' ~ • Module - VIII I Emergency Prov1s1ons) - PowerPomt

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MODULE - VIII
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Emergency Provisions under the
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Constitution
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[Part - XVIII] [Art. 352 -360)
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· National Emergency
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• State Emergency
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• Financial Emergency
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10 -- • Emergency and suspension of fundamental

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rights
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IP•l - XV II I [Art. l5l ·l&nl
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NATIONAL EMERGENCY/ GENERAL EMERGENCY/ WAR

EMERGENCY [Art. 352-354, 250,83, 358, 359]
'D ~
War; or
External Aggression; or
b Armed Rebellion (throuQh 44'~ Amendment Act 1978 the term Armed Rebellion was inserted in place of
lnte_mal Disturbance)

Proudure:
8 The President on proclaim this emergency only after receMng a written recommendations from the
CablneL
9
Duration:
10 -
Thr proclomotlon for emrrgencv must be opprOlll!d by tho Parlioment wrthln one month !without approv.JI J.
11 • If approved, the emergency shall continue for 6 monlhs.
It can be exrended for an Indefinite period with an approval of Pariiament for f!Nery 6 months.
12
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3 • The Parliament can extend the normal tenure of Lok Sabha by one year at a t ime
(Art. 83, 172)
4
• The President can modify the pattern of the distribution of financial resources
(Art. 354) between the Union and the States (Art. 353).
• The President can suspend the Fundamental Rights of citizens except Art.20 and
6 21. [Art.19 can be suspended only in case of external emergency and not in case
of internal emergency] [Art. 358)
• Note: it should also be mentioned here that the Parliament can make laws on
items mentioned in the State list during the period of national emergency. Such
8
laws become ineffective 6 months after emergency [Art. 353 (b)).
9
Proclamation:
10 -
• I emergency: 1962 - Chinese Aggression
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• II emergency: 1971 - lndo-Pak War
12 • Ill emergency: 1975 - Internal disturbance
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STATE EMERGENCY/ CONSTITUTIONAL EMERGENCY/ PRESIDENT'S RULE
3
[Art. 355-357)
Cffllrr'• duty ID prlJffft S - (Alt. J5SJ • It shall be the duty of the Union 1D pro{ect every Stiltl! ~nst external aggression and internal
4 disturbance and to en,we that lhe ~nment of - , y SQle k carried on In KCO<dance with the l)(Ollislons of thl1 Constl1ut1on

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~ MetN,wn (Alt. U,J • the PrMident of India has powe, t o ~ Stat.r f!(M!rnmenl and impose Pr61doo1'1 ru la o l any >tille in the
country "II he Is u tkllecf that a silu.1tlon h,u ;wlsen In which the! IJOIICfn<nenl ol lhe State r:.annot be a,rlcd on In acC01dancc with lhe provisions of
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D the Coni.1lt utlon"

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8 Failure or Constitutional INChlne,y In the Sme
• Failure t o comply with or to sille effect 10 di<eroons siwn bv lhe Union.
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• 'The Prei.ldl!nl's rule can be imposed whefl the PrMldenl b "11kfoed on the basis on lhe report ol the Stale Goverl>Of.
11

12 ~
The ptOClamallon should be approyed .,.,. the ParliMnenl within IWO month$.
13
If approyed, lhe emergency re~ns in lo,ce for 6 months.
It can be extended for a ITlDiTrAm, period of 3 ye.n, with the ~ of Parliament for eYefY 6 months.

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Effects:
• The President can assign to himself all or any of the functions of the State
Government.
• The President can declare that the powers of the State Legislature shall be
exercisable by or under any authority of Parliament.
• The President can authorize, when the Vidhana Sabha is not in session, regarding
b
expenditure of Parliament.
• He can promulgate ordinances for the administration of State when Parliament is
not in session.

