SELECTION OF SYSTEM NEUTRAL GROUNDING RESISTOR AND

GROUND FAULT PROTECTION FOR INDUSTRIAL POWER SYSTEMS

Copyright Material IEEE
Paper No. PCIC-91-51
DR. LUKE YU. P.E. AND ROLF L. " R I K S , P.E.
The Ralph M. Parsons Company Consultant
100 West Walnut S t r e e t Temple C i t y , CA, U.S.A.
Pasadena, CA 91124, U.S.A. (8181 286-4913
(818)440-2000
Abstract - T h i s paper p e r t a i n s p r i m a r i l y t o low- TABLE I
v o l t a g e ( L V ) and medium-voltage (MV) i n d u s t r i a l power TYPICAL PRACTICES
d i s t r i b u t i o n s y s t e m s , below 1 5 kV. The method chosen ~~

f o r system n e u t r a l grounding i s s i g n i f i c a n t t o system

performance , o p e r a t i o n , m a i n t e n a n c e , s a f e t y , e t c . The
purpose o f grounding i s t o c r e a t e a f i r m p o t e n t i a l
r e f e r e n c e p o i n t and t o minimize t h e hazard t o
p e r s o n n e l and damage t o t h e system when a l i n e - t o -
ground f a u l t o c c u r s . S o l i d l y grounded ( S G ) , low-
r e s i s t a n c e grounded (LRG) , and h i g h - r e s i s t a n c e
grounded (HFG) s y s t e m s are d i s c u s s e d and compared.
S e l e c t i o n o f n e u t r a l grounding r e s i s t o r v a l u e s and
ground f a u l t p r o t e c t i o n d e v i c e s are d i s c u s s e d .
F i n a l l y , t h e p a p e r p r o p o s e s t h a t a m o d i f i e d high-
r e s i s t a n c e g r o u n d i n g (MHRG) w i t h ground f a u l t t r i p p i n g
may b e t h e b e t t e r p r a c t i c e i n some i n d u s t r i a l
applications.
I. INTRODUCTION
System grounding and ground f a u l t p r o t e c t i o n have
been s u b j e c t s o f c o n t i n u o u s i n t e r e s t f o r y e a r s and
have been c o v e r e d i n many IEEE s t a n d a r d s , t h e N a t i o n a l
E l e c t r i c a l Code (NEC) , and many t e c h n i c a l p u b l i c a t i o n s
11-10 1 .
System grounding i s t h e p r a c t i c e o f p h y s i c a l l y
c o n n e c t i n g a s p e c i f i c p o i n t o f t h e e l e c t r i c a l system
(normally t h e n e u t r a l o f a transformer o r a g e n e r a t o r )
t o t h e e a r t h . The i n t e n t i s t o create a p o t e n t i a l
r e f e r e n c e p o i n t f o r t h e e l e c t r i c a l system. Some
a d v a n t a g e s o f system grounding are :
1) Reduce l i f e hazard by minimizing p o t e n t i a l t o
earth
2) Reduce t r a n s i e n t o v e r v o l t a g e s
3) Reduce p o t e n t i a l stress on c a b l e i n s u l a t i o n
4) P r o v i d e a d e q u a t e system ground f a u l t p r o t e c t i o n
Recent p r a c t i c e h a s been t o c o n v e r t many
ungrounded s y s t e m s ( s u c h as d e l t a - c o n n e c t e d s y s t e m s )
t o grounded systems f o r t h e s e advantages. I n p r a c t i c e ,
a zigzag-type o r a d i s t r i b u t i o n - t y p e t r a n s f o r m e r may
be used t o create a grounded n e u t r a l system [ 6 ] .
I n t h i s p a p e r , o n l y t h o s e systems w i t h a v a i l a b l e
system n e u t r a l s are d i s c u s s e d . The c u r r e n t t y p i c a l
p r a c t i c e i s shown i n Table I.
Obviously, from an o p e r a t i o n a l v i e w p o i n t , t h e r e i s
a c h o i c e o f o n l y two r e s p o n s e s when a ground f a u l t i s
d e t e c t e d : ( 1 ) t o t r i p and clear t h e f a u l t , o r ( 2 ) n o t
t o t r i p and m a i n t a i n s e r v i c e c o n t i n u i t y .
For c o n t i n u i t y o f s e r v i c e ( i . e . , no t r i p ) , system
grounding i s o f t h e HFX t y p e . O t h e r w i s e , when t h e
f a u l t i s t o b e c l e a r e d q u i c k l y , e i t h e r SG o r LRG i s
used.
LV MV
2.4 and
