Senior High School

Practical Research I
Quarter 2 – Module 2
Sampling Procedure and Sample
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 Senior High School

Practical Research I
Quarter 2 – Module 2
Sampling Procedure and Sample
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:
Welcome to Practical Research 1 Self Learning Module on Sample and
Sampling Procedures.

This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by

educators both from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher or
facilitator in helping the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum
while overcoming their personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling.
This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also aims to help
learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into consideration their
needs and circumstances.
In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of the
module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies that will help

you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator, you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module. You
also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to manage their
own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist the learners as
they do the tasks included in the module.
For the learner:
Welcome to Practical Research 1 Self Learning Module on Sample and
Sampling Procedures.
This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities
for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be enabled
to process the contents of the learning resource while being an active learner.

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CONTENT STANDARD The learner demonstrates understanding on
the description samples.

PERFORMANCE STANDARD The learner is able to describe qualitative

research designs, sample and data collection
and analysis procedures.

LEARNING COMPETENCY The learner describes sampling procedure and

sample. (CS_RS11-IVa-c-2)

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Upon completion of this module, the learner

should be able to:
1. Distinguish the difference between the
different sampling methods and apply these
methods correctly according to the subject
under study.
2. Describe sampling procedures and samples.

3. Select an appropriate sampling method for

chosen research topic.

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INTRODUCTION
Research is a highly specialized activity that is more than just collecting information
or writing a description. It involves collection of information in a targeted fashion, which is
further analyzed thoroughly to lead to answers of research questions and evaluate
results.
Data Collection is very important in the aspect of research. The researcher should
choose the proper sampling method to answer what was asked in the research problem.
Sampling is a process used in statistical analysis in which a predetermined number of
observations taken in the larger population. In qualitative research, only a sample (that
is, a subset) of a population is selected for any given study. The study’s research
objectives and the characteristics of the study population (such as size and diversity)
determine which and how many people to select.

PRE-TEST

Directions: Read and understand each statement and identify what is asked or
described in each item. Encircle the letter of the correct answer

1. It is a way of selecting individuals in which all members of the accessible population

are given an equal chance to be selected.
A. Cluster Sampling
B. Systematic Sampling
C. Simple Random Sampling
D. Stratified Random Sampling

2. The samples are randomly selected from each strata and not directly from the entire
population.
A. Cluster Sampling
B. Systematic Sampling
C. Simple Random Sampling
D. Stratified Random Sampling

3. Samples are selected every nth (example every 2nd , 5th ) subject from the list of the
members within the chosen population until arriving at a desired total number of sample
size.
A. Cluster Sampling
B. Systematic Sampling
C. Simple Random Sampling
D. Stratified Random Sampling

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4. It is the process of randomly selecting intact groups, not individuals, which share similar
characteristics within the specified population.
A. Cluster Sampling
B. Systematic Sampling
C. Simple Random Sampling
D. Stratified Random Sampling

5. Refers to the sampling method by which a sample is chosen by the researcher on the
basis of pre-selected criteria, the experience or knowledge of the group to be sampled.
A. Quota Sampling
B. Snowball Sampling
C. Convenience Sampling
D. Purposeful/Purposive Sampling

6. It is the process of collecting data from a conveniently available pool of respondents,

often referred to as “accidental” or “haphazard” sampling.
A. Quota Sampling
B. Snowball Sampling
C. Convenience Sampling
D. Purposeful/Purposive Sampling

7. It is a sampling method where participants refer the researcher to others who may be
able to potentially contribute or participate in the study.
A. Quota Sampling
B. Snowball Sampling
C. Convenience Sampling
D. Purposeful/Purposive Sampling

8. Refers to the sampling method by which a researcher collects data from individuals
with identified characteristics and quotas.
A. Quota Sampling
B. Snowball Sampling
C. Convenience Sampling
D. Purposeful/Purposive Sampling

9. It is a smaller collection of units from a population.

A. Sample
B. Population
C. Target population
D. Accessible population

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10. ________ refers to the actual population.
A. Sample
B. Population
C. Target population
D. Accessible population

11. Which of the following statements is TRUE about systematic sampling?

A. Members of a sample are chosen at regular intervals of a population.
B. Groups can be organized and a sample is drawn from each group separately.
C. Researchers divide the entire population into sections that represent a
population.
D. Each individual has the exact same probability of being chosen to be a part of
a sample.

