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Istorija Za 1. Razred Srednje Škole PDF 2
Istorija Za 1. Razred Srednje Škole PDF 2
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0. Lizejgt- srimkoi hflike me`f, u heli mejfzg me etepjofvfkof jimkghf g uzafofkof
prvgb pejoeprgvrimkgb hujturf.
4. Kiejgt - ljfĖi hflike me`f. ]rfoi em 2>>> p.k.i me 4>>> p.k.i . ]ehel evea
rfzme`jof si ofvjfou litfjki fjfthi g prvi joumshi kfsie`gki.
Ttverikof e`rfsjf mjfhel, ČeviČgoi Ŧfhi, g lezaf vijgČgki pelerfkmŻi heof su Żgvijf pri
4,9 lgjgekf aemgkf su belgkgmg - prvg Żgvg pridg Čevihf.
PgČfrm Jghg (6737) u Hikgog kfŦfe prvu helpjitku je`fkou belgkmf- fustrejgpgtihusf .
Mejfkm MŻeksek oi kiŦte hfskgoi ethrge Żikshg shijit fustrejgpgtihusf- Jusg.
Kfhek belgkmf, ofvjof si spritkg Čevih — bele bf`gjgs . Ek oi prvg prfvge eruĖi em
hflikf zf rfm. Erafkgzuoi si u prvi zfoimkgdi , heoi su `reofji 69-0> Čjfkevf G heoi
su si stfjke hritfji zf brfkel- Čeperi gjg bermi. Hergstge oi te prglgtgvke eruŻoi zf
sgtkgoi ujevi8 Čuvfe oi vftru hfmf `g oi prekfŦfe, oir sfl ki zkf mf oi stverg.
Hergstge oi prgremki zfhjeki g spfvfe kf mrviāu, oir su u piāgkflf Żgviji epfski
Żgvetgkoi (limvim, sf`jofstg tgafr, piāgkshg jfv).
^ri 6,3 lgjgekf aemgkf si ofvjof usprfvfk Čevih u Fcrgdg- bele iridtus. Evjfmfe oi
hergŦāikoil vftri. ^rfvge oi prvf eruŻgof g `ge jevfd. Ek oi lgargrfe gz Fcrghi u Ivrepu g
Fzgou, ami su kf gkmekizgoshel estrvu Ofvg g ehe ^ihgkaf kfĖikg koiaevg estfdg. ^rfvge oi
mrvikf hepjof g `ge oi prvg jevfd. Ysprfvge si stfjkgl prepgkofkoil kf prsti prgajimfkou u
mfjogku gjg prg `rfkou pjemevf.
^ri ehe 4>> >>> aemgkf si ofvjof rfzulfk Čevih - bele sfpgiks primfh sfvrilikea
Čevihf. ^frfjijke sf kogl su si rfzvgjg g kifkmritfjdg , kfzvfkg pe kilfČheo mejgkg
Kifkmir ami su kfĖikg. Eskgvfjg su peremgdi g sfbrfkogvfjg lrtvi.
LiĖutgl, gzulgru pem kirfzofŦkoikgl ehejkestglf pri 4> >>> aemgkf.
^ri =0 >>> aemgki bele sfpgiksg su kfsijgjg Fustrfjgou g presteri @fjhfkshea pejuestrvf.
Estfdg su gl kfjfŻikg ehe TvrjogŦhgb pjfkgkf, Lfjoikf g SikČfkdf. żgvijg su u piāgkflf, fjg
gl si au`g trfa pri 09.>>> aemgkf peŦte su priŦjg prilf rfvkgČfrshgl primijglf.
^rfgstergoshg joumg su rfzvgjg eruŻof, peput juhevf g strijf, heŦtfkgb umgdf, bfrpukf g gaji,
heoi oi prfvge em hestg, u pirgemu gzliĖu 49>>> p.k.i g 0>>>> p.k.i. Evg joumg su kfŦg
mgrihtkg pridg — bele sfpgiks sfpgiks (sfvrilik Čevih).
Koglf su prgpfmfjg g hrelfkoekdg kfzvfkg pe piāgkg Hrelfkoek u Crfkdusheo.
Y piāgkflf Fjtflgrf, Jfshe g Pucgkofh su sfČuvfkg drtiŻg8 kfostfrgof ulitkgČhf mijf,
heof prghfzuou sdiki gz jevf g peoimgki Żgvetgkoi.
Joumg su u pirgemu em 69>>> p.k.i g 7>>> p.k.i prijfzgjg gz Tg`grf u Flirghu,
prihe @irgkaevea leriuzf, heog oi tfmf `ge gzkfm kgvef lerf. ^rg hrfou evea pirgemf,
Čevih oi peČie mf prgpgteljofvf vuhevi g em kogb si rfzvgofou kfostfrgoi pfslgki pfsf.
Ehe 6> >>> p.k.i mejfzg me etepjofvfkof. ]fmf su si jimkgdg peČijg tepgtg g mejfzg me
peviāfkof kgvef lerf. ]fmf zfpeČgkoi lizejgt8 Čevih peČie mf e`jghuoi hflik.
Gste tfhe, Čevih oi peČie mf uzafof g prgpgteljofvf mgvjoi Żgvetgkoi.
Ehe 2>>> p.k.i zfpeČgkoi kiejgt. _iljoerfmkof si ofvjof hfmf Čevih peČgkoi mf
sfmg Żgtfrgdi, kfopri kf @jgshel gstehu. ]fmf si Čevih sf rfzveoil ziljoerfmkoi
kfvghfvf kf simijfČhg kfČgk Żgvetf. ^eČiji su si arfmgtg huāi. Y bjfmkgl hrfoivglf si
arfmi uhepfki huāi zilukgdi . ^erim rihf g oizirf si arfmi seoikgdi .
Ttvfrfji su si zfoimkgdi hrvkgb sremkghf- remevg. SgŦi remevf oi stvfrfjf `rftstve .
Ůgrf mruŦtvikf zfoimkgdf oi pjili. Hujt `eagkoi lfohi primstfvjof sgl`ej pjemkestg
Żiki, heof e`iz`iĖuoi petelstve g pjemkest tjf. Ofvjof si G hujt peŦtevfkof primfhf.