System Type 5600 V 4.16 kV 1 5 kV
SG Trip Tripa Tripa
LR G Not used Trip Trip
HRG Alarm Alarm Not usedb
i s not u s u a l l y a p p l i e d i n i n d u s t r i a l
applications.
bHRG i s n o t a p p l i c a b l e t o t h e 15-kV system t o a c h i e v e
s e r v i c e c o n t i n u i t y b e c a u s e e x p e r i e n c e d o e s n o t show
a s u c c e s s f u l a p p l i c a t i o n f o r 13.8-kV s y s t e m s [lo].
Ground f a u l t p r o t e c t i o n i s governed b y t h e system
grounding method used because t h e l i n e - t o - g r o u n d f a u l t
c u r r e n t d e t e r m i n e s t h e s e n s i t i v i t y and , t h e r e f o r e , t h e
required relay type.
11. COMPARISON OF SYSTEM GROUNDING METHODS
SG systems have t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e l o w e s t
c o s t , highest available current, highest propensity t o
p e r s o n n e l h a z a r d and a r c i n g damage, and l o w e s t
s u s c e p t i b i l i t y t o t r a n s i e n t o v e r v o l t a g e s . The SG
system h a s been adopted f o r h i g h - v o l t a g e ( H V ) u t i l i t y
t r a n s m i s s i o n and d i s t r i b u t i o n systems and i s o f t e n
used i n LV systems where it i s t h e o n l y g r o u n d i n g mode
when l i n e - t o - n e u t r a l l o a d i n g i s planned. It can
a c c o m o d a t e t h e most l e v e l s o f ground f a u l t r e l a y i n g
c o o r d i n a t i o n , and ample f a u l t c u r r e n t i s a v a i l a b l e t o
a c t u a t e o v e r c u r r e n t r e l a y s 12-4 1.
Arcing f a u l t s are t h e most common t y p e o f ground
f a u l t s i n s o l i d l y grounded LV systems. Because o f low
c u r r e n t magnitude ( t y p i c a l l y , about 38% t h a t o f a
b o l t e d f a u l t ) , t h e phase r e l a y s may n o t o p e r a t e .
However, a r c i n g f a u l t s d e l i v e r a tremendous amount o f
e n e r g y i n t h e form o f h e a t and p r e s s u r e , s u f f i c i e n t t o
m e l t b u s and e n c l o s u r e materials and produce l a r g e
amounts o f c a r b o n i z e d smoke that may damage o t h e r
components i n t h e v i c i n i t y . The amount o f damage i s
d i r e c t l y p r o p o r t i o n a l t o t h e magnitude and d u r a t i o n o f
t h e f a u l t . S t u d i e s show t h a t t h e r e s t r i k e v o l t a g e o f
an arc i s about 375 V ( p e a k ) . For a 277/480-V s y s t e m ,
a line-to-ground v o l t a g e o f 277 V w i t h a 392-V p e a k
c a u s e s r e p e t i t i o u s r e s t r i k i n g or a r c i n g u n t i l t h e
f a u l t i s c l e a r e d [ 11-14].

1/0000-0l47$01.OO E' 199 IIEEE

9 l-CH3057-7/1/9
- 147 -
 LRG h a s t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f h i g h e r c o s t , d i f f e r e n t r e s i s t o r r a t i n g s . It i l l u s t r a t e s t h a t h i g h e r
moderate ground f a u l t c u r r e n t , l i t t l e o r no p r o p e n s i t y c u r r e n t r a t i n g s a r e e s s e n t i a l when more s t a g e s o f
f o r a r c i n g damage, l e s s f a u l t damage t h a n SG s y s t e m s , c o o r d i n a t i o n are r e q u i r e d . F i g . l ( b ) h a s t h e a d v a n t a g e
and l i m i t e d l e v e l s of t r a n s i e n t o v e r v o l t a g e s . I n LRG o f l e s s f a u l t damage.
s y s t e m s , t h e r e s i s t o r i s t y p i c a l l y r a t e d t o a l l o w 50
t o 800 amps o f ground f a u l t c u r r e n t . T h i s method i s
o f t e n used i n MV i n d u s t r i a l systems. Of p r i m a r y
c o n c e r n when a p p l y i n g t h i s method i s t h e need o f
s u f f i c i e n t ground f a u l t c u r r e n t f o r o p e r a t i n g ground
f a u l t r e l a y s i2-41.

