Q35. Case study-2 Light Emiting Dlode Ans. LED is reverse blased that is why t is not gle.

Read the following paragraph and answer the when switch 5 is closed owing
questions Or
LED is a heavily doped p-n junction which under
() Draw VI characteristic of a p-n junction diode
forwand bias emits spontaneous radiation. When it
(a) forward bias and (b) reverse bias.
is forward biased, due to recombination of holes
and clectrons at the junction, cnergy is released in Ans. (0) V4 characteristic of a P junction diode i
the form of photons. In the case of Si and Ge diode, forward bias
the energy releascd in recombination lies in the
The forward voltage (VE) across the junction
infrared region. LEDs that can emit red. yellow,
diode is increased from zero in steps and the
orange. green and blue light are comnercially
available. The semi-conductor used for fabrication corresponding values of forward current (
of visible LEDs must at least have a band gap of through the diode are noted. if we plot te
1.8 eV. The compound semi-conductor Gallium graph between V and p we get the forward
Arsenide Phosphide is used for making LEDs of characteristic OAB of the junction diode
different colours.

Knee voitage
LEDs of different kinds
V
0.2 0.4 o.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4
0Whyare LEDs made ofcompound semi-conductor Forward bias (V)
and not of elemental semi-conductors?
(b) VI characteristic of a p-a junction diode
Ans. LEDs are made up of compound semi-conductors
reverse bias: The reverse voitage (V across the
and not of the elemental conductor because the
band gap in the elemental conductor has a value junction diode is increased from zera instepsand
that can detect the light of a wavelength which the corresponding values of reverse current
Les in the infrared (R) are noted. If
plot the graph between Vg and
region. we

(i) What should be the order of band gap of an LED, we get the reverse characteristic OCD ofthe
ifit is required to emit light in the visible range? junction diode.
Ans. If an LED is required to emit light in the visible (Volts)
range, the order of band gap of it is 18 eV to 3 ev. VR
100t
(il) A student connects the blue coloured LED as VBR
shown in the figure. The LED did not glow when 200
switch Sis closed. Explain why? 300
1.6V D Breakdown
voltage 400

500
R (LA)
Ww-
LED
 se Study-1
Read the following (ii) Write two points of difference between a
questions:
paragraph and answer the
compound microscope and an astronomical
A number of telescope.
optical devices
and instruments have Ans. Difference between
heen designed and developed such as
a compound microscope and

binoculars, microscopes and telescopesperiscope,

astronomical telescope are given below:

the reflecting and refracting utilising (a) The compound microscope is used to observe
properties
lenses and prisms. Most of them are in
of mirrors, minute nearby objects whereas the telescope
common is used to observe distant
use. Our knowledge about the
formation of images objects
(6) In compound microscope, the focal length of
by the mirrors and lenses is the basic
for understanding the
requirement the objective is lesser than that of the eyepiece
working of these devices. whereas in
() Why the image formed telescope. the focal length of the
at infinity is often
objective larger than that of the eyepiece.
is
considered most suitable for viewing? Explain.
Or
Ans. When the image is formed at infinity. we can see (ii) Write two distinct advantages of a reflecting
it with minimum strain in the ciliary muscles of
type telescope overa refracting type telescope.
the eye. Ans. Two advantages of a reflecting type telescope
() In modern microscopes, multi-component lenses over a
refracting type telescope. are given below
are used for both the objective and the eyepiece. (a) The image formed by reflecting type telescope
is brighter than that formed
Why? by refracting
Ans. The multi-component lenses are used for both telescoppe.
Objective and the eyepiece to improve image
(b) The image formed by the
reflecting type
quality by minimising various optical aberrations telescope is more magnified than that formed
in lense25. by the refracting type telescope.
 d

ase Study 1
Ans. ulven.
Refraction of light
is the change in the path of i= 60. = 1.5
light as it passes obliquely from one transparent By Snell's law,
medium to another medium. According to law
sin i sini
of refraction
l2»=
where H2 is called sinr
Sinr
refractive index of second medium with respect sinr =
s i n s i n 60 0.866
to first medium. From refraction at a 1.5 1.5
convex
spherical surface, we have H2_1H2-H1 sin r= 0.5773
V R
Similarly from refraction at a concave
spherical or r sin (0.58)
surface when object lies in the rarer medium, Or
we have2-l
have 2
we
=2l
R
and when object lies
(ii) When light is medium, what will
refracted into a

inthe denser medium, we have 2 i-H2 be change in its wavelength and frequency?
V U R Ans. Its wavelength increases but frequency remains
Read the given passage carefully and give the answer unchanged.
of the following questions. Q 35. Case Study 2
() Refractive index of a medium depend upon Rectifier is device which is used for convertin
a
which factors?
alternating current or voltage into direct curren
Ans. Refractive index of a medium depends upon nature or voltage. Its working is based on the fact tha
and temperature of the medium and
wavelength
of the resistance of p-n junction becomes low whe
ight.
forward biased and becomes high when revers
(i) A ray of light of frequency 5 x 104 Hz is
biased. A half-wave rectifier uses only a sing
passed through a liquid. The wavelength of diode while a full wave rectifier uses two diodes
light measured inside the liquid is found to be shown in figures (a) and (b).
450 x10 m. What is the refractive index of the
liquid? Input
Ans. Given, v= 5 x 10" Hz: voltage
a=450 x 10 m. Output voitage
V
C=3x10 ms
Refractive index of the liquid. (a) Half wave rectifier
3x10
1.33 Input Output votage V
v 5x 104x 450x10 voltage
M
(ii) A ray of light is incident at an angle of 60° on
RL
one face of a rectangular glass slab of refractive
index 1.5. What will be the angle of refraction? (b) Full wave rectifier
 ow the
in the circuit. Show the
Read the given passage carefully and gve the answer
connected
in the resistor (R).
waveform o
current (/)
of the following questions.
) Ifthe ms value of sinusoidal input to a ful wave
R
rectifer isthen
2
what is the rms value of the
rectifier's output?
Ans. The rms value of the output voltage at the load Ans. The given circuit works as a half wave ctfer. h

circuit, we will get current

through when
resistance, this

p-n ction is forward biased and no current

when p-n junction is reverse biased. Thus
Vms V2
he
current () through resistor (R) will be shownin
(i) A bridge rectifier is shown in figure. Alternating the adjoining figure
input is given across A and C. If output is taken
across BD, then what will be the output?

Or
(ii) What will be the fundamental ripple frequency
A
in a half wave rectifier circuit operating from 50
Hz mains frequency?
Ans. As the output voltage obtained in a half wave
D
rectifier circuit has a single variation in one cycle
Ans. Zero of a.c. voltage. hence the fundamental frequency
(ii) A p-n junction diode is shown in figure can act in the ripple of output voltage would be 50 Hz
as a rectifner.An alternating voltage source () is