LI]FJKE ME@F
6. @fhfrke me`f
Ypetri`el vftri u kiejgtu mejfzg me ethrgāf litfjf, zjftf g `fhrf. Y SG lgjikgou p.k.i
stfkevkgdg Lfji Fzgoi su sfvjfmfjg viŦtgku gzvjfČikof litfjf gz rumi. @fhfr si hergstge
zf eruŻgof g eruĖf, liĖutgl, `rze si tupge. _jfte si hergstgje zf kfhgti. Evfo pirgem
upetri`i `fhrf si kfzgvf `fhfrke me`f . KfozkfČfokgoi ethrgāi tea rfzme`jof oi
arkČfrshg teČfh.
0. @rekzfke me`f
Hfm oi ethrgvikf jiaurf `rekzi (4>>>. p.k.i) zfpeČgkoi `rekzfke me`f . @rekzf oi
jiaurf `fhrf g dgkhf, drviki `eoi. Ypetri`el litfjf mejfzg me rfzveof zfkftstvf g
traevgki, heof si kfopri emvgofjf prihe trflpi. Ethrgāil oimrf mejfzg me rfzveof
prihelershi traevgki. Mejfzg me ethrgāf `rekzfkea teČhf.
4. Avezmike me`f
Ehe 60>> p.k.i zfpeČgkoi avezmike me`f , sf peČithel litfjuragoi aveŻĖf hem Bitgtf u
Lfjeo Fzgog, litfjf sgvi `eoi, heog oi `ge oeŦ ČvrŦāg em `rekzi.
HYJ]YPF G żGSE] Y LI]FJKEL ME@Y
TimijfČhg kfČgk Żgvetf oi kflitfe pemiju rfmf. ^erim teaf, ofvjof si g cerlgrfkoi
pjilikshgb sfvizf hfhe `g si zfŦtgtgjg em kiprgoftijof. Mejfzg me cerlgrfkof sieshgb
epŦtgkf, petel g me stvfrfkof glevgkshgb rfzjghf . Mejfzg me eskgvfkof prvgb arfmevf, f
tgli mejfzg g me rfzveof dgvgjgzfdgoi . Kfostfrgog arfmevg su `gjg Ċftfj Bgogh u ]ursheo g
Oirgbek u Gzrfiju, epfsfk kfostfrgogl zgmgkflf zf heoi si zkf g heog g mfkfs pesteog.
Likofkoil cgzgČhgb hfrfhtirgstghf prfgstergoshea Čevihf, u svitu kfstfou trg rfsi joumg?
`ijf(hfvhfshf), drkf(kiaregmkf) g Żutf (lekaejegmkf). Likofe si g prfoizgh. Kf
eskevu sjgČkestg oizghf, gzvimike oi zfoimkgČhe perihje 6= zfoimkgdf kfremf, em heoi
si trg gstgČu. ]e su Tilgtg perihjel sf @jgshea Gstehf g Frf`goshea pejuestrvf,
Bflgtg gz Fcrghi g Gkmeivrepjofkg gz prestrfkgb stipf Pusgoi.
^rilf `g`jgosheo prgČg e petepu oimgkg Čevih heog oi priŻgvie sviepŦti ukgŦtikoi oi `ge
Keo, zfoimke sf koiaevel peremgdel. Glfe oi trg sgkf, zf heoi si slftrf mf su pridg
joumg. ]e su Til, Bfl g Ofcit ( etfd Ofcitgmf- Gkmeivrepjofkf).
^rfgstergof u Tr`gog
Hujturf Jipikshea vgrf prgpfmf lizejgtu. Pfzvgjf si u Ğirmfpsheo hjgsurg. Joumg evi
hujturi su si `fvgjg rg`ejevel, jevel, sfhupjofkoil pjemevf, afoikoil mgvjogb Żgtfrgdf.
Ttvfrfjg su prvf kfsijof. Ofvjofou si kfostfrgoi hfliki shujpturi u ivrepg. ^esteoi mehfzg e
rfzvgoikeo rijgagosheo svistg.
SgkČfkshf hujturf si rfzvgof kimfjihe em @iearfmf, ami oi `ge koik diktfr. Pfzvgofjf si
pem prgtgshel kfremf heog su stgzfjg gz Lfji Fzgoi kf @fjhfk. Ekg su uzafofjg hrupku
stehu, rfzvgjg rumfrstve g prfvgjg hirflghu. Evf hujturf oi pem kfvfjel kelfmshgb
pjilikf kistfjf ehe 40>>. p.k.i.
LITE^E]FLGOF
MrŻfvi kf tju Lisepetelgoi, to. mejgki rihi Iucrftf g ]garf, kfstfofji su u rfzme`jou em
GS lgjikgoulf p.k.i me G lgjikgoulf p.k.i. ]e oi prester mfkfŦkoia Grfhf, mijevf Tgrgoi g
]urshi. Kf arČhel, Lisepetflgof zkfČg liĖuriČoi. TjgČke oi g kf frfpshel(fj mŻfzgrf).
Evmi si rfzvge sgstil zf kfvemkofvfkoi (grgafdgekg sgstil) heog primstfvjof sgstil
hfkfjf. Tvfhg zkfČfofk arfm u Lisepetflgog oi glfe stipikfstu huju- zgaurft u kf Čgoil
vrbu si kfjfzge brfl. Kf presteru Lisepetflgoi si rfzvgofje kihejghe mrŻfvf u
rfzjgČgtgl vrilikshgl pirgemglf.
TYLIP
kfovgŦg aespemfr svgb zilfjoshgb me`frf. TviŦtikstve oi kfremu tulfČgje vejou `eaevf, f
vjfmfr oi preajfŦfvfk zf `eŻgoia kfliskghf g glfe oi fpsejutku vjfst.
Ek oi gste tfhe glfe ujeau vrbevkea sumgoi g pesi`ki sviŦtikgČhi muŻkestg.
Oimfk em vjfmfrf oi `ge AgjafliŦ, pitg hrfjo Yruhf (RRS p.k.i). GzliĖu sulirshgb
arfmevf oi mejfzgje me Čistgb suhe`f. LiĖutgl, kgoimfk sulirshg vjfmfr kgoi uspie mf
kflitki sveou vjfst estfjglf.
Ehe RRGS vihf Tulir oi esveoge g uoimgkge fhfmshg vjfmfr Tfraek G.