12. What is the main objective of using stratified random sampling?

A. Those who will possibly respond to treatment are chosen.
B. Every individual will be given an equal chance to be selected.
C. Sample is taken from an accessible population than the target population.
D. Sample is chosen proportionately drawn from the different categories of the
population.

13. Instructors teaching research methods are interested in knowing what study
techniques their students are utilizing. Rather than assessing all students, the
researchers randomly select 10 students from each of the sections to comprise their
sample. What sampling method do you think would be appropriate to use?
A. Cluster Sampling
B. Systematic Sampling
C. Simple Random Sampling
D. Stratified Random Sampling

14. Say you were interested in sampling students who deal drugs inside the school
campus. What sampling method will you use?
A. Quota Sampling
B. Snowball Sampling
C. Convenience Sampling
D. Purposeful/Purposive Sampling

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15. Teacher Michelle wants to know if the new learning modalities used by the school
affects the academic performance of students in science. She took the list of students
and selected every 8th name in each class list as participant. What sampling method
did she use?
A. Cluster Sampling
B. Systematic Sampling
C. Simple Random Sampling
D. Stratified Random Sampling

REVIEW OF THE PREVIOUS MODULE

Directions: Read the following statements carefully and identify what type of qualitative
research design is implicated. Write your answers in the space provided.

TELL ME WHAT IT IS

1. I study how individuals experience a phenomenon. Who am I?

_____________________________________________________________

2. I love culture characteristics. Who am I?

___________________________________________________________________

3. I enjoy telling life stories. Who am I?

___________________________________________________________________

4. I describe in-depth experience of a single person, program, event, process,

institution, organization, social group or phenomenon. Who am I?
___________________________________________________________________

5. I generate and modify a theory or derive theory based in the perspective of

participants. Who am I?
___________________________________________________________________

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PRESENTATION OF THE NEW MODULE

Remember when you were taught how to compose your scope and delimitation,
you stated the topics, participants or respondents of your study. You have also described
their features that qualify them as the source of your research data. The next question
you have to answer is, how many of the subjects, participants or respondents should be
selected as a source of data?

This module examines strategies typically employed by qualitative researchers

when sampling as well as the different types of samples most likely to be used in research.
It briefly describes the sampling methods used in qualitative research. As data collectors,
you would not be responsible for selecting the sampling method. The explanations below
are meant to assist you in understanding the reasons for using each method. Note that
the sampling procedure should be aligned to your chosen research design.

ACTIVITY

Directions: Read and analyze the scenario below and in your own words, try to answer
the question. Write your answers in the space provided.
Michelle put some cards into a basket. Then she drew 3
cards out from the basket. Is this a random sample of
the cards in the basket? Why or Why not?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________

ANALYSIS

Directions: Pretend that you are conducting a study on academic adjustments of

students in Claver National High School on the learning delivery modalities during this
time of COVID – 19 pandemic. The school has a total population of 2,000 students.
Assume that you take only 30% of the total population of your sample. Collect your data
by answering the guide questions below.

1. Who are your respondents? __________________________________________

2. How many people do you need in your sample? __________________________
3. How will you select these people? _____________________________________

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ABSTRACTION

In research, sampling is a word that refers to your method or process of selecting

respondents or people to answer questions meant to yield data for a research study.

Population and Sample

The bigger group from

where you get the sample.

Is a smaller
(representative) collection
of units from a population.

Figure 1. Population and Sample

The population is the totality of all the objects, elements, persons, and
characteristics into consideration. It is known that this population has common
characteristics about which the research aims to explore.
There are two types of population: target population and accessible population.
The actual population is the target population, for example, all Senior High School
Students enrolled in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) in the
Division of Surigao del Norte. While the accessible population is the portion of the
population in which the researcher has reasonable access, for example all Senior High
School enrolled in STEM strand at Claver National High School.
The representative subset of the population refers to the sample which you may
derive facts and evidence to support the claims or conclusions propounded by your
research problem.
Table 1. Types of Research Sampling
Types of Sampling
Non-Probability Sampling Probability Sampling
• Convenience Sampling • Simple Random Sampling
• Purposive Sampling • Stratified Random Sampling
• Snowball Sampling • Systematic Sampling
• Quota Sampling • Cluster Sampling

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Probability Sampling or Unbiased Sampling
An equal chance of participation within the sampling or selection process is given
to each member listed in the sampling frame. By means of this unbiased sampling, you
are able to obtain a sample that’s capable of representing the population under study or
of showing strong similarities in characteristics with the members of the population.

