History p1 2059

notes
by
Abu Sufyan
1.1 Background of Shah Wali Ullah
• Born 21 February, 1703
• During Aurengzeb (Alamgir)’s reign
• His birth name was Qutb-ud-din
• Son of Shah Abdur Rahim
• Founder of Madrassa Rahimiya
• Linked To Fatawa-E-Alamgir
• Gained support of Emperor Aurengzeb
• Started teaching at the Madrassa after his father’s death in 1718
• Went on pilgrimage to Saudi Arabia in 1724
• Furthered his studies while in Saudi Arabia
• Studies under Sheikh Abu Tahir Bin Ibrahim
• Returned to Delhi in 1732
 1.2 Beliefs and Works

• Belief: He believed that Muslims have lost touch with the true teachings of Islam mainly
because Islamic teachings were inaccessible to Muslims in India
• He translated the Quran into Persian
• Ulema criticized his work as un-Islamic
• His sons later translated the Quran into Urdu
• Sons names were Shah Abdul Qadir and Shah Rafi
• He wrote 51 books on Islam
• A large number of these were in Persian, making Islamic teachings more accessible
to the people.
• Wrote Hujjatullah-al-Baligha and Azalat Akhfa
• Famous books making Islamic teachings more accessible to the people.
• Madrassa Rahimiya became highly influential in spreading Islamic teachings.
• Belief: Muslims had lost unity, and the leadership of the Mughal Empire in Delhi was weak
enough to bring back the Unity. Muslims were also facing sectarian division in the form of
Shia-Sunni conflict
• He wrote an account on the first four caliphs that was acceptable to both the Sunnis and
the Shia
• Helped bring both communities closer.
• He emphasized the need for Jihad against a common enemy
• Wrote letters to Muslims leaders such as Ahmad Shah Abdali of Persia to protect
the Muslims against the Marathas
• Ahmad Shah Abdali fought the battle of Paniput against the Marathas in 1761.
• Belief: Only true following of Islam can bring back the Muslims to their glorious status and
save them. Islam has to be followed in all spheres of life.
• He himself lead an extremely pious life.
• Became a role-model for other people at an early age.
• He asked for Islamic principles to be applied in all spheres of life
• Equality and better care of the peasant and craftsmen class of the society.

1.3 Importance of Shah Wali Ullah (1703-1762)

• One of the first Muslim Thinkers to link decline of Muslims to the lack of following of Islam
• Showed the importance of Islamic principles in Muslim Success
• His actions proved his beliefs
• Madrassa Rahimiya flourished under his sons
• Syed Ahmed Shaheed Barelvi studied here.
 • His influence stood the test of time.
• His sons translated Quran into Urdu, which further increased its accessibility for the
Muslim Ummah
• His actions showed that if sectarian division was stopped, Muslims can flourish
• Muslims initially united against the Marathas
• Shia-Sunni conflict reduced much during his time.

1.4 Background of Syed Ahmed Shaheed Barelvi (1786-1831)

• Born near Lucknow
• Town named Rae Bareli
• Moved to Delhi in 1806
• Studied in Madrassa Rahimiya
• Under sons of Shah Wali Ullah
• 1810
• Joined forces of Amir Khan
• Pathan leader
• Learned use of European weapons
• Led people in prayer due to piety
• 1817
• Returned to Delhi
• Started working on his Jihad aims

1.5 Beliefs and Works of Syed Ahmed Shaheed Barelvi

• Belief: Armed struggle required against oppressive British and local non-Muslim forces.
• Belief: Piety and following of Islam required to end social evils and reduce moral corruption
of the society.
• Belief: Sikhs needed to be faced in Punjab to reduce oppression against the Muslims. Islam
can only be rejuvenated after the Sikh regime if overthrown

