons flow through the ATP synthase enzyme
complex, which triggers ATP synthesis.
Electron carriers
• These compounds can easily accept (i.e., be reduced) or
lose electrons (i.e., be oxidized). As a result, they play an
important role in energy production. Electron carriers allow
for a controlled flow of electrons, which makes it possible
for the production of ATP. The cell would stop working if
there were no electron carriers.

FAD+ Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide

NAD+ Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide 
NADP+ Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate
Photosynthesis Spongy Mesophyll
Cells have open spaces between them; gases needed for
• It is a process by which green plants and certain other
organisms transform light energy into chemical energy. photosynthesis flow through these spaces.
• It is a series of chemical reactions that convert light
energy , water and carbon dioxide into glucose and give ⮚ Xylem- a vascular tissue in most plants that transports
off oxygen. water and minerals from roots to the different parts like
stems and leaves
Leaf: a plant's photosynthesis site and major ⮚ Phloem- a vascular tissue that moves dissolved
food-producing organ nutrients/liquid sugar that the plants have produced
Epidermis through photosynthesis to flow in all directions within the
The top and bottom layers of the leaf are made up of flat, plant
irregularly shaped cells
Sun is the primary source of energy for all living things.
Stomata
are small openings at the lower epidermal layer of most Capturing of light occurs in the CHLOROPLAST
leaves
Cuticle Autotrophs
is a waxy covering of the epidermis produced by the produce their own food by harnessing the energy from the
epidermal cells sun.
Pigments
Palisade Mesophyll
is made up of cells packed together and are found near the -are chemicals that can absorb and reflect light
top layer of the leaf ; this arrangement of their cells exposes -organic molecules
almost all them to light -selectively absorb light of specific wavelengths
-built in the thylakoid membranes
Wavelength of Light Two stages of Photosynthesis

1- Light-dependent reaction/ phase/ stage

-Wavelengths of light that are not absorbed are reflected. (Light phase/ light reaction)
-Reflected light gives each pigment its characteristic color.
2. Light-independent reaction/ phase/ stage
Chlorophyll a (Dark phase/ light reaction) or Calvin Cycle

-site for photosynthesis

-found in the chloroplast
-converts solar energy to chemical energy

Chlorophyll b

-absorbs mainly blue and orange light but reflects olive

green
-present only in green algae and higher plants
-does not participate directly in light reactions

Carotenoids

-various shades of red, yellow, and orange

-absorbs mainly violet, blue, and green light
● appear once the chlorophyll breaks down
Cellular Respiration

Cellular respiration -yields two pyruvate molecules.

-is a process that involves the oxidation and reduction of Glycolysis “means splitting of sugar”.
molecules to produce energy in the form of adenosine
triphosphate (ATP). -It is a process by which glucose, a sugar, is broken down
into smaller molecules.
-Aerobic Respiration
-First metabolic pathway of cellular respiration to produce
-Anaerobic Respiration
energy in the form of ATP
● During cellular respiration the glucose molecule is
-Partially oxidizes glucose (6C) into two pyruvate (3C)
broken down in the presence of O2 (required) to
molecules.
produce CO2 and water (as a waste product).
-Insufficient oxygen: Anaerobic
● Energy released during the reaction is captured by the
energy- carrying molecule (ATP)
• It takes place in the Cytosol
• It requires input of 2 ATP
Aerobic Respiration:
1- Glycolysis
Gluconeogenesis (also known as glucogenesis) is a process
of converting non-carbohydrate sources/ precursors (such as
lactate (fermentation), amino acids (proteins), and glycerol
(fats) into glucose.
Aerobic Respiration: Aerobic Respiration:
2- Krebs Cycle 3- Electron Transport Chain

Hans Adolf Krebs (1900-1981)

● He is a German-British scientist who discovered the

Krebs cycle in the 1930s.
Electron Transport Chain
1. occurs in the inner membrane of the mitochondria.
2. Oxygen pulls the electrons from NADH and FADH2 down
the electron transport chain to a lower energy state
3. produces 34 ATP or 90% of the ATP in the body.
4. requires oxygen, the final electron acceptor.
5. For every FADH2 molecule – 1.5 or 2 ATPs are produced.
( 2 FADH2 from CAC)
6. For every NADH molecule – 2.5 or 3 ATPs are produced.
(2 NADH from glycolysis; 2 NADH from pyruvate oxidation;
and, 6 NADH from CAC)
7. Chemiosmosis – the production of ATP using the energy
of [H+] gradients across membranes to phosphorylate
ADP.
Anaerobic Respiration

Fermentation

-It is a reaction that eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells can use

to obtain energy from food when oxygen levels are low /
absent and/or insufficient

• Occurs in a cell cytoplasm, not in mitochondria.

• Occurs when O2 is NOT present (anaerobic)
• Called Lactic Acid fermentation in muscle cells (makes
muscles tired)
• Called Alcoholic fermentation in yeast (produces ethanol)
• Nets only 2 ATP