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The Role of Non-State Actors in International Relations
The Role of Non-State Actors in International Relations
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The Role of Non-state Actors in International Relations
Introduction
International relations (IR) is like a stage where actors are needed to put on a show. Actors are any person or
entity which plays a role that is attributable in international relations. There are two kind of actors in the
world of International Relations which are states and non-state actors. States are territories run by a
government and have a permanent population. Although states are the most important actors in IR, they are
strongly influence by non-state actors. Non-state actors will be discuss in more detail in the following
section.
States need to correspond with each other and oversee other states to ensure that they are honouring their
commitments to acknowledge many of the problems. As an example, in the case of free trade, the World
Trade Organization (WTO) was formed to coordinate the negotiation of tariffs and to provide a mechanism
for resolving disputes. Some of these tasks might be
more complicated and expensive to execute without the IGOs. There are times where IGOs are not only
created to solve problems but to provide a platform for discussion. The UN General Assembly has no
predetermined agenda but provides a forum for states to discuss and debate issues that surfaced. Similarly,
one of WTO’s goal is to organize meetings at which states will negotiate to solve problems. Some examples
of IGOs and their purposes:
IGO
Purposes
United Nations (UN)
Maintain international peace and security.
Develop friendly relations among nations.
Achieve international cooperation in solving international problems. Function as a centre for harmonizing
the actions of nations. World Trade Organization (WTO)
Manage disputes arising from trading partners.
Monitoring trade in agriculture and manufacture commodities. The Association of Southeast Asian Nations
(ASEAN)
Promote regional economic, social and culture cooperation among the state in Southeast Asia. North Atlantic
Treaty Organization (NATO)
Military alliance.
A system of collective defence where its member states agree to mutual defence in response to an attack by
any external party.
Transnational Actors
Transnational actors are actors that function below the state level but functioning across the state borders.
There are two types of transnational actors which are the transnational corporations (TNCs) or multinational
corporations (MNCs) and the nongovernmental organizations (NGOs).
Industrial corporations makes goods in factories in many countries and sell them to business and consumers
in various countries. The largest MNCs are automobile, oil, and electronic industries. Almost all of the
MNCS are based in the G7 states. Examples of this MNCs are Sony, Honda, Toyota, Petronas and more.
Financial corporations such as banks. They operate multinationally with more restrictions than industrial
corporations. Examples are Oversea-Chinese Banking Corporation Limited (OCBC Bank) and others.
Services such as McDonald’s fast-food chain, international airlines like MAS, Asiana Airlines and more,
Hilton Hotels & Resorts and many others.
MNCs are increasingly powerful as independent actors. Many of the industrial MNCs have annual sales of
tens of billions of dollars each (hundreds of billions of dollars for top corporations such as Wal-Mart).
MNCs are able to match to most international organizations (IOs) in size and financial resources. The largest
IGO (UN) has about 2 billion dollars a year in revenue, compare to more than 250 billion dollars for the
largest MNC. The largest state (United States) has government revenues of 2 trillion dollars. Therefore this
shows that the power of MNCs does not rival the largest states but exceeds many poorer states and many
IOs. MNCs are view as citizens of the world beholden to no government. Head of Dow Chemical once
dreamed to buy an island to build Dow’s headquarters. In such view, MNCs act globally in the interests of
their (international) stockholders and owe no loyalty to no state. MNCs are motivated by the need to
maximize profits. MNCs’ operations support a global business infrastructure connecting a transnational
community of businesspeople. An example is that a U.S. manager arriving in Seoul, South Korea, does not
find a bewildering scene of unfamiliar languages, locations, and customs. Rather, he/she will be able to
move through a familiar sequence of airport lounges, telephone calls and
faxes, international hotels, business conference rooms, and CNN broadcasts – most likely hearing English
spoken in all.
MNCs also contribute to their host country’s development. As MNCs operate in other states, it will provide
job opportunities for the locals in that state and thus, helped to stabilize the economy in that state.
NGOs interact with states, sub-state actors, MNCs, and other NGOs. NGOs are increasingly being
recognized in the UN and other forums, as legitimate actors along with states but is not equal to them. Some
of the groups have a political purpose, some a humanitarian one, some an economic or a technical one. There
are times where NGOs combine efforts through transnational advocacy networks. By joining NGOs, many
people found that they could participate in the global system and lobby to influence international
organizations. Some examples of NGOs:
One of the NGOs that fight for human rights is Amnesty International. Amnesty International is a worldwide
movement of people who campaign for internationally recognized human rights for all. They conduct
research and generate action to prevent and end grave abuses of human rights and to
demand justice for those whose rights have been violated. Some of the issues that has been campaign are
armed conflict issues and protection of civilians, basic welfare of children, LGBT rights, rights of people
with AIDS, women’s rights, disability rights, human impact of pollution and environmental degradation,
freedom of the press and many more. Another kind of NGO is the religious movement. Religious movement
is a set of beliefs and ideas administered politically by a religious group to promote the principles of
conduct. They are a politically active organizations based on strong religious convictions. Although religious
movement have a strong influence in politics in the older days such as able to cause a war between people
with different religions, nowadays, religious movement act as a peacemaker between states. For example,
the late Pope John Paul II of Catholic Church had addresses bishops from North and South America at the
Vatican in 1997 to help end the Cold War.
Other kinds of NGOs are AIESEC (which links students worldwide), World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF
which works on issues regarding the conservation, research and restoration of the environment) and
hundreds and thousands more of NGOs to go.
These groups held great power and are able to influence the international relations between states. A group
that is currently active now is the Al-Qaeda. The incidence of the spectacularly destructive attack of
September 11, 2001 by members of Al-Qaeda, has demonstrated the increasing power that technology gives
terrorists as non-state actors. Other than that, the Al Qaeda also placed suicide bombers in U.S. cities,
coordinate their operations and finances through Internet and global banking system, and reach a global
audience with the videotaped exhortations of Osama bin Laden.
Some examples of international criminal groups would be the Yakuza in Japan, the Sicilian Mafia in Italy
and also Triads in Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan and also in countries with significant Chinese population.
Conclusion
Although states remains as the most important actors in the global system, the non-state actors in today’s
world have an increasing influence and power in IR. One of the largest MNCs has revenues that even
surpasses some of the poorer states shows their increasing influences. As the world continues to globalize, it
will be difficult for us to distinguish corporations, countries and other actors in an era of collapsing states
and re-emerging nations. References
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S., & Pevehouse, J. C. (2006). International Relations (7th ed.). New York, United States of America:
Pearson Education. Kegley Jr., C. W., & Wittkopf, E. R. (2004). World Politics : Trend & Transformation
(9th ed.). Belmont, United States of America: Wadsworth/Thomson Learning. Rourke, J. T., & Boyer, M. A.
(2000). World Politics : International Politics on the World Stage, Brief (3rd ed.). New York, United States
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