Timeline

• Toured India to spread ideas about Jihad before going for Hajj in 1821.
• Returned from Arabia in 1823
• Formed Jihad Movement against Ranjit Singh’s rule in Punjab and North West Frontier.
• Toured to gain members for his Jihad Movement
• Punjab, North West Frontier, Rajasthan, Sindh, Balochistan and Afghanistan
• Minimal support shown from Afghans
• 1826
 • Headquarters near Peshawar
• Sent message to Ranjit Singh to reduce oppression against the Muslims
• Message was dismissed by Ranjit Singh
• 21 December 1826
• Akora attacked by Syed Ahmed Shaheed Barelvi
• Then Hazarothe attacked
• Sikhs were defeated here
• More people joined the force
• 80000 total soldiers
• Sikhs called Syed Ahmed Barelvi and his army un-Islamic for following Shah Wali Ullah’s
teachins
• 1827
• Syed Ahmed Shaheed Barelvi unanimously agreed as Imam
• His decision considered binding on religious matters
• Mujahideen force became strong and united
• Preparation for attack on Attock
• 35000 sikhs army found in Okara
• Yar Muhammad Khan bribed by the Sikhs
• Servant tried to poison Syed Ahmed Barelvi
• Yar Muhammad Khan deserted the battlefield creating chaos
• Mujahideen were defeated
• Mujahideen headquarters relocated to Panjtrar near Kashmir
• More issues within Muslims
• Yar Muhammad Khan killed in battle with Mujahideen
• Sultan Muhammad Khan was his brother
• Waged war against Mujahideen to avenge his brother.
• Headquarter again changed of Mujahideen to Balakot
• To avoid fighting within Muslims
• To liberate Kashmir and Hazara
• Battle of Balakot
• Balakot was secure with mountains of three sides
• Local leaders bribed by the Sikhs
• Told secret passage through the mountains
• 1831
• Surprise attack by Sikhs
 • Battle of Balakot
• 600 Mujahideen were killed
• They were heavily outnumbered
• Both Syed Ahmed Shaheed Barelvi and his commander Shah Ismail were martyred

1.6 Influence and Importance

• Long-lasting
• Jihad movement survived in the hills of North West Frontier till 1863
• British had to send a strong force to stop it
• It still continued after that battle with British
• First armed struggle in Indian history to overthrow non-Muslim oppression
• Movement was based on religious principles and restoring Islam
• Not the typical type of movement to give power to a particular leader.
• United the Muslims
• The unity proved crucial for Pakistan movement later

1.7 Background of Haji Shariat Ullah (1781-1840)

• Born in Faridpur, East Bengal
• Father was poor farmer
• Went for Hajj in 1799
• Stayed in Arabia till next 19 years
• Influenced by Skeikh Muhammad Abdul Wahab
• Started the Faraizee Movement
• Died in 1840
• Work carried on my Mohsin-ud-Din
• His son

1.8 Beliefs and Works

• Belief: India is Dar-ul-Harb or enemy territory, where Friday and Eid prayers must not be
offered
• Beliefs: Muslims need to return to true Islam and fulfillment of Faraiz or obligatory Islamic
Duties
• Movement was called Faraize Movement
• Followers were called Faraizees
• Supported the concept of Jihad against oppressive non-Muslims who undermined the
true spirit of Islam
 Works and Time Line
• Muslims were historically strong in Bengal
• British worked with local Hindu Zamindars
• Reduced Muslim influence in the area
• Faraizi Movement to restore Muslim price
• Remove Hindu practices from Islam
• Emphasis was placed on Taubah
• Praying for past sins and leading a pious life
• Following Fariaz in later life
• His success alarmed British and Hindus
• He was forced to move out of Faridpur
• Went to Nawabganj in Dhaka
• Died in 1840
• His son continued his work
• Divided East Bengal into circles
• Each area had its own Khalifa
• Peasants opposed taxes imposed British and Hindu landlords
• Threatened to declare Jihad against the British government
• Was arrested and imprisoned
• Died in 1860
• Faraizi movement declined after that point.

……………………………………………………………………..

2.1 Aurangzeb’s reign (1658 - 1707)

Coming To Power
•Shah Jehan felt ill in 1657
•Dara Shikoh eldest son was the preferred successor
•Every son wanted power
•1658
•Murad and Aurengzeb defeated Dara Shikoh
•Shah Jehan asked Aurengzeb not to march on Agra
•Aurengzeb decided he take control to establish order
 •May 1658
•Imperial army led by Dara Shikoh
•Defeated by Aurengzeb
•Shah Jehan taken prisoner
•Allowed to live in Agra till 1666
•Buried in Taj Mahal

Establishing Himself as Emperor

•War against Rajputs between 1679-1681
•Rebellion by Sikhs
•Rebellion by Satnamis in Mewar
•Rebellion by Jatts in Gokal
•War with Pathans in North West Frontier
•Maratha Issue
•Deccan (Hyderabad-Deccan in Southern India)
•Leader was Shivaji
•Defeated and brought to Agra as prisoner
•Escaped and resumed fighting
•25 years of warfare
•Mughal treasury emptied
•Taxes rose high
•Emperor lost control as away from Capital
•Mughal Empire at time of Aurengzeb’s death was largest
•Kashmir to Karnatak
•Ghazni to Chittagong

2.2 Aurangzeb’s Policies

•Criticized
•Had mixed impact

•Intolerant towards other religions

•Jizya restored
•Non-Muslim tax (DO MENTION THIS)
•Destroyed Hindu temples
 •Hindu were majority
•Turned against him
•Tried to ban suttee
•Forced Hindus and Sikhs to live according to Islam
•Turned population against him

