CHAPTER 2

2.1 MATTER
Most of the things that
we could see in this world
are MATTER
 What is matter?
Matter means:
- anything that occupies space &
has mass
- made up of tiny & discrete
particles
- Exist as element @ compound
Next
A pure substance which
cannot be broken down into
simpler substance physically
& chemically

Matter
 Usually made up of
two or more elements
which are chemically
bonded together
Matter
• Matter are made up of tiny &
discrete particles

• Size of particles are very

minute ~~ 1x 10 cm
-7

3. Consist of atoms, molecules

ions Next
Let’s see the particles in
bromine liquid

Particle theory
 The smallest particle of an element
and not breakable anymore.
Examples:
H
Atom of hydrogen
Mg
atom of magnesium
atom of oxygen O

atom of chlorine Cl Particle theory

A group of two @ more atoms,
which might consist of:

one type of element (Element)

@ different types of element

(Compound)
Examples of element molecules:
Molecule of hydrogen gas H
H
O O
Molecule of oxygen gas

Cl Cl
Molecule of chlorine gas
Examples of compound molecules:

Molecule of water, H2O

O
H
H
H N H

Molecule of ammonia, NH3 H

O
H H
Molecule of ethanol, C2H5OH C C
H H
H H
Particle theory
 Ions are atoms which have
charge
+ Positively-charged ion /cation (loss e-)

- Negatively charged ion / anion (gain e-)

 Examples of ions:
Lose electron
H H+
Hydrogen atom Hydrogen ion

Magnesium atom Magnesium ion

Mg Lose electron Mg2+

Oxygen atom Oxide ion

Gain electron
O O2
-
Chlorine atom Chlorine ion
Cl Gain electron
Cl
- Particle theory
Symbol of element
• Kinetic means motion (move)
• Kinetic theory states that:
1. Matter consist of particles which
constantly moving
2. particles move in random motion ,
collide with each other
• substance is cooled,
- particles lose kinetic energy
- move slower

B. substance is heated,
- particles gain kinetic energy
- move faster
Heat energy makes particles
move faster!!!
Experiment which supports
the kinetic theory:
Investigating the diffusion of
particles in a
solid, liquid and gas
 What is diffusion ?

How diffusion supports the

kinetic theory ?
Diffusion happens anyway that
different concentration
of particles
Is the rate of diffusion different
in solid, liquid,
and gas state?
Let’s get an experiment
to check it out!!!
Diffusion in Solid (membrane)
Diffusion in Liquid ( )
Diffusion in Gas (air)
Diffusion affected by Density
 The conclusion is…….
• Diffusion happens in solid, liquid,
and gas states
• Diffusion occurs slowest in solid,
faster in liquid and fastest in gas
• Diffusion occurs faster in subtance
with lower density
• Diffusion supports kinetic energy
The Physical States of Matter
Solid

Gas
Liquid
The Arrangement of Particles
The Shape & Volume of Particles
The Movement & Energy Content
of Particles
The Attraction Force
between Particles
The Physical Changes of Matter
Melting
Sublimatio
Solid n
Freezing Sublimatio
n
Boiling

Liquid Gas
Condensati
on
 Determine the
Melting Point of Naphthalene

Melting point –
the temperature
which a solid
becomes liquid
Diagram of heating naphthalene

Solid naphthalene

Water

Q1-Q4 Q5-Q7
Heating curve of naphthalene
Temperature / ˚C

79˚C C
B

A Time / minute

Q1-Q4 Q5-Q7
What is the Melting point?
A: 79˚C
What is the physical state at B-C?
A: solid and liquid
Where is point that Melting process started?
A: B
Where is point that Melting process ended?
A: C

graph apparatus
Why the curve of heating has no change at B-C?
A: because the heat energy absorbed by
naphthalene molecules to overcome the forces of
attraction to becomes liquid

Why solid naphthalene heated in water ?