FHFM
Tilgtshe pjili Flergtg su meŦjg ehe 67>>. p.k.i g eskevfjg arfm Sfvgjek (arČ. @f`gjg-
`eŻgof hfpgof). Eskgvfou Ttfre Sfvgjekshe dfrstve . Srbukfd sveoi leāg eke
meŻgvjofvf u RSGGG vihu p.k.i zf vrili Bfl`urf`gof (6170-619>. p.k.i). Ek mekesg
kfostfrgog pgsfkg z`erkgh zfhekf- Bfl`urf`goiv zfhekgh heog sfmrŻg 020. emrim`i heoi
si emkesi kf hrgvgČki pristupi, g stvfrg vizfki zf `rfh. ^esji koiaevi slrtg, dfrstve
sjf`g, mf `g af esveogjg Bitgtg ehe 63>> p.k.i g petel spfjgjg Sfvgjek.
FTGPGOF
Tilgtshg kfrem Fsgrdg mejfzg u sivirku Lisepetflgou, ami eskgvf sveou mrŻfvu 609>
p.k.i sf pristekgdel u FŦuru. ^rvg su hergstgjg epsfmki sprfvi, `gjg vielf hrvejeČkg g
gzuzitkg rftkgdg. Fsgrdg su u SGG vihu p.k.i esveogjg diju Lisepetflgou, Jivfkt(gsteČke
srimeziljoi) g Iagpft pem vjfmfvgkel Fsur`fkgpfjf . ^rikie oi pristekgdu u Kgkgvu ami
oi eskevfe kfostfrgou `g`jgetihu kf svitu, heof oi sfmrŻfjf ehe 4> >>> ajgkikgb pjeČgdf.
LiĖutgl, Fsgrshe dfrstve su petrisfjg kilgrg g pe`uki peherikea stfkevkgŦtvf. Bfjmiodg
g LiĖfkg su 360 p.k.i hekfČke esveogjg Fsgrgou.
KgŻg sjeo Čgki sijofdg. KgŻg em kogb su re`evg, joumg `iz jgČki sje`emi, heog su vemgjg
perihje em rftkgb zfre`joikghf gjg z`ea muaevf.
Kfremg Lisepetflgoi su hergstgjg hjgkfste pgsle heoi oi kfstfje ehe 4>>> p.k.i .
Koiaevg tverdg su `gjg Tulirdg g glfje oi 9>> zkfhevf. Koiaf oi miŦgcrevfe u RGR vihu
kilfd Areticikm . Eke oi estfje sfČuvfke kf ajgkikgl pjeČflf, f oimfk em kfostfrgogb
pgsfkgb gzverf oi sulirshe-vfvgjekshg Ip e AgjafliŦu.
IAG^F]
Iagpft oi kfstfe u mejgkg rihi Kgj u siviregstgČkeo Fcrgdg. Iagpāfkg su liŦfvgkf bflgtf g
silgtf. ^eČijg su peČithel GS lgjikgoulf p.k.i mf arfmi grgafdgeki sgstili. Pfzvgthel
ziljoerfmkoi si eskgvfou keli, e`jfstg sfstfvjoiki em vgŦi sieshgb epŦtgkf.
Yoimgkoikoil kelf su kfstfji mvi mrŻfvi? Mekog Iagpft u mijtg Kgjf g Aerkog Iagpft u
tehu rihi Kgj me prvea hftfrfhtf. Ehe 4>>>. p.k.i Likis vjfmfr Aerkoia Iagptf, esvfof
Mekog Iagpft g kfstfoi oimgkstvikf mrŻfvf Iagpft sf diktrel u Lilcgsu .
Iagpftshg vjfmfr oi kesge tgtjuju cfrfek (bi`r. cir fe- vijghf huāf). _f koiaf si virevfje
mf oi sgk @eaf sukdf Pf , heog glf joumshe e`jgČoi hfhe `g leafe mf uprfvjof mrŻfvel.
Glfe oi fpsejutku vjfst u sveogl ruhflf. @ge oi vrbevkg sumgof, vrbevkg zfpevimkgh
veoshi g vrbevkg sviŦtikgh. Sjfmfe oi uz peleā kfovgŦia mrŻfvkea sjuŻ`ikghf- vizgrf,
heog oi sprevemge svi koiaevi emjuhi. KgŻg em vizgrf su `gjg uprfvkgdg prevgkdgof g kelf,
kf heoi oi Iagpft `ge pemijoik. Cfrfek oi `ge vjfskgh dijehupki ziljoi. Koiaevg
pemfkgdg su glfjg prfve mf kf koeo Żgvi g mf oi e`rfĖuou pem usjevel mf pjfāfou periz
tgli Ŧte `g gŦjg u rft, emrŻfvfjg grgafdgeki hfkfji g uČistvevfjg u ofvkgl rfmevglf, peput
gzarfmkoi pgrflgmf . Tje`emkg joumg su pesimevfjg lfji pfrdiji ziljogŦtf, meh su vgŦg
sjeoivg mruŦtvf glfjg viāf glfkof. Cfrfekshf vjfst oi `gjf kfsjimkf, Ŧte zkfČg mf oi pesji
slrtg vjfmfrf mejfzge koiaev sgk, āirhf gjg prvg kfostfrgog Čjfk peremgdi. ^eremgdf u heoeo
si vjfst kfsjiĖuoi hrez aikirfdgoi si kfzgvf mgkfstgof. Koikf vjfst `g si zfvrŦgjf uhejghe
ki `g `gje petelfhf heog `g oi kfsjimgjg gjg uhejghe `g `gjf svrakutf sf pristejf.
Iagptel oi em 4>>>. p.k.i me 4>. p.k.i vjfmfjf 46 mgkfstgof. Mie iagpftshi gstergoi
e`ijiŻik vjfŦāu cfrfekf si mijg kf trg vijghf rfzme`jof? stfre, srimkoi g keve dfrstve.