For t h e s e same r e a s o n s , LRG s h o u l d a l s o b e

c o n s i d e r e d f o r 34.5- and 69-kv systems when t h e s e
systems a r e b r o u g h t i n t o i n d u s t r i a l p l a n t s r a t h e r t h a n
simply a d o p t i n g t h e u t i l i t y p r a c t i c e . For t h i s
a r r a n g e m e n t , t h e r e s i s t o r would be connected t h r o u g h a.
s i n g l e - p h a s e t r a n s f o r m e r . Both t h e r e s i s t o r and t h e
transformer can b e r a t e d f o r a s h o r t t i m e .

HRG i s used i n LV and MV systems ( u p t o 4.16 kV)

where t h e r e i s a d e s i r e n o t t o t r i p f o r a ground f a u l t
t o a v o i d an unscheduled o u t a g e . HRG systems t y p i c a l l y
a l l o w l e s s t h a n 7 amps o f ground f a u l t c u r r e n t t o
p a s s . A t p r e s e n t , it is t y p i c a l p r a c t i c e n o t t o t r i p
when a p p l y i n g HRG. T h i s method assumes t h a t t h e
f a c i l i t y h a s competent maintenance p e r s o n n e l who can
q u i c k l y d e t e r m i n e t h e l o c a t i o n o f t h e f a u l t ar,d t h e n
s c h e d u l e an o u t a g e f o r r e p a i r . I n r e a l i t y , t h i s system
i s n o t h i n g more t h a n + means o f d e t e c t i n g a ground
f a u l t i n a n o t h e r w i s e ungrounded system. Because o f
t h e s m a l l amount o f ground c u r r e n t t h a t i s a l l o w e d t o
f l o w ( s l i g h t l y more t h a n t h e s y s t e m ' s c a p a c i t i v e
c h a r g i n g c u r r e n t ) , ground f a u l t damage w i t h s u c h a
system i s o b v i o u s l y minimal. I f one phase i s grounded,
t h e l i n e - t o - g r o u n d v o l t a g e o f t h e o t h e r two p h a s e s
w i l l be i n c r e a s e d and t h e p o s s i b i l i t y o f a second
f a u l t , c o n s t i t u t i n g a phase-to-phase f a u l t and
i n c u r r i n g m a j o r damage, i s h e i g h t e n e d 12,141. The need
f o r a quick r e p a i r i s urgent.

111. SELECTION OF SYSTEM GROUNDING RESISTANCE ( a ) 400-amp R e s i s t o r

A lower ground r e s i s t o r v a l u e i m p l i e s h i g h e r
damage; c o n v e r s e l y , a h i g h e r r e s i s t a n c e i m p l i e s l e s s
damage. A g r o u n d i n g r e s i s t o r s h o u l d be s e l e c t e d t o
minimize f a u l t damage and y e t keep o v e r v o l t a g e s t o a
t o l e r a b l e l e v e l , a s w e l l a s providing s u f f i c i e n t
T
ground f a u l t c u r r e n t f o r r e l a y o p e r a t i o n .

When s e l e c t i n g t h e r e s i s t o r v a l u e :

Comply w i t h c r i t e r i a set f o r t h i n Appendix A t o

l i m i t t r a n s i e n t o v e r v o l t a g e s t o l e s s t h a n 2.5 p e r
u n i t ( p u ) line-to-ground crest voltage.

Allow enough c u r r e n t t o f l o w so t h a t t h e ground

f a u l t r e l a y s w i l l o p e r a t e r e l i a b l y ; however,
h i g h e r r e s i s t a n c e ( i.e., lower f a u l t c u r r e n t ) is
desirable.

