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M2
M2
Objective
At the end of this module you should be able to Learn about electromagnetic waves and spectrum. Describe a general communication system function. Explain the meaning of modulation, encoding and its purpose. Explain meaning of bit rate, symbol rate, code rate. List the types of access methods with emphasis to FDMA, TDMA, ALOHA, S-ALOHA. Understand OFDM concept and its usefulness.
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Frequencies used for commercial satellite communication
A Communication System
Modulator
Source
Transmitter
Noise
Channel Destination
Destination
Receiver
Channel Decoder Demodulator
Modulation
Make the signal suitable for transmission across the type of channel available To make the signal capable to travel longer distances To make the signal more immune towards noise So that more than one signal may be simultaneously transmitted without interference from other signals So as to enable construction of smaller antenna
Modem
(= Modulator + Demodulator)
The equipment that is used to convert digital signals into analog format is a MODEM= modulator and demodulator. A modem accepts a serial data stream and converts it into an analog format that matches the transmission medium.
m
1 2 3 4
M
2 4 8 16
Name
Binary Phase Shift Keying Quadrature Phase Shift Keying 8 Phase Shift Keying 16 Phase Shift Keying
Acronym
BPSK QPSK 8 PSK 16 PSK
M=2^m; m is the number of bits used to represent one symbol of modulation M is the number of phase shifts in the modulation
BPSK
m =1 ; M=2
In this modulator the carrier assumes one of two phases. A logic 1 produces no phase change and a logic 0 produces a 180 phase change. The output waveform for this modulator is above.
QPSK
m=2;
M=4
With 4 PSK, 2 bits are processed to produce a single phase change. In this case each symbol consists of 2 bits, which are referred to as a dibit. The actual phases that are produced by a 4 PSK modulator are shown in the table below.
01
00
01
11
00
11
10
10
Symbol rate
The signal bandwidth for the communication channel depends on the symbol rate, not the bit rate.
Higher level modulations are more bandwidth efficient Higher level modulations have closer symbol, therefore, more subject to errors due to noise and distortion Such a signal may have to be transmitted with extra power (to effectively spread symbols out more) and thus reduces power efficiency as compared to simpler schemes.
Bandwidth Requirement
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Case Study
Case Study: Customer A has lease capacity X MHz which is fully occupied with 6
QPSK carriers. Customer A wants to put one more link ( 2 carriers) without leasing more bandwidth. Solution: Change the modulation from QPSK to 8-PSK for all carriers
Disadvantage: Need higher uplink power -> HPA/ODU size need to recheck if it is enough AND check power utilization on transponder is within limit
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Encoding
Purpose of Coding
In communications systems, the altering of the characteristics of a signal to make the signal more suitable for an intended application, such as optimizing the signal for transmission, improving transmission quality and fidelity, modifying the signal spectrum, increasing the information content, providing error detection and /or correction, and providing data security is done through coding.
Symbol Rate
Formula: SR = DR / (m x R) Where SR = Symbol Rate DR = Data Rate = the customer information rate. m = modulation factor (transmission rate bits per symbol). BPSK=1, QPSK=2, 8PSK=3 etc R = Code Rate ; Example : 4/7
;k information length n codeword length High Code Rate consumes less bandwidth as it has less parity bits Lower Rate code consumes high power.
Power
Examples of Codes Viterbi : { 1/2, 2/3, 3/4, 5/6, 7/8 } Turbo : { 5/6, 3/4, 7/8 } RS : {188/204 , 112/126 , }
Bandwidth
BER
1.00E-05
1.00E-06
1.00E-07
1.00E-08
3 6 3.3 3.6 3.9 4.2 4.5 4.8 5.1 5.4 5.7 6.3 6.6 6.9 7.2 7.5 7.8 8.1 8.4 8.7 9
30
Eb/No
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Case Study Case Study: A broadcast carrier of 4.5MHz bandwidth (QPSK- 3/4) is operating with
maximum allowable EIRPdn level. A group of viewers from location X cannot receive well due to low EIRPdn at their location and thus face low link margin. THAICOM Headquarter (CND) does not allow the customer to increase uplink power because it will overuse power on transponder. Solution 1: Using bigger receive antenna size ( >=3m) will increase link margin. This solution may be hard to implement if many receive sites (home users) involved. Solution 2: Reducing FEC from 3/4 to 1/2 will improve link margin Advantage: Link margin improves without overusing transponder power. Disadvantage: Needs to reduce information rate to keep same symbol rate ( and bandwidth).
Bandwidth = Symbol Rate x BT Product = Information Rate x ( 1/ FEC) x (1/ Mod Type) x (1 / RS) x BT Product
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Access Methods
AlOHA S-Aloha
( AlOHA Slotted ALOHA)
Fixed Assignment
Random Assignment
TDMA
Divide time period to NT time slots then assign one time slot (T) to each user and each user occupies full bandwidth B Hz.
CDMA
Choose N orthogonal waveforms where each waveforms occupies the total BW B Hz and assign one of the waveform to each user.
N bands
N time slots
N orthogonal codes
u1 u2 u3
channel
collision
success
u2
T
u3
T
channel
T
Application Traffic
Serial No.
Protocol
Type of Traffic
Aloha
Login
S-Aloha
Bursty
TDMA/FDMA/CDMA
Continuous
OFDM Definition
OFDM = Orthogonal FDM Carrier Centres are put on orthogonal frequencies Orthogonality= Peak of each signal coincides with the trough of other signals
FDM
OFDM
Summary
From this module the trainees have: Learnt about Microwave frequencies used for satellite communications. Explain the function of a general communication system. Describe the various Multiple access schemes used for communication. Understand the concept of OFDM and its usefulness in spectral efficiency.
Quiz
This quiz is divided into two sections 1. Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) 2. Reasoning. After completing the Quiz please judge yourself by referring to the Appendix presented at the end of this module. N.B. For MCQs, you can select more than one answer
MCQs
1. Transverse Polarization consists of a. Horizontal and Vertical Polarization b. Elliptical and Circular Polarization c. Horizontal and Circular Polarization d. Elliptical and Horizontal Polarization 2. Which modulation scheme is the most bandwidth efficient? a. BPSK b. QPSK c. 16PSK d. 8PSK 3. Which modulation scheme requires maximum power resource? a. BPSK b. QPSK c. 8PSK d. 16PSK
Reasoning
4. Given the data rate of a signal as DR, what is the symbol rate if the transmitter use 8PSK type of modulation and (7,4) block code? 5. What do you understand by orthogonal FDM? Why do you think it is preferred to FDM? 6. Microwave frequency range is 3-30GHz. True/False