Mechanics of Materials

Content
1. Stress
2. Deformation
3. Hooke’s Law and Poisson’s Ratio
4. Torsion and Bending
5. Combined Loadings
6. Plane-Stress Transformation
7. Mohr’s Circle
Reference:
Hibbeler, R.C. Mechanics of Materials, 9ª ed. 2014.

1
 Stress
• A body could be under external loads and in equilibrium:

2
 Stress
• If we “cut” the body in some specific section, many
forces act at the section and must keep the equilibrium:

3
 Stress
• These forces can be equivalent to resultant force (FR)
and moment (MRo):

4
 Stress
• Resultant force and moment can be decomposed in
components:

5
 Stress
• Resultant force and moment can be decomposed in
components:

6
 Stress
• A body could be under the following external loads:

7
 Stress
• In a small area ΔA and the application of a small force ΔF:
Normal and shear stresses are produced!!

8
 Stress
• Stress definition:

9
 Stress
• Stress definition:

• General stress state:

– 6 independent normal and shear
stress components acting on the
faces of a element.
10
 Stress
• In an axially loaded bar:

11
 Stress
• In an axially loaded bar:

12
 Deformation
• In engineering the deformation of a body is specified using
the concepts of normal and shear strain.

13
 Deformation
• In engineering the deformation of a body is specified using
the concepts of normal and shear strain.
• When a force is applied to a body, it will tend to change the
body’s shape and size:

• Deformation may be either highly visible or practically unnoticeable

14
 Deformation
• Normal and shear strain:

• The normal strain cause a change in size of the

element, whereas the shear strain cause a change in its
shape.
15
 Hooke’s Law & Poisson’s ratio
• Many engineering materials exhibit a linear
relationship between stress and strain within the
elastic region:

16
 Hooke’s Law & Poisson’s ratio
• Many engineering materials exhibit a linear
relationship between stress and strain within the
elastic region:

– E is called the modulus of elasticity or the Young’s modulus.

– G is called the shear modulus of elasticity.

17
 Hooke’s Law & Poisson’s ratio
• Many engineering materials exhibit a linear
relationship between stress and strain within the
elastic region:

– E is called the modulus of elasticity or the Young’s modulus.

– G is called the shear modulus of elasticity.

• There is a constant of a linear proportional relationship

between a longitudinal elongation and a lateral
contraction:

18
 Hooke’s Law & Poisson’s ratio
• Many engineering materials exhibit a linear
relationship between stress and strain within the
elastic region:

– E is called the modulus of elasticity or the Young’s modulus.

– G is called the shear modulus of elasticity.

• There is a constant of a linear proportional relationship

between a longitudinal elongation and a lateral
contraction:

19
Torsion

20
Torsion

21
 Stress Concentration
• The torsion formula cannot be applied to regions of a
shaft having a sudden change in the cross section:

22
 Stress Concentration
• The necessity to perform a complex stress analysis at a
shaft discontinuity can be eliminated by using a
torsional stress-concentration factor, K:

23
 Stress Concentration
• The necessity to perform a complex stress analysis at a
shaft discontinuity can be eliminated by using a
torsional stress-concentration factor, K:

24
 Bending
• Loads that are applied perpendicular to the
longitudinal axis of beams or shafts lead to the need of
establishing the shear and moment diagrams:

25
 Bending
• Loads that are applied perpendicular to the
longitudinal axis of beams or shafts lead to the need of
establishing the shear and moment diagrams:

26
 Bending
• Once the internal moment at a section is determined,
the bending stress can then be calculated:

27
 Bending
• Once the internal moment at a section is determined,
the bending stress can then be calculated:

28
Stress Concentration

29
Combined Loadings

30
 Plane-Stress Transformation
• How to transform the stress components that are
associated with a particular coordinate system into
components associated with a coordinate system
having a different orientation?

31
 Plane-Stress Transformation
• How to transform the stress components that are
associated with a particular coordinate system into
components associated with a coordinate system
having a different orientation?

32
 Plane-Stress Transformation
• General equations:

33
 Plane-Stress Transformation
• General equations:

• Which is the orientation that causes the normal stress

to be maximum or minimal?

• Which is the orientation that causes the shear stress to

be maximum?
34
 Plane-Stress Transformation
• General equations:

• Which is the orientation that causes the normal stress

to be maximum or minimal?

• Which is the orientation that causes the shear stress to

be maximum?
35
 Plane-Stress Transformation
• Principal stresses:

36
 Plane-Stress Transformation
• Principal stresses:

37
 Plane-Stress Transformation
• Principal stresses:

38
 Plane-Stress Transformation
• Maximum shear stress:

39
 Plane-Stress Transformation
• Maximum shear stress:

40
 Plane-Stress Transformation
• Maximum shear stress:

41
 Mohr’s Circle
• How to apply the equations for plane stress
transformation using a graphical solution?

42
 Mohr’s Circle
• How to apply the equations for plane stress
transformation using a graphical solution?

• How to “visualize” how the normal and shear stress

components vary as the plane on which they act is
oriented in different directions?

43
 Mohr’s Circle
• How to apply the equations for plane stress
transformation using a graphical solution?
• How to “visualize” how the normal and shear stress
components vary as the plane on which they act is
oriented in different directions?

44
 Mohr’s Circle
• Each point represents the two stress components σx’ and
τx’y’ acting on the side of the element defined by the x’
axis, when the x’ axis is in a specific direction θ:

45
 Mohr’s Circle
• Each point represents the two stress components σx’ and
τx’y’ acting on the side of the element defined by the x’
axis, when the x’ axis is in a specific direction θ:

46
 Mohr’s Circle
• Principal stresses?
• Maximum shear stress?

47
 Mohr’s Circle
• Principal stresses?
• Maximum shear stress?

48
 Mohr’s Circle
• Principal stresses: B point (max.) and D point (min.)
• Maximum shear stress: E point or R

49
 Mohr’s Circle
• Absolute maximum shear stress:

50
 Mohr’s Circle
• Absolute maximum shear stress:

51
 Mohr’s Circle
• Absolute maximum shear stress:

52
 Mohr’s Circle
• Absolute maximum shear stress:

*σ2 In case of both

principal stresses are
negative!!!

53
 Mohr’s Circle
• Absolute maximum shear stress:

54
 Mohr’s Circle
• Absolute maximum shear stress:

55
• Procedure for
analysis:

56
• Procedure for analysis:

57
 Mohr’s Circle
• Problem:

58
 Mohr’s Circle
• Problem:

59