Achieve 90% winding p r o t e c t i o n of t h e p r o t e c t e d

equipment.

S e l e c t e i t h e r a continuous duty-rated r e s i s t o r f o r
t h e n o n t r i p scheme o r a s h o r t - t i m e r a t e d one f o r a
1
t r i p p i n g scheme s u c h as LRG.

I n MV i n d u s t r i a l s y s t e m s , t h e c h o i c e o f a 400-amp
r e s i s t o r has become common ( s t a n d a r d p r a c t i c e b y
some). A c t u a l l y , t h e c u r r e n t v a l u e o f t h i s r e s i s t o r
s h o u l d b e d e t e r m i n e d by t h e need f o r s u f f i c i e n t ground
f a u l t c u r r e n t t o achieve s a t i s f a c t o r y r e l a y coordina- ( b ) 200-amp R e s i s t o r
t i o n and p r o t e c t i o n , b u t t h i s v a l u e s h o u l d b e low t o
minimize f a u l t damage. Fig. 1 shows two schemes w i t h F i g . 1. T y p i c a l Ground F a u l t P r o t e c t i o n Scheme

- 148
 IV. PROTECTION AND COORDINATION B. Relays and S e t t i n g s

Two t y p e s o f r e l a y s are used i n ground f a u l t

A. Coordination
F i g . 2 shows s e v e r a l t i m e - c u r r e n t c u r v e s d e p i c t i n g
a c c e p t a b l e ground f a u l t c o o r d i n a t i o n o f t h e scheme
shown. F i g . 2 ( b ) i s t h e t r a d i t i o n a l time-and-current
d i f f e r e n t i a t e d c o o r d i n a t i o n scheme. Fig. 2 ( c ) shows
coordinated t i m e d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n , w i t h a l l r e l a y s
having t h e same c u r r e n t pickup s e t t i n g . A t f i r s t
g l a n c e , F i g , 2 ( d ) appears t o b e miscoordinated i n
c u r r e n t b u t c o o r d i n a t e d i n time d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n .
Because o f t h e magnitude o f t h e f a u l t c u r r e n t b e i n g
determined b y t h e c u r r e n t v a l u e o f t h e grounding
r e s i s t o r ( I ) , a l l t h r e e schemes a r e a c c e p t a b l e t o
serve t h e pcrpose.
application: (1) t h e power system o r u t i l i t y t y p e
such as t h e Westinghouse CO o r t h e General E l e c t r i c
IFC, normally used i n a r e s i d u a l c o n n e c t i o n scheme,
and ( 2 ) t h e ground f a u l t s e n s o r x G F S ) t y p e , which i s
matched w i t h a window o r c o r e b a l a n c e t y p e o f c u r r e n t
transformer t h a t e n c l o s e s a l l conductors o f t h e
c i r c u i t . The c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e s e two t y p e s o f
r e l a y s a r e shown i n F i g . 3.
The power system t y p e has a s a t i s f a c t o r y o p e r a t i n g
r e l i a b i l i t y above 1.5 times i t s t a p s e t t i n g , as shown
i n F i g . 3 ( a ) . It i s good p r a c t i c e t o e n s u r e t h a t t h e
ground f a u l t c u r r e n t allowed b y t h e grounding r e s i s t o r
w i l l be a t l e a s t one and a half o r twice t h e r e l a y t a p
setting .

IQ

Current - I

( c ) C o o r d i n a t i o n w i t h Same Pickups

( a ) Scheme

Current -
Current - ( d ) Acceptable C o o r d i n a t i o n

( b ) Proper Coordination

F i g . 2. Acceptable Ground F a u l t P r o t e c t i o n C o o r d i n a t i o n s

