Tutorial 5 - Basic Principle of Power System (Per-Unit)

1. Figure 1 shows the single line diagram of a three-phase power system. By selecting a
common base of 100 MVA and 22 kV on the generator side, draw an impedance diagram
showing all impedances including the load impedance in per unit. The data are given as
follows:

G1: 90 MVA 22 kV X = 0.18 p.u.

T1: 50 MVA 22/220 kV X = 0.1 p.u.
T2: 40 MVA 220/11 kV X = 0.06 p.u.
T3: 40 MVA 22/110 kV X = 0.064 p.u.
T4: 40 MVA 110/11 kV X = 0.08 p.u.
M: 66.5 MVA 10.45 kV X = 0.185 p.u.

Line 1 and line 2 have series reactances of 48.4 and 65.43  respectively. At bus load, the
three-phase load absorbs 57 MVA at 10.45 kV and 0.6 power factor lagging.

Figure 1

2. For the system in Figure 2, draw an impedance diagram in per unit by choosing 100 kVA
to be the base kVA and 2400 V as the base voltage for the generators.

Figure 2

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 Tutorial 5 - Basic Principle of Power System (Per-Unit)

3. Consider the one line diagram of the power system shown in Figure 3. Equipment ratings
are:

G1: 1000 MVA 18 kV X = 0.2 p.u.

G2: 1000 MVA 18 kV X = 0.2 p.u.
M: 1500 MVA 20 kV X = 0.2 p.u.
T1, T2, T3, T4: 1000 MVA 500 kV Y/20 kV  X = 0.1 p.u.
T5: 1500 MVA 500 kV Y/20 kV Y X = 0.1 p.u.

Determine the per unit reactance of each components and draw the equivalent reactance
diagram. Use base of 1000 MVA and 500 kV for the 50  transmission line.

Figure 3

4. The single line diagram of the power system is shown in Figure 4. Equipment ratings are:

G1: 50 MVA 13.2 kV X = 0.15 p.u.

G2: 20 MVA 13.8 kV X = 0.15 p.u.
T1: 80 MVA 13.2 / 165 Y kV X = 0.1 p.u.
T2: 40 MVA 165 Y/ 13.8  kV X = 0.1 p.u.

Choose a base of 100 MVA for the system and 132 kV base in the transmission line circuit.
Let the load be modeled as a parallel combination of resistance and inductance. Draw the
equivalent circuit of the system showing all impedances in per unit.

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 Tutorial 5 - Basic Principle of Power System (Per-Unit)

Figure 4

5. The single line diagram of an unloaded power system is shown in Figure 5. Reactances of
two sections of the transmission line are shown on the diagram. The generators and
transformers are rated as follows:

Generator 1: 20 MVA 13.8 kV X = 20%

Generator 2: 30 MVA 18 kV X = 20%
Generator 3: 30 MVA 20 kV X = 20%
Transformer T1: 25 MVA 13.8/220 kV X = 10%
Transformer T2: 10 MVA 127/18 kV X = 10%
(3 unit single-phase transformer)
Transformer T3: 35 MVA 22/220 kV X = 10%

Draw the impedance diagram with all reactances marked in per unit. Choose a base of 50
MVA, 13.8 kV in the circuit of generator 1.

Figure 5

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 Tutorial 5 - Basic Principle of Power System (Per-Unit)

6. The ratings of generators, motors and transformers of Figure 6 are as follows:-

Generator 1: 20 MVA 18 kV X = 20%

Generator 2: 20 MVA 18 kV X = 20%
Synchronous motor 3: 30 MVA 13.8 kV X = 20%
Transformer T1: 20 MVA 138/20 kV X = 10%
Transformer T2: 20 MVA 138/20 kV X = 10%
Transformer T3: 20 MVA 138/20 kV X = 10%
Transformer T4: 20 MVA 138/20 kV X = 10%
Transformer T5: 15 MVA 138/13.8 kV X = 10%
Transformer T6: 15 MVA 138/13.8 kV X = 10%

Draw the impedance diagram for the power system. Mark impedances in per unit. Use base
of a 50 MVA, 138 kV in the j40 line.

Figure 6

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