Y evel pirgemu kfstfou glevgkshi rfzjghi. Pfzvgofou si vgsehg sjeo- pjilstve, srimkog
sjeo- sje`emkg joumg, f pesi`ke si u evel sjeou gstgČu pgsfrg, zfkftjgoi g traevdg g triāg
sjeo- re`evg, heog kgsu glfjg sveou sje`emu, kfoČiŦāi strfkdg, perihjel zfre`joikgdg. Me
vjfmfvgki cfrfekf _esirf (01>> p.k.i) cfrfekg su sfbrfkogvfkg u prgzilkgl
are`kgdflf- lfstf`flf . Kfostfrgof pgrflgmf oi gzarfĖikf zf koiaf u Tfhfrg g ekf oi
stipikfstea e`jghf. KfzkfČfokgog cfrfekg evea pirgemf su `gjg Hieps, Hicrik g Lghirgk,
he oglf su gzarfĖiki pgrflgmi u Agzg rimgkel RRSG vihf p.k.i. Kfoviāf, Hiepsevf,
vgsehf oi 6=1 litfrf, arfmgjf si 0> aemgkf. Ekf spfmf u simfl svitshgb Čumf fktgČhea
svitf. Hrfoil GGG lgjikgoulf p.k.i vjfst cfrfekf sjf`g, mejfzg me Čistgb `ukf g ofČfkof
jehfjkea pjilstvf Ŧte hujlgkgrf arfĖfkshgl rftel heog si zfvrŦge rfspfmel mrŻfvi 00>>
p.k.i. Mejgkel Kgjf su zfvjfmfjg jehfjkg vjfmfrg.
Ttfrg Iagpāfkg su hergstgjg bgoireajgscshe pgsle heoi glf ehe 1>> zkfhevf. ^rimstfjovf
liŦfvgku sjghevkea g sjevkea pgslf. Kf arČhel, bgoireajgcg su svitg zkfdg peŦte su
koglf pgsfkg tihstevg pesviāikg cfrfekglf g `eaevglf. _fbvfjououāg hfliku gz Peziti,
kfĖikel hrfoil RSGGG vihf pe Kfpejiekevel pebemu kf Iagpft, crfkduz żfk
CIKGHGOF
OISPIOTHF MPżFSF
GzliĖu rihf Oermfk g Lrtvea Lerf g Trimeziljof, ouŻke em Cikghgoi, kfjfzg si
Bfkffk - ,, E`iāfkf ziljof‗‗ . ]e oi `gjf pesteo`gkf silgtshea kfremf Bi`riof (Oivriof)
heog su zf vrili cfrfekf ]utlisf GGG pfjg pem iagpftshu vjfst, mf `g gb Leosgoi gzvie gz
Iagptf u RGGG vihu p.k.i g pesji =>-aemgŦkoia jutfkof mevie u E`iāfku ziljou. Tlftrf si
zf pgsdf prvgb pit hkogaf Ttfrea zfvitf - sviti hkogai Oivriof, pezkfti pem kfzgvel ]erf
(pitehkogŻgoi- Hkogaf pestfkof). Oivriog su `gjg pemijoikg u pjilikf, heogb oi `gje 60.
KfozkfČfkgog su `gjg Gzrfijdg g Oumiodg.
Y liĖuvriliku Bfkffk su zfuzijg Cgjgstiodg pe heoglf oi evf e`jfst me`gjf gli Cgjgstgkf,
emkeske ^fjistgkf . Oivriog su midikgoflf vemgjg `er`u pretgv Cgjgstiofdf mf `g gb hrfoil
RG vihf p.k.i hekfČke pehergjg.
Dfr Mfvgm (6>6> - 71> p.k.i) oi 6>>>. aemgki p.k.i uoimgkge oivrioshf pjilikf g eskevfe
Gzrfijshe hrfjoivstve sf pristekgdel u Oirusfjglu . Koiaf oi kfsjimge sgk Tejelek (71>-
74>. p.k.i) heog oi u Oirusfjglu gzarfmge brfl pesviāik `eau Oibevg. @ge oi upflāik pe
sveoeo lumrestg. ^esji koiaevi slrtg, mejfzg me rfspfmf hrfjoivstvf. MrŻfvf si pemijgjf kf
Gzrfij kf siviru, sf pristekgdel u Tflfrgog g Oumiou kf ouau sf pristekgdel u
Oirusfjglu. Gzrfij oi pfe pem Fsgrdi 100 p.k.i. meh oi Oumiof gzmrŻfjf me 923. p.k.i hfmf
oi vfvgjekshg dfr Kf`uhemekeser sruŦge Tejelekev brfk g emvie Oivrioi u repstve, heoi
oi trfofje 9> aemgkf. ^eŦte oi pirsgoshg dfr Hgr esveoge Keve Sfvgjekshe dfrstve, mezvejge
oi Oivrioglf mf si vrfti u Oumiou g e`kevi brfl. Ekg su Żgvijg u lgru me 34 p.k.i hfmf su
pfjg pem vjfst Pgljofkf. Oivriog su leketigstg, Čgog oi oimgkg `ea Oibevf (Ofbvi) .
Mfe oi Leosgou kf Tgkf osheo aerg 6> `eŻgogb zfpevistg. Ttfrg zfvit oi u petpukestg zfpgsfk
kfhek pevrfthf Oivriof gz vfvgjekshea repstvf.
^ritpestfvfjof si mf oi gz oivrioshi sihti Isikf kfstfje brgŦāfkstve u G vihu k.i.
^eŦte su oivriog u vijghel `reou `gjg gktirke rfsijoikg,
emjuhel Yoimgkoikgb kfdgof 67=2. pekeve oi eskevfkf mrŻfvf Gzrfij.
BI]G]G
^IPTGOF
Grfkshf vgserfvfk si kfjfzg gzliĖu Hfspgoshea oizirf g ^irsgoshea zfjgvf. Kf evfo prester
ehe 6>>> p.k.i mejfzi gkmeivrepshf pjilikf LiĖfkg g ^irsgofkdg . Y SGG vihu p.k.i
LiĖfkg su pehergjg ^irsgofkdi g eskevfjg mrŻfvg Limgou. ^rgzkfvfjg su vjfst Fsgrgoi, fjg su
zfoimke sf Bfjmiodglf 360 p.k.i sruŦgjg fsgrshu pristekgdu Kgkgvu . Limgof tfmf pestfoi
sflestfjkf.