Types of Probability Sampling

1. Simple Random Sampling

It is a way of selecting individuals in which all
members of the accessible population are given an equal
chance to be selected. It is a pure chance selection where
every member of the population have the same opportunity
to be in the sample.
Figure 2. Simple Random There are various ways of collecting samples through
Sampling
simple random sampling. These are fish bowl technique,
roulette wheel, or use of the table random numbers.
Example
The names of 25 employees from a company of 250 employees are drawn
from a hat. In this case, all 250 employees in the population, has an equal
chance of being chosen.

2. Stratified Random Sampling

Figure 3. Stratified Random
Sampling
The same with simple random sampling, stratified
random sampling also offers an equal chance to all members
of the population to be selected. However, the population is
divided into two or more groups called strata or groups before
selecting the samples, in keeping with some criterion, such
as geographic location, grade level, age, or income. The
samples are randomly selected from each strata and not
directly from the entire population.

Example
A research team is seeking opinions about religion amongst various age
groups. Instead of collecting feedback from 326,044,985 U.S citizens,
random samples of around 10000 can be selected for research. These
10000 citizens can be divided into strata according to age,i.e, groups of
18-29, 30-39, 40-49, 50-59, and 60 and above. Each stratum will have
distinct members and number of members.

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3. Systematic Sampling
This procedure is as simple as selecting samples
every nth (example every 2nd , 5th ) subject from the list of the
members within the chosen population until arriving at a
desired total number of sample size. Therefore, the selection
is predicated on a predetermined interval.
Figure 4. Systematic Sampling

Example
For instance, if you want to have a sample of 150, you may select a set of
numbers like 1 to 15, and out of a list of 1,500 students, take every 15 th
name on the list until you complete the total number of respondents to
constitute your sample.

4. Cluster Sampling
Figure 5.Cluster Sampling
The process of randomly selecting intact groups, not
individuals, which share similar characteristics within the
specified population. Like stratified random sampling, cluster
sampling also involves grouping of the population according
to subgroups or clusters. Clusters are areas from which an
intact group of members of the population can be found e.g.
Neighborhoods, schools districts, schools, classrooms.

Example
A researcher would like to conduct interview of all public senior high
school teachers on the academic adjustments during the new normal
across Mindanao. As a researcher, cluster will be selected to satisfy the
plan size. In the given example, the first cluster can be by region, and the
second cluster can be by division, and the third cluster can be by district.

Non-Probability Sampling

The subjects are selected based on their availability or the purpose of the study,
and in some cases, on the sole discretion of the researcher rather than random selection.
In non-probability sampling, the members of the population will not have an equal
chance of being chosen, and in certain situations, there will be members of the
population who have no chance of being selected.

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 Types of Non-Probability Sampling

1. Purposeful/Purposive Sampling
The method by which a sample is chosen by the
researcher on the basis of pre-selected criteria, and the
experience or knowledge of the group to be sampled. You
have selected individuals whom you are sure could
correspond to the objectives of your study. Purposive
Figure 6. Purposive Samplin g sampling is also known as judgemental sampling.

Example
The study may be attempting to collect data from positive COVID-19
patients in a particular city or country. The sample size may be
predetermined or based on theoretical saturation, which is the point
at which the newly collected data no longer provides additional
insights.

2. Convenience Sampling
The process of collecting data from a conveniently
available pool of respondents, often referred to as
“accidental” or “haphazard” sampling. The willingness of a
person as your subject to engage with you counts a lot in this
non-probability sampling method. It is the most widely used
sampling method as it is incredibly prompt, uncomplicated,
Figure 7. Convenience Sampling
and economical.

Example
If during the data collection time, you encounter people walking on a
school campus, along corridors, and along the park or employees lining up
at an office, and these people show willingness to respond to your
questions, then you automatically consider them as your respondents.

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3. Snowball Sampling
Figure 8. Snowball Sampling
Is also known as chain referral sampling or refer to
refer sampling. It is when you do not know the best individuals
to study because of the unfamiliarity of the topic or the
uncertainty of events. So during interviews, you ask
participants to suggest other individuals to be sampled. In this
method participants refer the researcher to others who may
be able to potentially contribute or participate in the study.

