DEFINITION

The air change and movement within buildings for the

purpose of comfort and processes used in the enclosed
space.

The provision of a supply of outdoor air to a room or

space by natural or mechanical means, in a quantity
sufficient for the needs of the occupants.
 PRINCIPLE OF VENTILATION

BODY Removal of High Concentrations BACTERIA

ODOURS

CARBON EXCESS
DIOXIDE HEAT
FUMES &
WATER
DUST SMOKE
VAPOURS
(toxic)
 PRINCIPLE OF VENTILATION

Efficient Ventilation

AIR

DRY FRESH PURE COMFORTABLE

 PRINCIPLE OF VENTILATION

Comfort

COMBINATION OF

Correct Correct Correct Air Correct

Oxygen Relative Movement (air Temperature
Content (≈ Humidity (30% velocity (5°C lower
21% of air - 70% RH) condition than room
volume) 0.15m – temperature )
0.5m/sec.)
 VENTILATION METHODS

NATURAL MECHANICAL

Components integral Electrically Driven

with construction Fans

 Bricks
 Louvres
 Openable Windows
REASONS FOR MECHANICAL VENTILATION

1. In densely populated space

 Inadequate air supply
 Inadequate quality air
 Difficulty in controlling natural ventilation

2. Natural ventilation is impossible

3. Heat Liberation
4. Moisture Liberation
5. Removal of odours
6. Removal of poisonous fumes

7. High heat of moisture gain

8. Need a clean atmosphere

 Mechanical Inlet and Extract
Combined

MECHANICAL
VENTILATION
SYSTEMS

Natural Inlet and Mechanical Mechanical Inlet and Natural

Extract Extract
 NATURAL INLET AND
MECHANICAL EXTRACT

Principle

The stale air is extracted with the use of

exhaust fan and fresh air replace the stale
air naturally
Extract Ventilation to a Lecture Theatre
COMMERCIAL RESIDENTIAL

KITCHEN
HOOD
 EXHAUST
FAN IN THE
TOILET
 MECHANICAL INLET AND
NATURAL EXTRACT

Principle

The air being forced in by the inlet fan

which create a positive pressure within the
space, the existing stale air will be forced
out through the openings.
Mechanical Inlet

Supply Fan

Window

CLINIC
Fresh Air Distribution System

Diffuser

Filter

Supply Fan
 MECHANICAL INLET

Advantage

The fan greater power of the inlet to shape

the character of the ventilation or shaping
the airflow pattern through a space.
MECHANICAL INLET AND
EXTRACT COMBINED

Use both intake

and extract fan

Optimum
controlled of air -
distribution
 MECHANICAL INLET AND
EXTRACT COMBINED

Principle

Such systems are said to be ‘balanced’ in

that the relative powers of the intake and
extract fans are adjusted to give a slight
positive or negative pressure in the space.
 MECHANICAL INLET AND
EXTRACT COMBINED

Application for the Hospital Ward

Extract Fan

Window

Supply HOSPITAL
Fan
 MECHANICAL INLET AND
EXTRACT COMBINED

Application for an Office Space

Supply Fan

Window
Extract
Fan OFFICE
 MECHANICAL INLET AND
EXTRACT COMBINED
A Fan Room for the Ventilation of a Basement Parking Area

Air Supply to
Basement
Parking Area
Filter

Grille

Ducting

Electric Motor
Airflow

(Ductwork to distribute the supply air)

 MECHANICAL INLET AND
EXTRACT COMBINED

Internal Pressure

Adjusted

Ratio of incoming and extracted air is being

controlled.
 MECHANICAL INLET AND
EXTRACT COMBINED

Example – Extract system is higher for the kitchen

and washing area
MECHANICAL INLET AND
EXTRACT COMBINED

HOSPITAL WARD
 Activities produce odour
or polluted air.
 Negative pressure
required within the
space.
 Extract system – 10% to
20% higher than the
supply system.
 VENTILATION REQUIREMENTS

Air Volume Requirements

Type of Space Recommended m³/hour per person

Factory 18-30
Open-plan office
Shops
Department store
Supermarket
Theatre
Cafeteria 30-43
Dance hall
Hotel bedroom
Laboratories
Private offices
Residential
Cocktail bar 43-65
Function room
Luxury residential
Restaurant/commercial dining room
Boardroom 65-90
Executive office
Conference room
Recommended m³/hour per m² of floor area
Corridors 5
Domestic kitchen 36
Commercial kitchen 72
Sanitary accommodation 36
VENTILATION REQUIREMENTS

Air Change Rate

Accommodation Air Changes per hour

Offices – above ground 2-6
Offices – below ground 10-20
Factories – large, open 1-4
Factories/industrial units 6-8
Workshops with unhealthy fumes 20-30
Fabric manufacturing/processing 10-20
Kitchens – above ground 20-40
Kitchens- below ground 40-60
Public lavatories 6-12
Boiler accommodation/plant rooms 10-15
Foundries 8-15
Laboratories 10-12
Hospital operating theatres <20
Hospital treatment rooms <10
Restaurants 10-15
Smoking rooms 10-15
Storage/warehousing 1-2
Assembly halls 3-6
Classrooms 3-4
Domestic habitable rooms Approx. 1
Lobbies/corridors 3-4
Libraries 2-4
 VENTILATION RATE

Influencing Factors

Air Movement Pollution

Body Odour
 MECHANICAL VENTILATION
EQUIPMENT

FAN DIFFUSERS

FILTERS DUCTWORK
 FAN

TYPES

Propeller Axial Flow Centrifugal

Wall-mounted Propeller Fan
Axial-flow Fan
Centrifugal Fan
 FAN SELECTION

Depend on factors:

The volume of air to be handled.

The resistance to the blades during rotation

The permittable noise level

The comfortable level of the ventilated area

The implications to the design of the ductwork depend

on the capability of a fan.
 FILTERS

PURPOSE

SUSPENDED
PARTICLES TO REMOVE ODOURS

SUSPENDED
CONTAMINANTS
 DUCTWORK

GALVANISED STEEL (most

common material)

Other Metals (e.g. ALUMINIUM

Copper)

uPVC
MATERIALS
FLEXIBLE
FABRICS
POLYPROPYLENE

RESIN-BANDED
GLASS FIBRE
 DUCTWORK

CROSS-SECTIONS
CIRCULAR RECTANGULAR
SHAPE

More efficient – More

less frictional convenience –
resistance to easily fitted
airflow into building
SQUARE fabric