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1.operations On Rational Numbers
1.operations On Rational Numbers
1
Examples
µ ¶3 µ ¶2
2 1 3 1
Example 1. Evaluate (−5) × − −2 ÷ − − (−1)1999 .
5 2
µ ¶3 µ ¶2
1 1
Solution (−5)2 × − − 23 ÷ − − (−1)1999
5 2
µ ¶
2 1 1
=5 × − − 8 ÷ − (−1)
125 4
1 1 1
= − − 8 × 4 + 1 = − − 31 = −31 .
5 5 5
Example 2. There are five µ operational expressions
¶ below:
1 1 1 1
(i) (2 × 3 × 5 × 7) + + + ;
2 3 5 7
(ii) (−0.125)7 · 88 ;
(iii) (−11) + (−33) − (−55) − (−66) − (−77) − (−88);
µ ¶2 µ ¶2
75 37
(iv) − + ;
"µ 13 ¶ µ
13
¶ µ ¶ # µ ¶
7
6 4 4 16 246
(v) − + − × − × × 9 − 0.666 .
7 5 9 81 247
Then the expression with maximal value is
(A) (i), (B) (iii), (C) (iv), (D) (v).
Solution µ ¶
1 1 1 1
(i) (2 × 3 × 5 × 7) + + +
2 3 5 7
= 105 + 70 + 42 + 30 = 247;
(ii) (−0.125)7 · 88 = −(0.125 × 8)7 × 8 = −8;
(iii) (−11) + (−33) − (−55) − (−66) − (−77) − (−88)
=
µ −11¶−2 33 µ
+ 55¶+ 66 + 77 + 88 = 11 × 22 = 242;
2
75 37
(iv) − + < 62 + 32 = 45;
"µ 13 ¶ µ
13
¶ µ ¶ # µ ¶
7
6 4 4 16 246
(v) − + − × − × × 9 − 0.666
7 5 9 81 247
< 1 × 10 = 10;
Thus, the answer is (A).
Example 3. 123456789 × 999999999 = .
Solution
123456789 × 999999999 = 123456789 × (1000000000 − 1)
= 123456789000000000 − 123456789 = 123456788876543211.
13579
Example 4. The value of is
(−13579)2 + (−13578)(13580)
(A) 1, (B) 13579, (C) −1, (D) −13578.
Solution By use of (a − b)(a + b) = a2 − b2 , we have
13579
(−13579)2+ (−13578)(13580)
13579
= = 13579.
(13579)2 − (135792 − 1)
The answer is (B).
832 + 173
Example 5. = .
83 × 66 + 172
Solution By use of the formula a3 + b3 = (a + b)(a2 − ab + b2 ),
200920082
Example 7. = .
200920072 + 200920092 − 2
200920082
Solution
200920072 + 200920092 − 2
200920082
=
(200920072 − 1) + (200920092 − 1)
200920082
=
(20092006)(20092008) + (20092008)(20092010)
200920082 200920082 1
= = = .
(20092008)(20092006 + 20092010) 2(200920082 ) 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Example 8. 3 − − − − − − − = .
2 6 12 20 30 42 56
Solution
µ ¶
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
3− + + + + + +
2 6 12 20 30 42 56
µ ¶
1 1 1 1
=3− + + + ··· +
1×2 2×3 3×4 7×8
·µ ¶ µ ¶ µ ¶¸
1 1 1 1 1
=3− 1− + − + ··· + −
2 2 3 7 8
µ ¶
1 1
=3− 1− =2 .
8 8
1 1 1 1 1 1
Example 9. Evaluate + + + + + .
3 15 35 63 99 143
µ ¶
1 1 1 1
Solution Since = − for any positive integer k, so
k(k + 2) 2 k k+2
1 1 1 1 1 1
+ + + + +
3 15 35 63 99 143
1 1 1 1 1 1
= + + + + +
1 × 3 3 × 5 5 × 7 7 × 9 µ9 × 11 11 × 13
·µ ¶ µ ¶ ¶¸
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= − + − + ··· + −
2 1 3 3 5 11 13
· ¸
1 1 6
= × 1− = .
2 13 13
Example 10. If ab < 0, then the relation in sizes of (a − b)2 and (a + b)2 is
(A) (a − b)2 < (a + b)2 ; (B) (a − b)2 = (a + b)2 ;
(C) (a − b)2 > (a + b)2 ; (D) not determined.
Solution From (a − b)2 = a2 − 2ab + b2 = a2 + 2ab + b2 − 4ab =
(a + b)2 − 4ab > (a + b)2 , the answer is (C).
1
Example 11. If −1 < a < 0, then the relation in sizes of a3 , −a3 , a4 , −a4 , ,
a
1
− is
a
1 1
(A) < −a4 < a3 < −a3 < a4 < − ;
a a
1 1
(B) a < < −a4 < a4 < − < −a3 ;
a a
1 1
(C) < a3 < −a4 < a4 < −a3 < − ;
a a
1 1
(D) < a3 < a4 < −a4 < −a3 < − .
a a
1
SolutionFrom −1 < a < 0 we have 0 < a4 < −a3 < 1 < − , so
a
1
−a4 > a3 and − > −a3 and a4 > −a4 , the answer is (C).
a
Testing Questions
1 1 1 1 1
5. Find the sum + + + + .
10 40 88 154 238
6. Evaluate
µ ¶µ ¶
1 1 1 1 1
+ + ··· + 1 + + ··· +
3 4 2009 2 2008
µ ¶µ ¶
1 1 1 1 1 1
− 1 + + + ··· + + + ··· + .
3 4 2009 2 3 2008
1 1 1
7. Find the sum + + ··· + .
1+2 1+2+3 1 + 2 + · · · + 51
32 + 1 52 + 1 72 + 1 992 + 1
1. Calculate 2
+ 2 + 2 + ··· + 2 .
3 −1 5 −1 7 −1 99 − 1
2. After simplification, the value of
2 3 4
1− − −
1 · (1 + 2) (1 + 2)(1 + 2 + 3) (1 + 2 + 3)(1 + 2 + 3 + 4)
100
−··· −
(1 + 2 + · · · + 99)(1 + 2 + · · · + 100)
is a proper fraction in its lowest form. Find the difference of its denominator
and numerator.
1 1 1
3. Evaluate + + ··· + .
1×2×3 2×3×4 100 × 101 × 102
12 22 802
+ + · · · + .
12 − 10 + 50 22 − 20 + 50 802 − 80 + 50