żGSE] G PIJGAGOF
T]FPF APĊHF
Hrfoil GGG g peČithel GG lgjikgoulf p.k.i kf oua @fjhfkf mejfzg prve arČhe pjili
Fbfodg. Kogbeve kfsijofvfkoi si emvgofje u kihejghe itfpf. Ekg su zftihjg stfresimijfČhe
stfkevkgŦtve- ^ijfzai, heoi su u liĖuvriliku fsglgjevfjg. Kf estvu Hrgt oi viā u GGG
lgjikgoul p.k.i pesteofjf kfostfrgof ivrepshf mrŻfvf. Ekf primstfjovf hrgtshu gjg
lgkeoshu hujturu, kfzvfku pe lgtshel hrfjou Lgkesu. Kou oi ethrge ikajiz Frtur
Ivfks 627>. prgjghel gshepfvfkof u Hkesesu, ajfvkel srimgŦtu lgkeoshi hujturi. Ekg su
`gjg kfrem kipezkftea perihjf. ]fle su kfĖiki pjeČgdi sf sjeaevkgl pgslel zkfkgl hfe
Jgkifrke pgsle , f heoi me mfkfs kgoi miŦgcrevfke.
gkvfzgoel Merfdf, mruaea arČhea pjilikf, heoi oi peČithel RGG vihf p.k.i kfpfje
Fbfodi. Aemgki 669>. p.k.i rfzfrfou Lghiku. Mershf kfoizmf oi kfvijf mie Fbfofdf mf si
pevuhu u Fbfou g Frhfmgou, meh su si priestfjg Fbfodg pemijgjg peČithel G lgjikgoulf
p.k.i kf mvf pjilikf? Oekdi g Iejdi.
Pfzme`joi arČhi gstergoi heoi oi peČije mershel kfoizmel slftrf si lrfČkgl me`el
z`ea eshumkestg gzverf. KfovgŦi pemftfhf e evel pirgemu mfou kfl frbiejeŦhg gzverg g
Belirevg ipevg Gjgofmf g Emgsiof. _`ea teaf si eve rfzme`joi kfzgvf g belirshe me`f
(RG-SGGG p.k.i). ArČhf oi u belirshe me`f `gjf pemijoikf kf vgŦi kizfvgskgb mrŻfvf.
_`ea mershi kfoizmi, meŦje oi me prvi hejekgzfdgoi. Oekdg g Iejdg su kf zfpfmkeo e`fjg
Lfji Fzgoi eskevfjg Icis, Lgjit g Tlgrku . Hfskgoi su si eskgvfji hejekgoi z`ea
prikfsijoikestg pejgsf. Y hejekgoflf `g pruŻfjg prgvgjiagoi mesijoikgdglf g pejgsg su leajg
mf tfle peŦfjou kipeŻijoki arfĖfki. Hejekgzfdgof oi `gjf kf vrbukdu gzliĖu SGGG g SG
vihf p.k.i . ArČhi hejekgoi u Gtfjgog g kf Tgdgjgog su `gjg ]frikt, Tgrfhuzf g Kfpujo . Evu
e`jfst ardg kfzgvfou Sijghf ArČhf (jft. Lfakf Arfidgf).
Kf e`fjg Lrflerkea g Drkea lerf si eskgvfou Sgzfk, F`gmes, Tgkepu g ]rfpizukt.
Kf e`fjg Ofmrfkshea lerf eskgvfou hejekgoi? Gsf- Sgs, Cfres- Bvfr, ]rfaurgek- ]reagrg,
@utuf- @umvf.
T^FP]F
Tpfrtf oi glfjf ejgafrbgoshe mrŻfvke uriĖikoi, Ŧte zkfČg mf oi vjfst u mrŻfvg vrŦge lfjg
`reo joumg gz rimevf Tpfrtgoftf. Tpfrtel su vjfmfjf mvf hrfjof- `fzgjiusf, heog su vrŦgjg
ujeau _ivsevgb sviŦtikghf g veosheveĖf, f kogbevf vjfst oi `gjf kfsjimkf(u sjuČfou rftf,
oimfk hrfjo `g etgŦfe, mruag `g estfe u Tpfrtg)8viāi- airuzgof heou Čgkg 02 meŻgvetke
gzf`rfkgb spfrtgoftf stfrgogb em 3> aemgkf g heof oi zfoimke sf hrfjoivglf uprfvjofjf
Tpfrtel g vemgjf mrŻfvki pesjevi8 kfremkf shupŦtgkf- fpijf heou su Čgkgjg svg spfrtgoftg
stfrgog em 4> aemgkf, heog su si sfstfofjg oimkel lisiČke hfhe `g sfsjuŦfjg emjuhi hrfjoivf
g airuzgoi, `iz prfvf emjuČgvfkof, fjg u kfmjiŻkestg fpiji oi spfmfje e`ofvjogvfkoi rftf g
shjfpfkoi lgrf, gz`er icerf g Čjfkevf airuzgoi8 pitergdf icerf su Čuvfjg rim g lgr u Tpfrtg,
sumgjg u pfrkgdflf, kfmajimfjg su hrfjoivi g prftgjg gb kf pebemglf g `grfkg su kf aemgku
mfkf. Ekg su erafkgzevfjg g hrgptgoi , mf `g si gz riemevf Bijetf uhjekgjg ekg heog `g leajg
mgāg pe`uku.
Tpfrtfkshe vfspgtfkoi si emkesgje kf midu g eljfmgku Tpfrtgoftf, heog su si prgprilfjg
zf veokg pezgv. Ljfmi spfrtgofti su uČgjg jfhekshel aeveru , heog primstfvjof hrfthe g
oizarevgte gzrfŻfvfkoi. E`gČfog zfoimkgČhea e`imevfkof T pfrtgoftf kfzgvf si sgsgtgof.
F]GKF
Ofvjof si milehrftgof- vjfmfvgkf kfremf. ^rfve ajfsf su glfjg svg pukejitkg luŦhfrdg gz
Ftgki. żiki, litidg (strfkdg) g re`evg kgsu glfjg prfve ajfsf.
^rvi pgsfki zfheki oi mekie frbekt Mrfhek 306. p.k.i . Evg zfhekg su `gjg streag, pf
etumf gzrihf ,,mrfhekshf hfzkf‗‗. E koglf si aevergje mf su pgsfkg hrvjou, f ki lfstgjel.
Miles oi `ge kizfmevejofk vjfmfvgkel iupftrgmf g Żijie oi mf si uhjouČg u pejgtgČhg Żgvet
Ftgki. ]e āi `gtg rfzjea mf si u ftgkshel mruŦtvu gzvrŦi ricerli.