- 149 -
 A p p l i c a t i o n o f t h e power system ground f a u l t
r e l a y s i n t h e r e s i d u a l connection p r e s e n t s s e n s i t i v i t y
concerns. This connection i s s u s c e p t i b l e t o
m i s o p e r a t i o n from phase u n b a l a n c e s u c h a s i s
e x p e r i e n c e d d u r i n g t r a n s f o r m e r i n r u s h o r motor
starting. To a v o i d m i s o p e r a t i o n , t h e common p r a c t i c e
i s t o d i s a b l e t h e 50N ( i f so e q u i p p e d ) and s e t pickup
c u r r e n t o f t h e 51N to a t l e a s t 10% of t h e c u r r e n t
t r a n s f o r m e r (CT) r a t i n g [4,61. U n f o r t u n a t e l y , t h i s
c o n n e c t i o n c a n n o t be used or p r o p e r l y c o o r d i n a t e d w i t h
r e s i s t a n c e grounding u n l e s s t h e CT r a t i o s are low
enough t o e n s u r e s u f f i c i e n t c u r r e n t f o r o p e r a t i o n .
T h i s a s p e c t must be c o n s i d e r e d when s e l e c t i n g a
grounding r e s i s t o r , b e c a u s e it i s p o s s i b l e t h a t t h e
r e s i d u a l c o n n e c t i o n may n o t b e a v i a b l e method o f
ground f a u l t d e t e c t i o n i n some r e s i s t a n c e - g r o u n d e d
a p p l i c a t i o n s . F i g . 4 shows a t y p i c a l example o f
coordination.

50015A

( a ) Scheme

20A 5OA

200A

516
F i g . 3. Comparison o f Time-Current Curves

51N
The GFS t y p e o p e r a t e s r e l i a b l y a t s l i g h t l y h i g h e r

-
t h a n i t s p i c k u p s e t t i n g . F i g . 3 ( b ) shows t h e r e l a y
t i m e - c u r r e n t c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e GFS. The GFS t y p e
can a l s o b e used i n a zone s e l e c t i v e scheme t h a t Current
p r o v i d e s b e t t e r p r o t e c t i o n b y b l o c k i n g upstream r e l a y
o p e r a t i o n b u t r e q u i r e s w i r i n g between t h e r e l a y s a t ( b ) Coordination
t h e v a r i o u s l e v e l s , which i s n o t always f e a s i b l e f o r
i n d u s t r i a l a p p l i c a t i o n s because o f t h e d i s t a n c e s Fig. 4. C o o r d i n a t i o n o f R e s i d u a l l y
involved. Connected Relay (51N)

- 150 -
C. EQuipment Winding P r o t e c t i o n
Normally, a 90% winding p r o t e c t i o n f o r t r a n s -
f o r m e r s or g e n e r a t o r s s h o u l d be a c h i e v e d . To
a c c o m p l i s h t h i s , common p r a c t i c e i s t o s e l e c t a CT
w i t h a primary c u r r e n t r a t i n g o f h a l f t h e n e u t r a l
r e s i s t o r c u r r e n t r a t i n g and t h e n t o s e t t h e r e l a y
pickup v a l u e a t 10% o f t h e r e s i s t o r r a t i n g . T h i s i s
shown i n F i g . 1.
I n t h i s proposed scheme, t h e n e u t r a l grounding
r e s i s t o r c a n be s i z e d i n a manner similar t o t h a t o f
t h e HRG system p r e v i o u s l y d i s c u s s e d . The GFS-type
r e l a y i s recommended. To c o o r d i n a t e , a l l GFS r e l a y s
can b e set a t t h e same pickup s e t t i n g (2-amp p r i m a r y
c u r r e n t p i c k u p i s used i n t h i s d i s c u s s i o n ; even lower
s e n s i t i v i t i e s a r e a v a i l a b l e ) , and e a c h r e l a y c a n b e
s e t t o a s e q u e n t i a l time d e l a y . T h i s scheme i s
i l l u s t r a t e d i n F i g . 5.