A: to ensure a uniform heating

If the melting point of Substance X is 123˚C, can

we still use water as medium? Why?
A: No. Because its melting point is higher than
the boiling point of water. We can use oil bath to
replace water. Physical changes graph apparatus
 Determine the
Freezing Point of Naphthalene

Freezing point – the

temperature which a solution
becomes solid
Cooling curve of naphthalene
Temperature / ˚C
E

F G
79˚C
H

Time / minute

Q1-Q4 Q5-Q7
Is the freezing point same with the Melting point?
A: Yes, both are 79˚C
What is the physical state change in this experiment?
A: Liquid naphthalene changes to solid
Where is the point that
freezing process started?
A: F
Where is the point that
freezing process ended?
A: G
Why the curve of heating has no change at F-G?
A: because the heat energy released during
formation of bonds is equal to the heat released to
surroundings

Why liquid naphthalene in the boiling tube is cooled

inside a conical flask?
A: to ensure a uniform cooling
Different solution has different
boiling point & freezing point
Diagram of cooling naphthalene

Liquid naphthalene

Empty conical flask

Q1-Q4 Q5-Q7
2.2 ATOMIC STRUCTURE
 The Historical Development Of
Atomic Models
• John Dalton – imagine atom as a
indivisible tiny ball
• J.J. Thomson – discovered electrons
• Ernest Rutherford – discovered proton,
mass of atom concentrated in nucleus
• Neils Bohr – proposed the electrons
move in shells around the nucleus
• James Chadwick – proved the existence
of neutrons
Subatomic Particle In An Atom
Subatomic Particle In An Atom

Proton
Electron

Neutron
Subatomic Particle In An Atom
Neutron

Proton Electron

Nucleus
of atom Electron
shells
Subatomic Particle In An Atom
Subatomic Particle In An Atom
 Subatomic Particle In An Atom

PROPERTIES PROTON NEUTRON ELECTRON

Symbol
Electric Charge
Relative Mass
Location
 Subatomic Particle In An Atom

PROPERTIES PROTON NEUTRON ELECTRON

Symbol p
Electric Charge
Relative Mass
Location
 Subatomic Particle In An Atom

PROPERTIES PROTON NEUTRON ELECTRON

Symbol p n
Electric Charge
Relative Mass
Location
 Subatomic Particle In An Atom

PROPERTIES PROTON NEUTRON ELECTRON

Symbol p n e-
Electric Charge
Relative Mass
Location
 Subatomic Particle In An Atom

PROPERTIES PROTON NEUTRON ELECTRON

Symbol p n e-
Electric Charge +1
Relative Mass
Location
 Subatomic Particle In An Atom

PROPERTIES PROTON NEUTRON ELECTRON

Symbol p n e-
Electric Charge +1 0
Relative Mass
Location
 Subatomic Particle In An Atom

PROPERTIES PROTON NEUTRON ELECTRON

Symbol p n e-
Electric Charge +1 0 -1
Relative Mass
Location
 Subatomic Particle In An Atom

PROPERTIES PROTON NEUTRON ELECTRON

Symbol p n e-
Electric Charge +1 0 -1
Relative Mass 1
Location
 Subatomic Particle In An Atom

PROPERTIES PROTON NEUTRON ELECTRON

Symbol p n e-
Electric Charge +1 0 -1
Relative Mass 1 1
Location
 Subatomic Particle In An Atom

PROPERTIES PROTON NEUTRON ELECTRON

Symbol p n e-
Electric Charge +1 0 -1
Relative Mass 1 1 1/1240 ≈ 0
Location
 Subatomic Particle In An Atom

PROPERTIES PROTON NEUTRON ELECTRON

Symbol p n e-
Electric Charge +1 0 -1
Relative Mass 1 1 1/1240 ≈ 0
Location in the
nucleus
atom
 Subatomic Particle In An Atom

PROPERTIES PROTON NEUTRON ELECTRON

Symbol p n e-
Electric Charge +1 0 -1
Relative Mass 1 1 1/1240 ≈ 0
Location in the in the
nucleus nucleus
atom atom
 Subatomic Particle In An Atom

PROPERTIES PROTON NEUTRON ELECTRON

Symbol p n e-
Electric Charge +1 0 -1
Relative Mass 1 1 1/1240 ≈ 0
Location in the in the Electron
nucleus nucleus shells which
atom atom around the
nucleus atom
 Symbol of Element
Nucleon number 40

Proton number 20
Ca Symbol of element

-When an atom is neutral , ( 1.refer ions)

its number of proton = e-

- number of protons = 20
so number of elecrons = 20
- 2.electron configuration = 2.8.8.2
valence electron = 2
3.Next
 Electron Configuration

Also known as electron arrangement

How electrons fill into the shells?