Frbekt Tejek oi 97= p.k.i uhgkue muŻkgČhe repstve g gzvrŦge pemiju stfkevkgŦtvf kf Čitrg
rfzrimf prilf glevgkshel stfkou. Eskgvf viāi Čitgrg stetgki heoi Čgki primstfvkgdg prvf
trg rimf. Eve viāi oi pritrisfje svf pgtfkof heof su gzkeŦikf prim ihjisgou.
^esji Tejekevi slrtg 93> p.k.i vjfst u Ftgkg esvfof ^gzgstrft , tfhe Ŧte oi sfl si`i rfkge,
f petel eptuŻge sveoi pejgtgČhi pretgvkghi zf tfo Čgk. ^eŦte oi me`ge tijebrfkgtijoi, zfuzie
oi Fhrepejo g uzie svu vjfst zf si`i. ]fhvf vjfmfvgkf oimkea Čevihf si kfzgvf tgrfkgof .
_f vrili ^gzgstrftevi tgrfkgoi, Ftgkf oi meŻgvijf prgvrimkg g hujturkg predvft. YkfpriĖikf
oi ziljoerfmkof, zfbvfjououāg teli Ŧte oi sijofdglf pemijge pesimi sveogb kiprgoftijof.
GzarfĖik oi vemevem g zfpgsfkg su ipevg ,,Gjgofmf‗‗ g ,,Emgsiof‗‗.
^esji ^gzgstrftevi slrtg 901 p.k.i kf vjfst mejfzi koiaevg sgkevg Bgpgof g Bgpfrb.
Kfhek kogbevea z`fdgvfkof sf vjfstg, frbekt Hjgstik oi 9>2 p.k.i gzvrŦge kevi ricerli.
Ek oi ftgkshi arfĖfki pemijge kf misit tirgtergofjkgb cgjf . Tvfhf em tgb cgjf oi mfvfjf
pimisit primstfvkghf u viāi pit stetgkf, heoi oi zflikgje viāi =>>.
Hjgstik zfvemg estrfhgzfl , Čfske preaekstve arfĖfkf Ftgki, heog su uareŻfvfjg vjfst.
Emjuhu e prgvrilikel preaekstvu oi mekesgjf ihjisgof. Me`gje oi gli pe estrfheku,
helfmgāu ajgki kf heli si gspgsgvfje gli ekea heaf su btijg mf preaeki.
^reaekstve oi leaje trfoftg g 6> aemgkf, fjg glevgkf preaekoikea oi estfjf g mfjoi dijf.
APĊHE-^IPTGOTHG PF]ESG
Hrfoil SG vihf p.k.i ^irsgof si prestgrfjf em rihi Gkm kf gstehu me Lfji Fzgoi kf
zfpfmu. ]fhe su si pem koikel vjfŦāu kfŦji arČhi hejekgoi kf lfjefzgosheo e`fjg.
Tuhe` gzliĖu Arhf g ^irsgofkfdf zfpeČgkoi pe`ukel arfmf Lgjitf =77. p.k.i. ]gli
gz`gof Oekshg ustfkfh . ArfĖfkg Lgjitf si prve e`rfāfou Tpfrtg zf peleā, fjg peŦte oi
em`gjf, me`gofou peleā em Ftgkofkf. Ystfkfh oi zfbvftge Hgpfr g arfmevi kf e`fjg
Lrflerkea g Drkea lerf. Me emjuČuouāi `gthi gzliĖu Arhf g ^irsgofkfdf oi meŦje =7=.
p.k.i hem estrvf Jfmi. ^irsgofkdg su pe`imgjg g petel spfjgjg Lgjit.
^irsgoshf veoshf oi =7> p.k.i priŦjf Iaioshe leri g gshrdfjf si kf gsteČkeo e`fjg Ftghi kf
Lfrftekshel pejou . LiĖutgl, u `gdg kf Lfrftek pejou , lfje`reokgof ftgkshf veoshf kf
Čiju sf Lgjgtgofmel oi emkijf pe`imu.
^erfŻikg dfr Mfrgoi G si vrfāf u Lfju Fzgou g emjfzg u Iagpft hfhe `g uafsge pe`uku.
^esji eveaf, u Ftgkg su si cerlgrfji mvi strfkhi? pelershe-frgstehrftshf kf Čiju sf
]ilgstehjiel heog si zfjfafe zf gzarfmkou cjeti, oir oi slftrfe mf oi `umuākest Ftgki kf
leru, g suvezilkf-frgstehrftshf strfkhf sf Čijel sf Frgstgmel heog si zfjfafe zf
stvfrfkoi suvezilki veoshi. Y ihjisgog oi prievjfmfje ]ilgstehjieve lgŦjoikoi. Frgstgm oi
=24. p.k.i pretirfk gz Ftgki.
Y Hergktu oi =26 p.k.i cerlgrfk sfviz arČhgb pejgsf, heog su si gzofskgjg zf `er`u pretgv
^irsgofkfdf. Helfkmf kfm veoshel oi pevirikf spfrtfkshel hrfjou Jiekgmg. Y
]irlepgjshel hjfkdu =2>. p.k.i umruŻikf veoshf sf Jiekgmel kf Čiju oi meŻgvijf perfz
em pirsgoshea dfrf Hsirhsf . Hsirhs oi petel hrikue kf Ftgku g spfjge oi me tilijof.
LiĖutgl, Ftgkofkg su si pevuhjg kf e`jgŻkoi estrve Tfjflgku . ]fle si gsti aemgki
emrŻfjf pelershf `gthf ami oi ftgkshf cjetf emkijf pe`imu. Tjimiāi aemgki, =17. p.k.i
emrŻfji su si `gthi hem ^jftioi g rtf Lghfji u heoglf oi kfkisik oeŦ viāg perfz
^irsgofkdglf. ^rilf primfkou, eki su si emgarfji gstea mfkf.
Ftgkf oi =12 p.k.i cerlgrfjf Mijshg sfviz sf srimgŦtil kf estvru Mijesu. Ekf oi u sfviz
ehupgjf arČhi pejgsi heog su `gjg zfgktirisevfkg zf kfstfvfh rftf pretgv ^irsgofkfdf. Y
kfstfvhu rftf, heog oi veĖik u Lfjeo Fzgog, ^irsgofkdg su kf uŦāu rihi Iurglimekt
pritrpijg perfz g kf leru g kf hepku =32 p.k.i. ^esji evgb uspibf, Ftgkf oi stihjf
privjfst- biailekgou . Ċjfkgdi Mijshea Tfvizf su u zfoimkgČhu `jfafoku upjfāgvfji
emriĖikg gzkes- ceres. TfvizkgČhf `jfafokf oi sf estvf Mijes =9= p.k.i prikisikf u
Ftgku, Čgli oi kfstfe Ftgkshg pelershg sfviz.