D. Relay s e n s i t i v i t y

Power system r e l a y s ( f o r u s e i n t h e r e s i d u a l
c o n n e c t i o n ) are a v a i l a b l e w i t h minimum pickup v a l u e s
as low as 0.1 amp. However, t h i s low p i c k u p v a l u e
c a n n o t a l w a y s be used b e c a u s e o f t h e p o s s i b i l i t y o f
m i s o p e r a t i o n ( p r e v i o u s l y d i s c u s s e d ) . Thus, a pickup
v a l u e o f 0.5 amp f o r 5 1 N r e l a y s i s assumed i n t h e
f o l l o w i n g c a l c u l a t i o n . To e n s u r e s a t i s f a c t o r y
o p e r a t i o n , it w i l l r e q u i r e an o p e r a t i n g c u r r e n t o f a t
l e a s t 1.5 t i m e s t h e minimum pickup v a l u e , i . e . , 0.75
amp, a t t h e s e c o n d a r y o f t h e CT. Normally, t h e CT
r a t i o i s chosen t o b e 1.35 t i m e s t h e maximum r a t e d
l o a d c u r r e n t . T h e r e f o r e , t h e minimum primary c u r r e n t
f o r o p e r a t i o n i s a p p r o x i m a t e l y 1.35 x 0.75/5 = 0.2 pu
o f r a t e d l o a d c u r r e n t . T h i s means t h a t i f a 5 l N i s
a c c e p t a b l e , i t s s e n s i t i v i t y t o ground f a u l t s l i e s a t 9
minimum o f 20% o f t h e r a t e d l o a d c u r r e n t t o t r i p
r e l i a b l y . S i m i l a r l y , most LV power c i r c u i t b r e a k e r s
a r e equipped w i t h an i n t e r n a l ground f a u l t s e n s o r
n o r m a l l y s e t a t 0.2 pu o f t h e phase s e n s o r r a t i n g ( t h e
minimum s e t t i n g ) . These may o r may n o t c o o r d i n a t e w i t h
o t h e r d e v i c e s depending on t h e s e n s o r magnitude,
similar t o t h e r e s i d u a l c o n n e c t i o n . T h e r e f o r e , a GFS
r e l a y i s p r e f e r r e d when p o s s i b l e : it c a n be s e t t o a
low pickup v a l u e r e g a r d l e s s o f t h e r a t e d l o a d c u r r e n t .
By comparison, t h e GFS can clear t h e f a u l t much more
q u i c k l y , t h e r e b y minimizing f a u l t damage.

Sometimes, ground f a u l t d i f f e r e n t i a l p r o t e c t i o n
may be used f o r maximum s e n s i t i v i t y . The c o s t i s h i g h ( a ) Scheme
and s h o u l d be j u s t i f i e d . However, i n multigrounded
systems , s u c h p r o t e c t i o n must be used.

E. Summary

The f o l l o w i n g l i s t summarizes t h e p r i n c i p l e s used

i n t h e s e l e c t i o n o f t h e n e u t r a l grounding r e s i s t o r
v a l u e and ground f a u l t p r o t e c t i o n d e v i c e s :

1) The n e u t r a l grounding r e s i s t o r r a t i n g and ground

f a u l t r e l a y s e t t i n g s are i n t e r r e l a t e d with t h e
a p p l i c a t i o n g u i d e l i n e s s e t f o r t h above.

2) Concepts o f a c c e p t a b l e c o o r d i n a t i o n a r e shown i n
Fig. 2.

3) The 51N d e v i c e ( r e s i d u a l l y c o n n e c t e d ) i s n o t
g e n e r a l l y a p p l i c a b l e t o LRG s y s t e m s , e x c e p t i n a
E
i=
f e w cases where t h e f e e d e r c u r r e n t and t h e CT
r a t i o are low. T h e r e f o r e , t h e 5lGS s h o u l d be used
f o r r e s i s t a n c e - g r o u n d e d systems t o t h e e x t e n t
possible.

4) Lower r e s i s t o r c u r r e n t r a t i n g s w i l l minimize f a u l t
damage.

V. PROPOSED MHRG SYSTEM I

Current
To a c h i e v e l o w e r ground f a u l t c u r r e n t and r e q u i r e d
ground f a u l t p r o t e c t i o n , t h e a p p l i c a t i o n o f a MHRG ( b ) Coordination
system i s proposed f o r LV and MV systems where
equipment p r o t e c t i o n h a s a h i g h e r p r i o r i t y t h a n Fig. 5 - MHRG Scheme and C o o r d i n a t i o n
service continuity.