Hydrogen H Helium He
Proton number 1 Proton number 2

1 2

Lithium Li Beryllium Be
Proton number 3 Proton number 4

2.1 2.2
Boron B Carbon C
proton number 5 Proton number 6

2.3 2.4

Oxygen O
Nitrogen N
Proton number 8
Proton number 7

2.6
2.5
Fluorine F Neon Ne
Proton number 9 Proton number 10

2.7
2.8

Sodium Na Magnesium Mg
Proton number 11 Proton number 12

2.8.1

2.8.2
Aluminium Al Silicon Si
Proton number 13 Proton number 14

2.8.3 2.8.4

Phosphorus P Sulphur S
Proton number 15 Proton number 16

2.8.5
2.8.6
Chlorine Cl Argon Ar
Proton number 17 Proton number 18

2.8.7 2.8.8
Potassium K Calcium Ca
Proton number 19 Proton number 20

2.8.8.2
2.8.8.1
 Conclusion:

1st Shell: max 2 e-

2nd Shell: max 8 e-
3rd Shell: max 8 e-
 ARRANGEMENT OF SHELLS IN AN ATOM

2 ELECTRONS

8 ELECTRONS

NUCLEUS 8 ELECTRONS

1
2
3 18 ELECTRONS
4
Electron arrangement in the
carbon atom

C
12  proton number = 6
number of protons = 6
6 number of electrons = 6

= electron

nucleus

Number of valence
2.4 electrons = 4
 23

Na
 number of protons = 11
 proton number = 11
11
 number of electrons = 11

= electron

Nucleus

Number of valence
electrons = 1 Symbol of element
2.8.1
Try to draw out the
electron
arrangement in
shells
Draw & state the electron arrangement of
the elements below

15 24 39

7
X 12
Y 19
Z
Let us learn some
chemical words !!
• Proton number (p) –
number of protons in the nucleus of atom

• Nucleon number (p+n)–

total number of protons and neutrons in
the nucleus of atom

3. Valence electron –
the electrons in the outermost shell

4. Electron configuration –
arrangement of electron
Repeat them !!
Proton number
number of protons in the nucleus of atom
Nucleon number
total number of protons and nucleons
in the nucleus of atom
Valence electron
the electrons in the outermost shell
Electron configuration –
arrangement of electron
Try this out!!!
 Q1 Fill in the blanks
Elements Proton Nucleon Number
Number Number of
Neutrons
A 3 7
B 6 12
C 19 10
D 16 16
E 17 18
F 40 20
 Q1 Answers
Elements Proton Nucleon Number
Number Number of
Neutrons
A 3 7 4
B 6 12 6
C 9 19 10
D 16 32 16
E 17 35 18
F 20 40 20
 Q2 Fill in the blanks
Elements Number Nucleon Number Electron
of Number of Configuration
Neutron electrons
A 5 9
B 8 2.6
C 19 2.7
D 14 2.8.3
E 32 16
F 20 40
 Q2 Answers
Elements Number Nucleon Number Electron
of Number of Configuration
Neutron electrons
A 5 9 4 2.2
B 8 16 8 2.6
C 10 19 9 2.7
D 14 27 13 2.8.3
E 16 32 16 2.8.6
F 20 40 20 2.8.8.2
2.3 ISOTOPES
 What is isotopes?

• Isotopes is just like twins,

same genetic but different of DNA

• atoms of the same element with

same number of protons but
different number of neutrons
 Examples of Isotopes
• Take a look at Wikipedia isotopes table

• Hydrogen : 1
H
2
H
3
H
1 1 1

• Graphite : 12 13 14
C C C
6 6 6

• Oxygen : 18
16
O
17
O O
8 8 8
 Isotopes of Hydrogen

Hydrogen :
1
H 3
H
1
1

2
H
1
 Properties of isotopes
Oxygen 18
Isotopes
16
O
17
O O
8 8 8

No of proton
No of neutron

No of e-
e- configuration
Valence e-
 Properties of isotopes
Oxygen 16 17 18
O
O O
Isotopes 8 8 8