In brief-
0
• He dissolves the State Council of ministers headed by the Chief Justice and State
111 Legislature.
11 • • The Parliament passes the State budget and legislative bills.
• Governor carries the State administration on behalf of President
Tl
• The President can not interfere with the jurisdiction of the concerned State High
H - Court.
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O Proclomallon: O
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~re than 123 times the State emeraencv hlls been called till now In India.
3 • 1950- Punjab (first State)
• 1950-1973 - Andra Pradesh, Kerala, Orissa. Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Rajasthan and Harayana,
~
• Kamatalca (S.R. Bommai case - 1989),
5 • Meahalrta (1991),
' Nilallland ( 1988),
6 • UP (1992),
• MP(l.992),
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• HP (1.992),
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• Arunachal Pradesh, Uttaralthand (2016)
D • Delhi (after the !e$ptlon of CM)
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• Maharashtra (2019)

10 • J & I( (2019) - Onaoln& President's rule

11 - R.lmuhwar Pruad V/S Un,on of India (2005) • In which the court has disqualified the proclamat ion of Pre.sldent rule In
the state after exam,mna the rel)Ort sent by the jCM!rtlOf. It wu observed that there was no oblectlve milterlal in the
12 report that has the probability of 11a imr1J1 the sahsfactoon of the PresidenL Then, In such circumstances, where there is
the absence of reasonable IIJOUOOS m tile governor's rule, the court can q~on the President's decision of lmposin11
President rule.
13
• Ymichu V/S Union of India (2008) • Napland
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FINANCIAL EMERGENCY [Art. 360]
J Grounds:
d • Threat to Its financial stability
5 • Threat to credit of India or any part of India
6
Proadure and Duration:
~ • Same as National Emergency
8

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• The President can give directions to the States to observe the canons of flnanclal property.
11
• He can Issue directions for the reduction of salaries and allowances of all or any class of persons.
i2
• He can request all State legislature money and other financial bills to be reserved for his
13 consideration.
1,1 • The President can issue directions for the reduction of salaries and allowances of all or any class of
person (including of judge of HC and SC]
15 -
16
Proclamation:
• This type of emergency has not been declared so far.
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2 Effects of Proclamation of Emergency

l Art. 353
4
• period of six months after When proclamation of emergency is in operation, the
5 power of President shall extend to give directions to any State as to the manner in
6 which its executive power has to be exercised.
I • Parliament is empowered to make any law with reference to any subjects in the
8 State list - such laws will be alive for six months after closure or withdrawal of
9
emergency.
qJ • If the emergency is declared only in a part of India, the above power can extend
11 to (security of India) the part, threatened by activities in or in relation to the part.
12 • During emergency Parliament can - leavy tax (of State list), executive, legislative
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and distribution of revenue between Centre and State will remain in hands of
Central Government.
1'I

15 - • Art. 172 empowers the Parliament (discretionary powers) to extend the life of the
State legislature by one year each time during the emergency, subject to a
16 maximum emergency ceases to operate.
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2 SUSPENSION OF Art. 19
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• According to Art.358-
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• Before 44t h Amendment Act 1978- there was an automatic suspension of Art.19.
6 • After 44th Amendment Act - now Art. 19 Is not suspended on the ground of armed
rebellion.
8 • Makhan Singh Case
9
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10