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 The f o l l o w i n g l i s t summarizes t h e s e l e c t i o n o f t h e MV s y s t e m s where s e r v i c e c o n t i n u i t y d u r i n g a ground
n e u t r a l r e s i s t o r and a s s o c i a t e d CT and r e l a y f o r t h e f a u l t i s n o t e s s e n t i a l . Where c o n t i n u i t y i s e s s e n t i a l ,
proposed MHRG system: t h e HRG system should be used.

1) The r e s i s t o r r a t i n g must n o t b e l e s s t h a n t h e
system c h a r g i n g c u r r e n t ; 20 amps w i l l be a d e q u a t e VII. REFERENCES
i n almost a l l LV and MV s y s t e m s [ l s ] .

2) The CT primary c u r r e n t r a t i n g should be h a l f t h e 111 N a t i o n a l E l e c t r i c a l Code - N a t i o n a l F i r e

.
r e s i s t o r c u r r e n t r a t i n g ( i.e., l 0 / 5 amps) P r o t e c t i o n A s s o c i a t i o n , P u b l i c a t i o n 70.

3) The r e l a y i s set a t 1 amp ( i . e . , 2 amps a t t h e CT 121 E l e c t r i c a l T r a n s m i s s i o n and D i s t r i b u t i o n

primary s i d e ) .
As shown i n F i g . 5 ( b ) , a l l r e l a y s a r e s e t a t t h e
same c u r r e n t pickup w i t h t h e p r o p e r t i m e d i f f e r e n t i -
a t i o n between c o o r d i n a t i o n l e v e l s t o a c h i e v e good
coordination.
The proposed scheme seems t o have no d e t r i m e n t a l
e f f e c t and compares f a v o r a b l y w i t h t h e o t h e r system
grounding methods as shown i n Table I1 1121:
R e f e r e n c e Book, Westinghouse E l e c t r i c Corp., East
P i t t s b u r g h , PA, 1964.
131 L.W. Manning, " I n d u s t r i a l Power Systems Grounding
P r a c t i c e s ," p r e s e n t e d a t t h e I n d u s t r i a l and Commercial
Power Systems T e c h n i c a l C o n f e r e n c e , P h i l a d e l p h i a , PA,
October 1964.
14 1 Donald Beeman, I n d u s t r i a l Power Systems Handbook,
McGraw-Hill Book Co., I n c .,
N e w York, 1955.

15 1 I E E E S t a n d a r d 241-1983, I E E E Recommended P r a c t i c e
TABLE I1 f o r E l e c t r i c Power Systems i n Commercial B u i l d i n g s ,
GROUNDING SYSTEM COMPARISONS The I n s t i t u t e o f E l e c t r i c a l and E l e c t r o n i c s E n g i n e e r s ,
Inc.

16 1 I E E E S t a n d a r d 142-1982, IEEE Recommended P r a c t i c e

No T r i p Trip f o r Grounding o f I n d u s t r i a l and Commercial Power
Charac t e r i st i c UG HRG MHRG LRG SG Systems, The I n s t i t u t e o f E l e c t r i c a l and E l e c t r o n i c s
Engineers, Inc.

Transient overvoltage - F F F F 17 I I E E E S t a n d a r d 141-1986, I E E E Recommended P r a c t i c e

f o r E l e c t r i c Power D i s t r i b u t i o n f o r I n d u s t r i a l P l a n t s ,
Service continuity F F - - - The I n s t i t u t e o f E l e c t r i c a l and E l e c t r o n i c s E n g i n e e r s ,
a f t e r ground f a u l t Inc.

Avoidance o f a r c i n g F F F F - 181 I E E E S t a n d a r d 242-1986, IEEE Recommended P r a c t i c e