Me hekfČkea shjfpfkof lgrf gzliĖu Arhf g ^irsgofkfdf meŦje oi ==7 p.k.i.
Evfo lgr si kfzgvf Hfjgogk lgr g sf kogli si zfvrŦfvfou evg rftevg.
^irghjeve me`f
Y aemgkflf heoi su usjimgji kfhek Lfrftekshi `gthi, vemiāu ujeau u pejgtgČhel Żgvetu
Ftgkofkf oi glfe ]ilgstehji, heog oi pestfvge tilijoi ftgksheo pelersheo leāg.
_fbvfjououāg ethrgāu sri`rf u ftgkshgl rumkgdglf, u`imge oi ihjisg ou mf gzarfmi 0>>
trgoirf to. `eokgb `remevf sf trg oimrf, kf heoglf oi peČgvfjf skfaf Ftgki.
Ek oi =32. p.k.i estrfhevfk. ]fmf si u pejgtgČhel Żgvetu Ftgki ofvjof ^irghji . Glfe oi
vijghu pemrŦhu milesf. Em ==4. p.k.i me sveoi slrtg, glfe oi ujeau strftiaf , veokea
helfmfktf. Yvemg pjfti zf vrŦgedi svgb mrŻfvkgb pesjevf. TgrelfŦkg Ftgkofkg su me`gofjg
pezergŦkg kevfd- tierghek . Evg treŦhevg su si pjfāfjg gz `jfafoki Ftgkshea pelershea
sfvizf. Ihjisgof oi =96 p.k.i gzajfsfjf kf koiaev primjea zfhek pe heli pukeprfvkg
ftgkshg arfĖfkg leau `gtg sfle ekg Čgof su e`f remgtijof Ftgkofkg.
Em ^irghjevea vrilikf, emjuČuouāf ujeaf u pejgtgdg oi prgpfjf kfremkeo shupŦtgkg.
Kou su Čgkgjg svg pukejitkg ftgkshg arfĖfkg. Ekf oi glfjf kfmjiŻkestg mf vemg ftgkshu
spejoku pejgtghu, mekesg emjuhi e e`ofvg rftf g shjfpfkou lgrf, prglf gzfsjfkghi gz mruagb
pejgsf g zilfjof g mf gb sfsjuŦf, mf emriĖuoi zfpevimkghi veoshi, mf `grf svfhi aemgki
misitergdu strftiaf, mf u lgru mfoi arfĖfkshf prfvf strfkdglf g mf sumg u sjuČfou tiŦhgb
pristupf hfe Ŧte su gzmfof mrŻfvi gjg pemrgvfkoi milehrftgoi. _kfČfoku ujeau zfmrŻfvf g
mfjoi viāi pit stetgkf, meh su friepfau estfvjoiki sfle sumshi cukhdgoi .
Dgjo ^irghjevi spejoki pejgtghi oi `ge mf Ftgku uČgkg kfoleākgogl pejgsel ArČhi g mf svi
Bijiki uoimgkg pem koikgl veĖstvel. Trimgkel S vihf p.k.i Ftgkf oi glfjf privjfst kf
Iaioshel leru, f koiku vjfst su prgzkfvfji @ietgof g Cehgmf. Ftgkshel pelershel
sfvizu su priŦji Liafrf, `gvŦf Čjfkgdf ^ijepekishea sfvizf g arfmevg Fbfoi kf siviru
^ijepekizf. ]e āi `gtg rfzjea mf Tpfrtfkdg upfmku u srimkou ArČhu g kfpfmku Ftghu,
liĖutgl ==3. p.k.i āi si shjepgtg lgr kf trgmisit aemgkf.
Ytgdfo Ftgki si preŦgrge u ]rfhgog, ami oi eskevfk Flcgpejo . Sizi su uspestfvjoiki sf
arČhgl hejekgoflf u ouŻkeo Gtfjgog, ami Ftgkofkg eskgvfou ]urgo.
LiĖutgl, kizfmevejostve ftgkshel biailekgoel oi gzrfŻike kfreČgte ==> p.k.i peŦte oi
gz`gjf pe`ukf kf estrvu Tfles g u Sgzfktu . ]e oi kfvije ^irghjf mf kf Čiju veoshi hriki
g uauŦg pe`uki. ^eŦte oi u teli uspie, sfČuvfe oi ftgkshu pelershu mrŻfvu.
^IJE^EKITHG PF]
Yzreh rftf gzliĖu Tpfrti g Ftgki oi `gjf `er`f zf privjfst u arČhel svitu,
prilf ]uhgmgmu .
^rvg pirgem rftf si kfzgvf Frbgmflev rft g trfoi em =46-=06 p.k.i. Kfzvfk oi pe
spfrtfkshel hrfjou Frbgmflu . Pft oi zfpeČijf Tpfrtf kfpfmfouāg Ftghu.
^rgjghel epsfmi Ftgki, gz`gjf oi huaf, em heoi oi lkeae joumg ulrje, uhjouČuouāg g
^irghjf (=07 p.k.i). ^esji koiaevi slrtg su si cerlgrfji mvi strfkhi.
Ttrfkhu frgstehrftf oi primvemge Kghgof heog si zfjfafe zf shjfpfkoi lgrf sf Tpfrtel,
meh oi strfkhu milehrftf primvemge Hjiek heog si zfjfafe zf kfstfvfh rftf. Ihjisgof
oi pemrŻfjf Hjiekf, Čgli si rft kfstfvge. Ftgkshf cjetf oi =09 p.k.i esveogjf ^gjes, kf
^ijepekizu, `jgzu Tpfrti. Tpfrtfkdg su u`rze prikijg `er`i u ]rfhgou, ami oi meŦje =00
p.k.i me suhe`f hem Flcgpejof , ami su peagkujg Hjiek, tfmf veosheveĖf, g spfrtfkshg
hrfjo @rfsgmf. Tjimiāi aemgki oi petpgsfk Kghgogk lgr kf pimisit aemgkf, peŦte su e`f
pejgsf `gjf gsdrpjoikf `er`el. LiĖutgl, rft si kfstfvge =69 p.k.i.