11 D • According to Art.359 -
12 • Before 44t h Amendment - Art.359 refers to the suspension of operation of all Fundamental
Rights other than Art.19. [ Art.359 FRs as such are not suspended, what Is suspended is
13 their enforcement]
1'I • After 44th amendment - now It is no longer possible to suspend the right to personal life
15 -
and liberty of Art.20 and 21.
• Ma~ba_n Singh V/S State of Punjab (1964)
16
• ADM Jabalpur V/S Shivakant Shukla (1976)
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2 • In the case of Makhan Singh V/S State of Punjab, Makhan Singh was
detained along with others under the Defense of India Act, 1962. They
4 approached the High Court challenging their detention under the Defence of
s India Act, 1962. They alleged that their detention was improper and illegal
6 because the rules and laws made under the Defence of India Act are violative
of their fundamental rights under Article 14, 20 and 21. The Petition was
8 dismissed by the High Court on the grounds that the Presidential Order bars
9 the High Court from entertaining such petitions. An Appeal was made in the
10 Supreme Court. In the appeal, the Supreme Court examined the scope and
11 effect of the Presidential Order made under Article 359.
• The Supreme Court in its observation stated that Article 359 does not
13
suspend one's fundamental rights but only suspends one's right to move to
1'I
court for enforcement of such fundamental rights. In a way, it is said that
15 -
those rights are theoretically alive. Only right that is suspended is the right to
16
seek remedy for infringement of one's fundamental right.
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2 • In Mohd. Yaqub V/S State of J&K, the Supreme Court held that any Order
3 ~ade under Article 359(Il is not a 'law' as defined under Art. 13(2) df the
4 Constitution of India. Therefore, the validity of such an order cannot be
s challenged if it is violative of Fundamental Rights guaranteed under part Ill of
6 the Constitution. The Court also stated that if an Order suspends the
enforcement of article 14 it cannot be held invalid because it is violative of
8 Article 14. The legality of the Order cannot be judged as violative which the
9 Order has itself suspended. The Supreme Court also overruled its very own
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10 judgement in the case of Ghulam Sarvar v. Union of India.
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• In A.O.M Jabalpur V/S S. Shukla case the Supreme Court resP.onded to the appeal made by the
2 respondent challenging the proclamation of emergency by the President under Art. 352. The
Respondents in this appeal to the Supreme Court were detained under the Maintenance of Internal
Security Act ~MISA). The Court in response to the issue whether one can cnallenge detention under
,I an order ma e by the President under Article 359 held that no person has locus standi to move to a
court for a writ of Habeas Corpus under Art. 226. A challenge to the order cannot be made on the
5 grounds that the order was not In compliance with the Act or was Illegal, or was infested with
(i
malafide intention or has been based on extraneous considerations.
• In the same case, a contention was presented in the Supreme Court by the respondents. It was
contended that Article 359(1) only bars a person from moving to the Supreme Court for
8 enforcement of one's fundamental right via Article 32 of the Constitution. It was also contended
that this order does not affect the manner of enforcement of common law and statutory right to
q personal liberty and its enforcement under Article 226 before the High Court. In short, the
contention was that Article 21 was the only source of the right to life ana personal liberty of an
1n individual and a person can move to court for enforcement of such right even if it is suspendea.
11
• This contention was rejected by the Supreme Court. tt was rejected on the grounds that Article 21 is
12 the sole repository of the right of an individual to life and personal liberty. Once the right to judicial
remedy for violation of Article 21 is suspended, that person cannot go to court for any other form of
13 remedy. Similarly, an order made under Article 359/1) does not only suspend the right of a person to
move to the Supreme Court under Article 32 but a so the right to move to a court under Article 226
for enforcement of rights referred to in Part Ill of the Constitution.
• This Judgement was criticized because it stripped all the protection provided In the Constitution.
16 This case suspended one's right to life and personal liberty along with the right to protection against
the conviction of offences. The 44th amendment was brought to counter the judgement. It was
inserted that article 20 and Article 21 cannot be suspendect through a presidential order under
Article 359(1).
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Suspension of other Fundamental Rights
3

4
a) Impact before 44 th Amendment 1978
) • As per Art. 359: suspension of all FRs other than Art. 19 during emergency
6 under Art. 352.
• Under Art. 359 - FRs as such are not suspended, what is suspended in their
8
enforcement.
9

10
• Not automatic, but by an executive order by President.
11 • Can not mov any court for enforcement of FRs for the period in the order.
12
t.-
13
14
b) Impact after 44th Amendment 1978
15 - • Restricts scope of Art. 359.
( D • No longer possible to suspend Art 20 & 21