MICRO-PROJECT REPORT

ON

“Study of different types of turbines and their

uses”

IN

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Submitted by

Name of Student Enrollment No

Madane. S. P 2111640172

Gore.D. S 2111640180

Madane.K. P 2111640248

UNDERTHEGUIDANCEOF

Prof.Vabhale
MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

SONIYA GANDHI POLYTECHNIC

SHRIGONDA-413701

(2021-2022)
 SONIYA GANDHI POLYTECHNIC
SHRIGONDA-413701

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Micro-Project Report entitled

“Study of different types of turbines and their

uses”
Submitted by
Name of Student Enrollment No
Madane. S. P 2111640172

Gore.D. S 2111640180

Madane.K. P 2111640248

Is the bonafide work completed in the academic year 2021-22

under my supervision and guidance.
Prof. Vabhale Prof.Khan.S.M
GUIDE HOD
 DECLARATION

We hereby declare that the Micro-Project Report entitled “Study of different types
of turbines and their uses” was carried out and written by us under the guidance of
Prof. Vabhale. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Soniya Gandhi Polytechnic,
Shrigonda. This work has not previously formed the basis for the award of any
Diploma, Degree, or Certificate.

Date: -

Place: -

Name of Student Enrollment No Sign

Madane. S. P 2111640172

Gore.D. S 2111640180

Madane.K. P 2111640248

iii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We express our sincere gratitude to Prof. Vabhale. of the Mechanical

Engineering Department for allowing us to accomplish a Micro-Project Report on the
“Study of different types of turbines and their uses”. This seminar would not have
been completed without his active support and guidance.

We are also thankful to respected HOD Prof. Khan.S.M as our guide as well as
project coordinator for consistent support, guidance & averted help in this seminar.
We are highly indebted for his help.

We are also thankful to all faculty members of the Mechanical Engineering

Department for their valuable suggestions and those who help us directly or indirectly
to complete our Micro-Project Work.

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 INDEX
Sr. No. Chapter Name Page No.

01
What is a turbine?

02
types of turbines

03
 Turbines used
in hydro
powerplants

04
Impulse type
turbines

05
Reacti on
turbines

06
Turbines used
in thermal
powerplants

07
Gas turbines

08
Wind turbines

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 Introduction
A turbine is a rotating part which converts the kinetic energy of
a working fluid into useful mechanical energy and/or electrical
energy. Simple, right? Well, nothing is simple when you go
deeper.
There are set of blades mounted on a rotor which helps in
extracting energy from the moving fluid. The efficiency of
turbines depends on the design of the blades.
Different applications need different designs & designing them
isn’t a layman’s job. 

Types of turbines

The 4 types of turbines are-

1. Water turbines
2. Steam turbines
3. Gas turbines &
4. Wind turbines

Turbines used in hydro

powerplants:-

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 The turbines used in hydroelectric powerplants are water
turbines that have water as their working fluid.
First of all, millions of litres of water is collected in the dam.
More the height of the dam, the more pressure. The highly
pressurized water is then made to flow via a large pipe called
a penstock.
The turbine is located at the end of the penstock from where
the pressurized water strikes the blades of the turbine at high
velocity making it rotate. This turbine is connected to a
generator which generates electricity.
The shape of the turbine blades depend upon the pressure &
velocity of the water. Water turbines are classified into 2 types-
1. Impulse type
2. Reaction type

Impulse type turbines-

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Impulse turbines basically work on Newton’s 2nd law.
In impulse turbines, the number of elliptical half-sized buckets
are fitted instead of blades on the rotor hub. When water
strikes the buckets at high speed, the rotor starts rotating. In
short, the kinetic energy of water gets converted into rotational
mechanical energy!
Thus electricity is generated when one end of the turbine shaft
is connected to the generator !
Example – Pelton turbine

The turbine blades or the impeller blades are designed in such

a way that a force is generated on one side when water flows
through it just like an airfoil. The force produced by an airfoil is
responsible for the lift of an airplane. Similarly here, that force
makes the blades rotate.
Example – Kaplan turbine
Different types of turbines have their own ideal operating
conditions. For eg.
→ Pelton turbines are preferred where a low discharge rate can
be obtained & high head(80-1600m) is available.
→ Kaplan turbines require a high discharge rate along with low
or medium head(2-70m).
→ Francis turbine work on medium flow rate & medium head.
Francis turbine is a combination of impulse & reaction turbines.
Francis turbines are the most widely used turbines because
they offer the highest efficiency & could also work in a wide
range of operating conditions.
 1m head of water = 9810 Pa (100m of head is almost 7 times
of atmospheric pressure)

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 Turbines used in thermal
powerplants :-

Also called as steam turbines, they are used in nuclear &

thermal powerplants where water is heated to form steam &
then flowed through turbines to produce electricity. Alike
water turbines, steam turbines are also classified into impulse
& reaction types but the arrangement & design is different. All
the modern steam turbines are a combination of impulse &
reaction type.

Blades of Impulse & Reaction turbines

Steam turbines consist not only rotating blades called as

rotor but also static blades called as the stator. Rotors &
stators are placed alternately in order to extract most
energy out of it. This method is called compounding.

Also, if you observe, the moving buckets in impulse turbine

are designed to get pushed by the steam. While the rotor
blades in reaction turbines are aerofoiled shape, which lets
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itself generate reaction & also let steam maintain its
velocity!

Gas turbines :-

Parts of a gas turbine, popularly called as jet

engine.

Gas turbines in other words are internal combustion

engines , which are not only used in powerplants for
generating electricity but also for propelling airplanes
& helicopters. Gas turbines as a whole system has an
axial compressor at the inlet. These are sets of
rotating blades which suck a huge amount of air &
compress it which also increases the temperature.
This air is then supplied to the combustion chamber.
Fuel is added into the combustion chamber & ignitor
ignites the fuel. Thus a large amount of exhaust gases
are produced which are made to flow through
turbines.
The different types of gas turbines/jet engines are –
1. Turbojet
2. Turbofan
3. Turbojet
4. Turboshaft
5. Ramjet

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The above mentioned are open cycle gas
turbines where the exhaust gases are let directly into
the atmosphere. The other type i.e closed cycle gas
turbines where the exhaust gases are reused again for
reheating are used in powerplants.

Wind turbines :-

Parts in wind turbine

Wind turbines are a boon to mankind- affordable,

clean & sustainable! Some wind farms are so big that
they could produce 50MW of power.
Well, coming to the working of wind turbines, the
story remains the same as other turbines. The rotor
has 3 blades & are designed in such a way that when
wind flows straight through them, they start rotating.
The only problem here is wind turbines rotate at a
very low RPM. The low RPM doesn’t produce
electricity of required frequency & that is why we
require a gearbox which increases the speed of the
shaft. The output shaft is then connected to the
xi
generator.
The 3 primary types of wind turbines are –
1. Horizontal-axis wind turbines (HAWT)
2. Savonius vertical-axis wind turbine (Savonius VAWT)
3. Darrieus vertical-axis wind turbine (Darrieus VAWT)

HAWTs are much older & common while VAWTs

produce less power, are less efficient & hence are not
used commonly.
Well, what’s interesting is why do wind turbines have
3 blades ?
Adding more blades increases torque which is not the
need here. An increase in torque decreases the RPM
which is undesirable. Also, the cost increases
significantly.
Also lowering the number of blades to 2 leads to
gyroscopic instability & periodic stresses which makes
it unsafe.
Hence, 3 blades make wind turbines the most
efficient in all terms 

xii