f o r P r o t e c t i o n and C o o r d i n a t i o n o f I n d u s t r i a l and
Damage F F- F+ - Commercial Power Systems, The I n s t i t u t e o f E l e c t r i c a l
and E l e c t r o n i c s E n g i n e e r s , I n c .
Serving single-phase - - Fa - F
loads [91 ANSI c62.92-1987, I E E E Guide f o r t h e A p p l i c a t i o n
o f N e u t r a l Grounding i n E l e c t r i c a l U t i l i t y Systems,
P a r t I - I n t r o d u c t i o n , American N a t i o n a l S t a n d a r d s
F = favorable Institute.
F+ = more f a v o r a b l e
F- = less favorable [lo] J.R. Dunki-Jacobs, " S t a t e o f t h e A r t o f Grounding
UG = ungrounded and Ground F a u l t P r o t e c t i o n " , p r e s e n t e d a t t h e I E E E
- -- n o t a p p l i c a b l e 2 4 t h A n n u a l Petroleum and Chemical I n d u s t r y
Conference, D a l l a s , TX, September 12-14, 1977.
aThe NEC and O c c u p a t i o n a l S a f e t y and H e a l t h
A d m i n i s t r a t i o n (OSHA) do n o t a l l o w s i n g l e - p h a s e Ill] J . R . Dunki-Jacobs, "The E f f e c t s o f Arcing Ground
l o a d i n g o f HRG s y s t e m s (NEC 250-5 ex. 5d) o r t h e F a u l t s on Low Voltage System Design ," IEEE
u t i l i t y may r e q u i r e s o l i d grounding o f 277/480-V T r a n s a c t i o n s on I n d u s t r y and General A p p l i c a t i o n s ,
s e r v i c e . The r e g u l a t i o n s must b e reviewed b e f o r e Vol. I A - 8 , No. 3, May/June 1972.
implementing MHRG where t h e r e i s , t o be s i n g l e - p h a s e
l o a d s . Single-phase l o a d i n g is t e c h n i c a l l y f e a s i b l e 1121 GET-6098, The Impact o f Arcing Ground F a u l t s on
because t h e f a u l t w i l l be c l e a r e d quickly. Low V o l t a g e System Design, General E l e c t r i c Co.

1131 Harris I. Stanback, J r . , " P r e d i c t i n g Damage from

2778 S i n g l e Phase t o Ground Arcing F a u l t s , " I E E E
VI. CONCLUSION T r a n s a c t i o n s on I n d u s t r i a l A p p l i c a t i o n s , Vol. 1 ~ - 1 8 ,
No. 13, July/August 1977.

A ground f a u l t c a n be damaging, and a t t e n t i o n [ 141 J.R. Dunki-Jacobs, "The R e a l i t y o f High

s h o u l d b e g i v e n t o minimizing i t s e f f e c t . With t h e
r u l e s s e t f o r t h i n t h i s p a p e r , a sound p r o t e c t i o n
p r a c t i c e can b e a c h i e v e d b y p r o p e r s i z i n g o f t h e
grounding r e s i s t o r and s e l e c t i o n o f t h e a p p r o p r i a t e
r e l a y s . The proposed MHRG scheme, w i t h i t s low c u r r e n t
and s e l e c t i v e t r i p p i n g , h a s t h e a d v a n t a g e o f reduced
damage when compared t o t h e LRG scheme under ground
f a u l t c o n d i t i o n s . T h i s scheme i s a p p l i c a b l e f o r LV and
R e s i s t a n c e Grounding ," p r e s e n t e d a t t h e IEEE 23rd
Annual Petroleum and Chemical I n d u s t r y C o n f e r e n c e ,
P h i l a d e l p h i a , PA, August 30-September 1, 1976.
115 1 PRSC-4E, System N e u t r a l Grounding and Ground
F a u l t P r o t e c t i o n Guide, Westinghouse I n d u s t r i a l a n d
Commercial Power Systems A p p l i c a t i o n s S e r i e s ,
F e b r u a r y 1986.

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 APPENDIX A
DETERMINATION OF TRANSIENT OVERVOLTAGE

To l i m i t t r a n s i e n t o v e r v o l t a g e s t o 250% o f t h e
normal l i n e - t o - n e u t r a l crest v o l t a g e , t h e f o l l o w i n g
criteria should be observed 12,3,9] :

Grounding System Parameter R e s t r a i n t

LRG Ro/Xo 2.0 and Xo/X, 5 20.0

HRG Rg I xc

Where
Ro = z e r o sequence r e s i s t a n c e
Xo = z e r o sequence r e a c t a n c e
X1 = p o s i t i v e sequence r e a c t a n c e
R = system n e u t r a l r e s i s t a n c e
X: = system c a p a c i t i v e r e a c t a n c e
( a l l i n t h e same u n i t s )

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