Example
If you are studying the level of customer satisfaction among the members
of an elite country club, you will find it extremely difficult to collect primary
data sources unless a member of the club agrees to have a direct
conversation with you and provides the contact details of the other
members of the club.

4. Quota Sampling
A sampling technique whereby participant quotas are
preset before sampling. The method by which a researcher
collects data from individuals with identified characteristics
and quotas. You resort to quota sampling once you think you
know the characteristics of the target population very well. In
this case, you tend to select sample participants that share or
Figure 9. Quota Sampling
indicating the characteristics of the target population.

Example
A cigarette company wants to find out what age group prefers what brand
of cigarettes in a particular city. He/she applies quotas on the age groups
of 21-30, 31-40, 41-50, and 51+. From this information, the researcher
gauges the smoking trend among the population of the city.

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ACTIVITY

Directions: In the space provided before each item number, write “P” if the statement
talks about probability sampling; write “NP” if it is non-probability sampling.

____ 1. Checking every 10th student in the list.

____ 2. Interviewing some persons you meet on the campus.

____ 3. Dividing 100 persons into groups.

____ 4. Choosing subjects behaving like the majority members of the youth in town.

____ 5. Choosing a group of subjects among several groups.

____ 6. Choosing subjects capable of helping you meet the aim of your study.

____ 7. Choosing samples by chance, but through an organizational pattern.

____ 8. Letting all members in the population join the selection process.

____ 9. Having people willing to be chosen as respondents.

____ 10. Matching people’s traits with the population members’ traits.

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APPLICATION

Directions: Identify the sampling procedure being used in each given situation. Write
your answer in the space provided.

Sample Situation Sampling Procedure

1. Michelle wants to know if the new learning modalities in
the first semester affect the academic performance of
senior high students. She took all the lists of all students in
her school and selected every 6th name to be part of her
study.
2. Leo John wants to survey all the parents in Surigao City
who opt to enroll their elementary children in an online
class. The total number of parents is 2,6,000. Leo John
decided to have 450 from the target.
3. Janelle target population for her study are the employees
of mining companies. Since, there are too many employees
in this industry. She randomly selected one mining
company and then considered all employees as
participants in her study.
4. Pretend that you went to Surigao City to conduct a case
study on working street children. A local social worker
introduces you to two former street working children and
you learn that they still have lots of friends still working on
the street. As a way to identify participants for your study,
you asked the two former street working children if they can
recommend and invite some of their friends on the street to
participate in the study. You also asked them to spread
word of the study in anticipation that their friends will also
help you to identify potential participants.
5. A sample of 2,000 was sought to estimate the average
achievement in science of fifth graders in a city’s public
schools. The average fifth grade enrollment in the city’s
elementary schools is 100 students. Thus, 20 schools were
randomly selected and within each of those schools all fifth
graders were tested.

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POST-TEST

Directions: Read and understand each statement and identify what is asked or described
in each item. Encircle the letter of the correct answer

1. ________________ refers to the actual population.

A. Sample
B. Population
C. Target population
D. Accessible population

2. It is a smaller collection of units from a population.

A. Sample
B. Population
C. Target population
D. Accessible population

3. It is a way of selecting individuals in which all members of the accessible population

are given an equal chance to be selected.
A. Cluster Sampling
B. Systematic Sampling
C. Simple Random Sampling
D. Stratified Random Sampling

4. The samples are randomly selected from each strata and not directly from the entire
population.
A. Cluster Sampling
B. Systematic Sampling
C. Simple Random Sampling
D. Stratified Random Sampling

5. Samples are selected every nth (example every 2nd , 5th ) subject from the list of the
members within the chosen population until arriving at a desired total number of sample
size.
A. Cluster Sampling
B. Systematic Sampling
C. Simple Random Sampling
D. Stratified Random Sampling

14
6. It is the process of randomly selecting intact groups, not individuals, which share similar
characteristics within the specified population.
A. Cluster Sampling
B. Systematic Sampling
C. Simple Random Sampling
D. Stratified Random Sampling

7. Refers to the sampling method by which a sample is chosen by the researcher on the
basis of pre-selected criteria, the experience or knowledge of the group to be sampled.
A. Quota Sampling
B. Snowball Sampling
C. Convenience Sampling
D. Purposeful/Purposive Sampling

8. It is a process of collecting data from a conveniently available pool of respondents,

often referred to as “accidental” or “haphazard” sampling.
A. Quota Sampling
B. Snowball Sampling
C. Convenience Sampling
D. Purposeful/Purposive Sampling

