La Martiniere College, Lucknow

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Class 8 Subject History/Civics

Name/Number of Chapter: The Industrial Revolution and the Rise of

Imperialism/2/Final

Module Number: 2 Final

RECAPITULATION GUIDELINES

Exercises for the Chapter (The Industrial Revolution and the Rise of Imperialism) - Module 2 Final.
Section A

Q.1 Fill in the blanks:

1. During the Medieval Period, agriculture was the main occupation of the people.
2. Manual labour was replaced by machines.
3. The capitalists amassed enormous wealth at the expense of the workers.
4. In the 19th century, the British had started an aggressive policy of conquering territories in India.
5. The Industrial Revolution set in motion the multiple forces of imperialism in the modern world.

Q.2 State whether the following statements are TRUE or FALSE:

1. Manual labour was replaced by the machines during the Industrial Revolution. True
2. Small-scale production flourished during the Industrial Revolution. False
3. Capitalists were the have-nots. False
4. There was a wide gulf between the capitalist and the workers. True
5. Capitalism is a set of economic theories based on the belief that the government should control the
main industries. False

Q.3 Match the following:

S. No. Column A S. No. Column B Answers

1. The exploration and discovery of A the British had conquered almost the 1E
whole of India.

2 The domestic system of B from the villages to the industrial towns 2D

production in search of jobs.

3 The Industrial Revolution led to C in large numbers in deep and dangerous 3B

 the migration of people coal mines.

4 Women and children were D was replaced by the factory system. 4C

employed
5 By the middle of the 19th century, E new lands led to an increase in overseas 5A
trade and commerce.

Q.4 Give one-word answers for the following questions:

1. Which term refers to the growth of towns and cities? Urbanization

2. Name the economic system in which the industries and business are run for profit by private owners.
Capitalism
3. Name the economic theories based on the belief that everyone has an equal right to a share of the
country’s wealth. Socialism
4. Name the policy by which one nation acquires control over another country, either partly or wholly.
Colonialism
5. Name the first Asian country to become industrialized. Japan

Q.5 Choose the correct answer from the options given:

1. What the main occupation of the people during the medieval period?
(a) Merchants (b) Artisans
(c) Agriculture (d) Fishing
2. Who invented the Power Loom?
(a) Arkwright (b) Cartwright
(c) Hargreave (d) John Kay
3. Who invented the Steam engine?
(a) Newcomen (b) James Watt
(c) Davy (d) Marconi
4. Who invented the Steam locomotive?
(a) George Stephenson (b) John Macadam
(c) Graham Bell (d) Thomas Edison
5. Which country made rapid progress after its unification in 1871?
(a) France (b) Japan
(c) USA (d) Germany
 Section B

Q.6 Study the picture and answer the following questions:

This is a picture of a machine invented during the Industrial Revolution.

1. Identify the machine in the picture.

Ans. A Spinning Jenny
2. Who invented it?
Ans. Hargreave
3. Which industry did it revolutionize?
Ans. Textile industry
Q.7 Answer the following questions in short:
Q.1 Explain the term ‘domestic system’.
Ans. Every village was self-sufficient and had its own weavers, blacksmiths, carpenters and other skilled
workers. Simple tools were used and goods were made at home with the help of family members.
The finished products were sold to the local communities. This system of production was known as
the domestic system.

Q.2 Define the term ‘Industrial Revolution’.

Ans. By the middle of the 18th century, a series of remarkable inventions led to an economic revolution in
England which came to be known as the Industrial Revolution. It transformed the entire economy
and society of 18th century England, and other countries subsequently. This great and radical
transformation in industry which fundamentally altered all the methods, techniques and
organization of production and distribution is known as the Industrial Revolution

Q.3 Why were trade unions formed?

Ans. The ruthless exploitation of the workers by the capitalists led to protests. They united and organized
themselves into trade unions to fight for their rights and better working conditions. The trade
unions faced strong resistance from the employers. In many countries, the clash between the trade
unions and the capitalists led to bloodshed. The determination and efforts of the trade unions
eventually bore fruit. The government passed several factory laws to improve the conditions of the
workers and grant them certain rights.
Q.4 What do you understand by imperialism?
Ans. Imperialism is a policy of extending a country's power and influence to other countries through the
use of military force, colonization or other means. It generally refers to the policy of takeover and
domination of the political, economic and cultural life of a weak overseas nation by a powerful
nation. Imperialism implies colonialism, which is the method or practice by which a powerful
country acquires control over another country, either partly or wholly.