Ċuvikg ftgkshg strftia Fjhg`gofm oi hrikue sf cjetel kf Tgdgjgou sf dgjoil mf esveog
Tgrfhuzu . Koilu su si prgmruŻgjg g Kghgof g Jflfb. ^e mejfshu kf Tgdgjgou, Fjhg`gofm oi
jfŻke eptuŻik mf oi eshrkfvge hujt `eaf Birlisf, Ŧte af oi kfvije mf estfvg ftgkshu
cjetu g pe`iaki u Tpfrtu. Ftgkofkg su mrŻfjg epsfmu Tgrfhuzi me =64 p.k.i hfmf su meŦjg
Tpfrtfkgdg g rfz`gjg epsfmu. Kfkijg su gl kivgĖik perfz kf ridg Fsgkfru .
Kghgof si primfe, pf oi petel peau`joik, meh su estfjg ftgkshg zfre`joikgdg emvimikg u
sgrfhuŦhi hflikejeli. Eve oi zf Ftgku `gjf hftfstrecf, petŦte oi shere dijf cjetf
ukgŦtikf g lkeae Żgvetf `gje emkisike.
^e Fjhg`gofmevel sfvitu su Tpfrtfkdg gsti aemgki esveogjg Mihijiou kf siviru Ftghi.
^esjimkoi `gthi ^ijepekishea sfvizf su veĖiki u Bijispektu (Mfrmfkijglf).
Ftgkf oi meŻgvijf perfz u pelersheo `gdg hem rihi Iaespetfl =>9 p.k.i .Ftgkf oi tfmf
`gjf g sf hepkf g sf lerf petpuke emsiČikf. Tpfrtfkshg veosheveĖf Jgsfkmfr oi peČie mf
esje`fĖf Čjfkevi Ftgkshea pelershea sfvizf.
Kf hrfou su Ftgkofkg `gjg prglerfkg mf si primfou =>= p.k.i . Hsikecekt oi zf`ijiŻge
usjevi kf lgrf. Ftgkofkg su lerfjg mf sruŦi Muai `imili g mf primfou sveou cjetu .
Y Ftgkg oi uspestfvjoik ejgafrbgoshg riŻgl trgmisit tgrfkf heog oi viā sjimiāi aemgki
z`fČik. Aemgki =>4 p.k.i si vrftgjf milehrftgof u Ftgku.
HYJ]YPF G PIJGAGOF
Ardg su `gjg pejgtigstg . Kogbevf `eŻfkstvf su kfopri `gjf vizfkf zf prgremki, f petel g zf
mruŦtviki peofvi. @eaevg su gl `gjg fktrepelerckg (u joumshel e`jghu).
KfozkfČfokgof arČhf `eŻfkstvf su?
_ivs- vrbevkg `ea g `ea arelf.
Birf- _ivsevf Żikf g zfŦtgtkgdf `rfhf.
Bfm- `ea pemzilkea svitf g suprua ^irsiceki .
^esiomek - `ea lerf, _ivsev g Bfmev `rft.
Tvf sum`gkf evea svitf si kfjfzgjf u ruhflf trg legri heoi pjitu hjuphe Żgvetf. ^erim
`eaevf, u arČheo lgtejeagog zkfČfoku ujeau glfou bireog, sgkevg heog su reĖikg gz jou`fvg
`eaevf g slrtkghf. LiĖu koglf su Birfhji g Fbgj.
Ttfrg Ardg su virevfjg u pesteofkoi cfktfstgČkgb `gāf sf kfprgremkgl leāglf. ]e su
`gjg hiktfurg, sgriki, sftgrg , mgvevg g Hir`ir- treajfvg pfs-Čuvfr pemzilkea svitf.
Ċuvike arČhe prereČgŦti si kfjfzgje u Mijcglf u Fpejekevel svitgjgŦtu. TviŦtikgdf
^gtgof oi prergdfjf `umuākest g prikesgjf sfviti `eaevf, f emaeverg kf pgtfkof su
uvih `gvfjg mveslgsjikg.
Y stfrel vihu, arČhf hujturf si kfovgŦi gstgČi. Ekf oi kipesrimke utgdfjf kf rglshu,
f hfskgoi g kf ivrepshu hujturu. ArČhg stvfrfjfČhg mub `ge oi gzrfŻik u rfzkgl mijglf.
Y frbgtihturg su si rfzvgjf trg stgjf mershg, oekshg g hergktshg.
Hergktshg stgj kfstfoi u S vihu p.k.i heaf e`ijiŻfvfou hgtkofstg g rfsheŦkg hfpgtijg.
Y mershel stgju oi sfarfĖik ^frtikek kf ftgkshel Fhrepejou, pesviāik Ftgkg.
^erim koiaf su gzarfĖikg g ^repgjiog. Kfm gzarfmkoel brflf oi `ge zfmuŻik Cgmgof.
Y oekshel stgju, kf ftgkshel Fhrepejou oi gzarfĖik Iribtioek , pesviāik jiaikmfrkel
ftgkshel hrfjou Iribtiou.
Kforfkgoi arČhe vfofrstve emjghuou shujpturi ljfmgāf- huresg g miveofhf- heri.
Hfskgoi, u S g GS vihu p.k.i mijf pestfou rifjgstgČkgof. _kfČfokg vfofrg tea pirgemf su?
Lgrek- Mgshe`ejgs- ,,@fdfČ mgshf‗‗
^ejghjit- Mergceres- ,,HepjoekeŦf‗‗
Cgmgof- stftuf Ftgki ^frtikes (mivgdi) u ^frtikeku g stftuf _ivsf u Ejglpgog.
Ttftuf _ivsf u Ejglpgog, gzvfofkf u zjftu g sjekevfČg,
spfmf u simfl svitshgb Čumf fktgČhea svitf.
Tvitshf Čumf ftktgČhea svitf su? ^grflgmi u Agzg (oimgke heoi g mfkfs pesteog)8
Tilgrflgmgkg vgsiāg vrtevg u Sfvgjeku8 Fpejekevf stftuf kf Pemesu (Hejes sf
Pemesf)8 Frtilgmgk brfl u Icisu8 _ivsevf stftuf u Ejglpgog8 Lfuzejio u Bfjghfrkfsu.
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