No of proton 8
No of neutron
No of e-
e- configuration
Valence e-
 Properties of isotopes
Oxygen 16 17 18
O
O O
Isotopes 8 8 8

No of proton 8 8
No of neutron
No of e-
e- configuration
Valence e-
 Properties of isotopes
Oxygen 16 17 18
O
O O
Isotopes 8 8 8

No of proton 8 8 8
No of neutron
No of e-
e- configuration
Valence e-
 Properties of isotopes
Oxygen 16 17 18
O
O O
Isotopes 8 8 8

No of proton 16 16 16
No of neutron 16
No of e-
e- configuration
Valence e-
 Properties of isotopes
Oxygen 16 17 18
O
O O
Isotopes 8 8 8

No of proton 16 16 16
No of neutron 16 17
No of e-
e- configuration
Valence e-
 Properties of isotopes
Oxygen 16 17 18
O
O O
Isotopes 8 8 8

No of proton 16 16 16
No of neutron 16 17 18
No of e-
e- configuration
Valence e-
 Properties of isotopes
Oxygen 16 17 18
O
O O
Isotopes 8 8 8

No of proton 16 16 16
No of neutron 16 17 18
No of e- 16
e- configuration
Valence e-
 Properties of isotopes
Oxygen 16 17 18
O
O O
Isotopes 8 8 8

No of proton 16 16 16
No of neutron 16 17 18
No of e- 16 16
e- configuration
Valence e-
 Properties of isotopes
Oxygen 16 17 18
O
O O
Isotopes 8 8 8

No of proton 16 16 16
No of neutron 16 17 18
No of e- 16 16 16
e- configuration
Valence e-
 Properties of isotopes
Oxygen 16 17 18
O
O O
Isotopes 8 8 8

No of proton 16 16 16
No of neutron 16 17 18
No of e- 16 16 16
e- configuration 2.8.6
Valence e-
 Properties of isotopes
Oxygen 16 17 18
O
O O
Isotopes 8 8 8

No of proton 16 16 16
No of neutron 16 17 18
No of e- 16 16 16
e- configuration 2.8.6 2.8.6
Valence e-
 Properties of isotopes
Oxygen 16 17 18
O
O O
Isotopes 8 8 8

No of proton 16 16 16
No of neutron 16 17 18
No of e- 16 16 16
e- configuration 2.8.6 2.8.6 2.8.6
Valence e-
 Properties of isotopes
Oxygen 16 17 18
O
O O
Isotopes 8 8 8

No of proton 16 16 16
No of neutron 16 17 18
No of e- 16 16 16
e- configuration 2.8.6 2.8.6 2.8.6
Valence e- 6
 Properties of isotopes
Oxygen 16 17 18
O
O O
Isotopes 8 8 8

No of proton 16 16 16
No of neutron 16 17 18
No of e- 16 16 16
e- configuration 2.8.6 2.8.6 2.8.6
Valence e- 6 6
 Properties of isotopes
Oxygen 16 17 18
O
O O
Isotopes 8 8 8

No of proton 16 16 16
No of neutron 16 17 18
No of e- 16 16 16
e- configuration 2.8.6 2.8.6 2.8.6
Valence e- 6 6 6
 Conclusion:
• Number of valence electron are same
• The chemical properties also same
• The physical properties might be
same, might be different
Try this out!!!
Q3. Answer the structure questions
Elements Proton Number Nucleon Number

P 3 7
Q 9 19
R 16 32
S 15 31
T 16 33
U 18 40
a) What means proton number?
A: The numbers of proton in the nucleus of an atom
b) What means nucleon number?
A: The numbers of proton & neutron in the nucleus
of an atom
c) Write the electron arrangement for element Q.
A: 2.7
d) How many valence electrons that element Q has?
A: 7
e) How many electron shells that element Q has?
A: two
 f) Which pair of elements are isotopes? Explain.
A: R & T.
Because they have same proton number but
different nucleon number
g) Is R&T have same chemical properties? Why?
A: Yes. BecauseU they have same valence electron
• How many protons, neutrons, and electrons are
there in atom S?
40

18

A: 15 protons, 16 neutrons and 15 electrons

i) Write the symbol to represent atom U.
A: 40
U
18