Q.5 Explain the basic features of socialism.

Ans. Socialism was a reaction to the evils of capitalism. Socialism is a system under which there is no
private ownership of capital. People in a socialist set-up would not be divided into rich and poor
classes. The means of production (capital) is owned by society as a whole, and everybody would
work and share, equally, the profits, i.e. the fruits of their labour. Thus, exploitation would be wiped
out and a classless society based on economic and social equality would be established.

Q.8 Answer the following questions briefly:

Q.1 Mention the three important features of the Industrial Revolution.
Ans. Features of the Industrial Revolution
The main features of the Industrial Revolution were as follows:
 The domestic system of production was replaced by the factory system.
 Manual labour was replaced by machines.
 Small-scale production gave way to large scale production.
Large-scale mass manufacture of goods was carried on in factories instead of the homes of the
artisans. Power-driven machines replaced simple tools. These factories, including the resources and
the means of production, were owned by rich merchants known as capitalists, or people who owned
the capital.

Q.2 Briefly discuss the spread of the Industrial Revolution.

Ans. The Industrial Revolution that began in England was not a single event but a continuing process
which went through different phases and spread to different countries at different times.
Mechanized industries were introduced in France, Germany, USA and Japan. Germany made rapid
progress after its unification (1871) and became one of the leading industrial nations in Europe.
Britain gradually lost its lead by the end of the 19th century.
The USA also surged ahead of Britain and made major progress in the iron and steel industry. It
soon became one of the leading industrial nations of the world. Industrialization in Russia was very
slow but picked up after the Russian Revolution (1917). Japan was the first Asian country to
become industrialized.

Q.3 Give any four important reasons to explain why the Industrial Revolution started in England.
Ans. There were a number of factors that paved the way for the Industrial Revolution in England.
Surplus Capital: Economic growth and an increased overseas trade led to accumulation of
enormous wealth in England. This surplus capital was used in the development of new industries
and in setting up of new factories.
Stable Government: Political stability in England provided conditions that were favourable for
economic growth.
Agricultural Revolution: There was an agricultural revolution that preceded the Industrial
Revolution. This was due to the consolidation of landholdings through the enclosures,
improvement in agricultural methods, such as rotation of crops, and the introduction of new farming
machinery which increased agricultural production.
Availability of Cheap Labour: The mechanization of agriculture led to large-scale
unemployment of farmers who migrated to towns and cities in search of jobs, and were ready to
work in factories at low wages.
Q.4 What effects did the Industrial Revolution have on the domestic system of production?
Ans. The exploration and discovery of new lands led to an increase in overseas trade and commerce.
This in turn, led to the growth of towns and cities and the emergence of a wealthy middle class. The
demand for consumer and luxury items greatly increased. The domestic system could not cope with
this growing demand. The methods of production were inadequate and too slow. An improved
system became the need of the hour. Initially, a modified and more effective system evolved. It was
called the putting out system under which merchants 'put out' or supplied the raw materials to the
artisans and later sold the finished products in distant markets. The artisans worked either at their
own home or at a workshop outside their home. The domestic workers received from the merchant,
the payment or wages for their labour. This system was a precursor to the factory system that
followed.

Q.5 Write a short note about the expansion of trade and commerce.
Ans. Large-scale production of goods led to the expansion of trade and commerce. Surplus goods were
sold to other countries. Increasing profits made the industrialized nations rich and prosperous.
Trade also expanded because steamships were being used, which were superior to the earlier ships.
As production increased further, these nations began to look for new markets for the sale of
finished products. This in turn led to competition among the European nations to acquire colonies
in distant lands. These colonies would be used not only as ready markets for manufactured goods
but also as constant suppliers of raw material for the industries. Colonial rivalry between
industrialized countries eventually led to the First World War.