Simultaneous Linear Equations BBA-I Sem 2022 Batch

Compiled By: Dr.
Yashoverdhan Vyas For MAS2103 BBA I-Semester SPSU-2022-23 Lecture Notes on Simultaneous Linear Equations Compiled By: Dr. Yashoverdhan Vyas For BBA - I-Semester SPSU-2022-23
Compiled By: Dr. Yashoverdhan Vyas For MAS2103 BBA I-Semester SPSU-2022-23
Business Mathematics
MAS2103 (3-0-0-3)
BBA. - 1st Sem
SOM
Lecture Notes on Simultaneous Linear Equations Compiled By: Dr. Yashoverdhan Vyas For BBA - I-Semester SPSU-2022-23
Compiled By: Dr. Yashoverdhan Vyas For MAS2103 BBA I-Semester SPSU-2022-23 Lecture Notes on Simultaneous Linear Equations Compiled By: Dr. Yashoverdhan Vyas For BBA - I-Semester SPSU-2022-23
Simultaneous Linear Equations
•Course Coverage as per the course plan/lesson plan of MAS2103
• Simultaneous Linear Equations: Solutions of Simultaneous Linear Equations
in Two Unknowns, Solutions of Simultaneous Linear Equations in Three
Unknowns, consistent, inconsistent and Dependent Pair of Linear Equations in
Two Variables, Problems.
Systems of Equations
We need to solve two simultaneous linear equations in order to find the
break-even point and the equilibrium point in Economics.
These are two examples of real-world problems that call for the solution of
a system of linear equations in two or more variables.
In this chapter we take up a more systematic study of such systems.
We begin by considering a system of two linear equations in two variables.
Recall that such a system may be written in the general form
(1)
where a, b, c, d, h, and k are real constants and neither a and b nor c

and d are both zero.
Now let’s study the nature of the solution of a system of linear equations
in more detail.
Recall that the graph of each equation in System (1) is a straight line in
the plane, so that geometrically the solution to the system is the point(s) of
intersection of the two straight lines L1 and L2, represented by the first and
second equations of the system.
Given two lines L1 and L2, one and only one of the following may occur:
a. L1 and L2 intersect at exactly one point.
b. L1 and L2 are parallel and coincident.
c. L1 and L2 are parallel and distinct.
(See Figure 1.)
In the first case, the system has a unique solution corresponding to the
single point of intersection of the two lines.
In the second case, the system has infinitely many solutions corresponding
to the points lying on the same line.
Finally, in the third case, the system has no solution because the two lines
do not intersect.
Let’s illustrate each of these possibilities by considering some

specific examples.
Market Equilibrium as Applications of System of

Linear Equations
Under pure competition, the price of a commodity eventually
settles at a level dictated by the condition that the supply of the
commodity be equal to the demand for it.
If the price is too high, consumers will be more reluctant to buy,
and if the price is too low, the supplier will be more reluctant to
make the product available in the marketplace.
Market equilibrium is said to prevail when the quantity produced
is equal to the quantity demanded.
The quantity produced at market equilibrium is called the
equilibrium quantity, and the corresponding price is called the
equilibrium price.

Linear Equations
From a geometric point of view, market equilibrium corresponds to the
point at which the demand curve and the supply curve intersect.
In Figure, x0 represents the equilibrium quantity and p0 the equilibrium
price.
The point (x0, p0) lies on the supply curve and therefore satisfies the
supply equation.
At the same time, it also lies on the demand curve and therefore
satisfies the demand equation.
Thus, to find the point (x0, p0), and hence the equilibrium quantity and
price, we solve the demand and supply equations simultaneously for x
and p. For meaningful solutions, x and p must both be positive.