9. It is a sampling method where participants refer the researcher to others who may be
able to potentially contribute or participate in the study.
A. Quota Sampling
B. Snowball Sampling
C. Convenience Sampling
D. Purposeful/Purposive Sampling

10. Refers to the sampling method by which a researcher collects data from individuals
with identified characteristics and quotas.
A. Quota Sampling
B. Snowball Sampling
C. Convenience Sampling
D. Purposeful/Purposive Sampling

15
11. Which of the following statement is TRUE about systematic sampling?
A. Members of a sample are chosen at regular intervals of a population.
B. Groups can be organized and then draw a sample from each group separately.
C. Researchers divide the entire population into sections that represent a
population.
D. Each individual has the exact same probability of being chosen to be a part of
a sample.

12. What is the main objective of using stratified random sampling?

A. Those who will possibly respond to treatment are chosen.
B. Every individual will be given an equal chance to be selected.
C. Sample is taken from an accessible population than the target population.
D. Sample was chosen proportionately drawn from the different categories of the
population.

13. Instructors teaching research methods are interested in knowing what study
techniques their students are utilizing. Rather than assessing all students, the
researchers randomly select 10 students from each of the sections to comprise their
sample. What sampling method do you think would be the appropriate to use?
A. Cluster Sampling
B. Systematic Sampling
C. Simple Random Sampling
D. Stratified Random Sampling

14. Teacher Michelle wants to know if the new learning modalities of the school affects
the academic performance of students in science. He took the list of students and
selected every 8th name in each class list as participant. What sampling method did
she use?
A. Cluster Sampling
B. Systematic Sampling
C. Simple Random Sampling
D. Stratified Random Sampling

15. Say you were interested in sampling students who deal drugs on campus. What
sampling method could you use to build this sample?
A. Quota Sampling
B. Snowball Sampling
C. Convenience Sampling
D. Purposeful/Purposive Sampling

16
 17
ACTIVITY 2
1. P
2. NP
3. P
4. NP
APPLICATION 5. P
1. Systematic Sampling 6. NP
2. Quota Sampling 7. NP
3. Simple Random Sampling 8. P
4. Snowball Sampling 9. P
5. Cluster Sampling 10. NP
POST TEST PRE-TEST
1. C 1. C
2. A 2. D
3. C 3. B
ANALYSIS 4. D 4. A
1. Who are your respondents? 5. B 5. D
Students in Claver NHS 6. A 6. C
2. How many people do you need in your 7. D 7. B
sample? 600 8. C 8. A
3. How will you select these people? 9. B 9. A
Random sampling 10. A 10. C
11. A 11. A
ACTIVITY 1 12. D 12. D
Yes, it is random sampling because an equal 13. D 13. D
chance to be selected is given to each card to 14. B 14. B
be drawn. 15. B 15. B
ANSWER KEY
REFERENCES
Bhat, A. (2020), “Multistage sampling-definition, steps, applications, and advantages
with example” Retrieved 2020 June 30, from
https://www.questionpro.com/blog/multistage-sampling-advantages- and-
application/
Baraceros, E. L. (2016). Practical Research 1:First Edition. Rex Book Store, Inc.
(pp. 92-100) Denzin NK, Lincoln YS (eds). Handbook of qualitative research.
London: Sage Publications, 2000.

Mack, Natasha, Cynthia Woodsong, Kathleen M. Mac Queen, Greg Guest, and Emily
Namey. Qualitative Research Methods: A Data Collector’s Field Guide. 1st
ed. North Carolina: Family Health International, 2005.

Nastasi, B. ―Qualitative Research: Sampling & Sample Size

Considerations‖. Study Notes,
https://my.laureate.net/Faculty/docs/.../qualit_res__smpl_size_consid. doc

Yin, R. K. (1994). Case study research: Design and methods. Thousand Oaks:
Sage Publications. "Qualitative Sampling Methods". Center For
Innovation In Research And Teaching, 2017.
https://cirt.gcu.edu/research/developmentresources/research_ready/q
ualitative/

Photo Credits
https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/sampling-methods/

https://www.questionpro.com/blog/non-probability-sampling/

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.

For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – Schools Division of Surigao del Norte

Peñaranda St., Surigao City
Surigao del Norte, Philippines 8400
Tel. No: (086) 826-8216
Email Address: surigao.delnorte@deped.gov.ph

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