Linear Equations
FIGURE
Market equilibrium is represented by
the point (x , p ). 0 0
APPLIED EXAMPLE Market Equilibrium The management of

ThermoMaster, which manufactures an indoor–outdoor
thermometer at its Mumbai subsidiary, has determined that
the demand equation for its product is
where p is the price of a thermometer in rupees and x is the

quantity demanded in units of a thousand. The supply
equation for these thermometers is
where x (measured in thousands) is the quantity that

ThermoMaster will make available in the market at p rupees
each. Find the equilibrium quantity and price.
We need to solve the system of equations

for x and p. Let us use the method of substitution to solve it.
As the name suggests, this method calls for choosing one of the equations
in the system, solving for one variable in terms of the other, and then
substituting the resulting expression into the other equation.
This gives an equation in one variable that can then be solved in the usual
manner.
Let’s solve the first equation for p in terms of x. Thus,
Next, we substitute this value of p into the second equation, obtaining

The corresponding value of p is found by substituting this value of x into the
equation for p obtained earlier. Thus,
We conclude that the equilibrium quantity is 2500 units (remember

that x is measured in units of a thousand) and the equilibrium price
is ` 5.83 per thermometer.
APPLIED EXAMPLE Manufacturing: Production Scheduling Ace Novelty
wishes to produce three types of souvenirs: types A, B, and C. To
manufacture a type-A souvenir requires 2 minutes on machine I, 1 minute on
machine II, and 2 minutes on machine III. A type-B souvenir requires 1
minute on machine I, 3 minutes on machine II, and 1 minute on machine III.
A type-C souvenir requires 1 minute on machine I and 2 minutes each on
machines II and III. There are 3 hours available on machine I, 5 hours
available on machine II, and 4 hours available on machine III for processing
the order. How many souvenirs of each type should Ace Novelty make in
order to use all of the available time? Formulate but do not solve the
problem.
Solutions of Systems of Three Equations

We will complete the solution of the problem posed in previous Example
later on .
For the moment, let’s look at the geometric interpretation of a system of
linear equations, such as the system in previous Example, in order to gain
some insight into the nature of the solution.
A linear system composed of three linear equations in three variables x, y,
and z has the general form
(2)
Just as a linear equation in two variables represents a straight line in the plane,
it can be shown that a linear equation ax + by + cz = d (a, b, and c not
simultaneously equal to zero) in three variables represents a plane in three-
dimensional space. Thus, each equation in System (2) represents a plane in
three-dimensional space, and the solution(s) of the system is precisely the
point(s) of intersection of the three planes defined by the three linear equations
that make up the system. As before, the system has one and only one solution,
infinitely many solutions, or no solution, depending on whether and how the
planes intersect one another. Figure 5 illustrates each of these possibilities.
In Figure 5a, the three planes intersect at a point corresponding to the situation
in which System (2) has a unique solution. Figure 5b depicts the situation in
which there are infinitely many solutions to the system. Here, the three planes
intersect along a line, and the solutions are represented by the infinitely many
points lying on this line. In Figure 5c, the three planes are parallel and distinct,
so there is no point in common to all three planes; System (2) has no solution in
this case.
Systems of Linear Equations: Unique Solutions

The Gauss–Elimination Method
The operations of the Gauss elimination method to convert the system

in to Upper Triangular Form are:
1. Interchange any two equations.
2. Replace an equation by a nonzero constant multiple of itself.
3. Replace an equation by the sum of that equation and a constant
multiple of any other equation.
22
From last Eq. z = = 2. From y − 2 z = −3  y = 1.
11
From x + 7 z = 17  x = 3.
No Solution.

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Compiled By: Dr.

•Course Coverage as per the course plan/lesson plan of MAS2103

• Simultaneous Linear Equations: Solutions of Simultaneous Linear Equations

in Two Unknowns, Solutions of Simultaneous Linear Equations in Three

Unknowns, consistent, inconsistent and Dependent Pair of Linear Equations in

Two Variables, Problems.

where a, b, c, d, h, and k are real constants and neither a and b nor c

Let’s illustrate each of these possibilities by considering some

Market Equilibrium as Applications of System of

Market Equilibrium as Applications of System of

Market Equilibrium as Applications of System of

APPLIED EXAMPLE Market Equilibrium The management of

where p is the price of a thermometer in rupees and x is the

where x (measured in thousands) is the quantity that

We need to solve the system of equations

Next, we substitute this value of p into the second equation, obtaining

We conclude that the equilibrium quantity is 2500 units (remember

Solutions of Systems of Three Equations

Systems of Linear Equations: Unique Solutions

The operations of the Gauss elimination method to convert the system

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