•Orthodox approach
•More strong follower of Islam, but not intolerant of other religions
•Hindu advisors employed to court
•Donation to Hindu temples

•Austere measures

•Censoring public morals

•Banned consumption of alcohol
•Banned singing and dancing at court
•Determining the maximum length a person can keep of his beard
•People felt forced to live life the Aurengzeb’s way

•Popular measures

•Taxes reduced on traders

•HOWEVER taxation still very high
•Due to constant warfare
•Due to his extravagant spending’s
•Pearl Mosque at Delhi
•ONLY used for Aurangzeb’s private prayers
•Unpopular at time of daeth
•Died in 1707

2.3 From Aurengzeb to the Empire’s End

•Serious succession disputes
•Aurangzeb’s division of empire rejected by his sons
•Prince Muazzam
•Bahadur Shah I
•4 Years
 •His 4 sons fought
•Jahandar Shah
•Murdered in 1 year
•12 different people became emperor
•Within 10 years after Aurangzeb’s death
•Muhammad Shah became emperor in 1719
•Ruled for almost 30 years
•Last person who can really claim to be emperor
•Invasions
•Nadir Shah of Persia
•1738
•Muhammad Shah defeated at Karnal in 1739
•Captured and sacked Delhi
•Took territories West of Indus River
•Took a lot of booty
•Mughal’s weaknesses became exposed
•Marathas
•Hindu Empire
•Southern India
•25 Years of Warfare
•Took lands from Mughals
•1737
•Defeated Mughals and plundered Delhi
•By mid-eighteenth century
•Most powerful force in India
•Afghans
•1747
•Ahmad Shah Durrani (Abdali)
•Kabul, Peshawar and Lahore
•1749
•Took Punjab
•1756
•Kashmir
 •Multan
•Defeated Marathas
•Battle of Panipat
•1761
•Final Days
•Ahmad Shah Durrani
•Placed Muhammad Shah’s son
•Ahmad Shah on throne
•Ahmad Shah imprisoned by court
•Died in captivity
•Alamgir II
•Assassinated by chief minister
•Shah Alam II
•Next emperor
•Stayed in Bihar
•Did not return to Delhi for 12 years
•Shah Alam II
•Defeated by British in Battle of Buxar
•British took Bengal, Bihar and Orissa
•1803
•British captured Delhi
•Placed emperor under British protection
•Shah Alam II’s son
•Akbar II
•Ruled parts of Delhi
•Some other area
•Bahadur Shah II
•Exiled for role in War of Independence
•Died in Rangoon
•His sons were killed
•Mughal Empire over
 2.4 Reasons for Fall of Mughal Empire
•Administrative issues in large empire
•Very large
•Decisions have to reach thousands of miles
•Difficult for emperor to know everything
•Mansabdari system
•Still problematic to manage
•Emperor could only know and take steps about rebellion after a long-time
•Military issues
•Maratha conflict
•Other wars
•Huge spending
•Separatist elements
•Invaders
•Succession Disputes
•Shah Jehan’s sons
•Succession disputes could not be avoided
•Lack of quality military
•In power for long time
•Thought no one can defeat them
•Let their armies frail
•Mughal strength exposed
•Marathas became powerful
•Extravagance
•Mughal nobility focused more on seeking pleasures
•Stopped following Islam properly
•Had finest clothes and food
•One friend of Akbar
•Ordered 100 courses on each meal
•Emperors were not a role model
•Extravagance on fine buildings
•Pearl Mosque in Delhi
•Lack of proper control
•Nobles became powerful
 •Even assassinated Alamgir II
•Mansabdari system not properly managed
•Administrative efficiency reduced
•Unrest increased
•Tax revenue declined.

British Power
•East India Company
•Had support of British government
•The strongest country in the world
•Industrial Revolution
•Cheap production
•High amounts to spend on mlitary
•Strong military
•Modern weapons
•Mughals had to chance of beating them.

2.5 British Influence

•East India Company (EIC)
•Goa in 1510 entered Portugese
•EID given permisison in 1600
•By Queen Elizabeth 1
•Monopoly of trade between Britain and areas East of Africa
•Wanted to take control of spice trade in East Indies
•Now called Indonesia
•Dutch were firm in spice trade
•EIC then entered Surat in 1608
•Given permission to trade in 1612
•By Shah Jehan who was at taht time the governor of Gujrat
•EIC Power
•1664
•Headquarter in Bombay
•1690
 •Trading post in Calcutta
•Spices, silks, cotton
•Bombay, Madras and Calcutta
•Main bases
•Called Presidencies
•1686
•Went to war with Aurangzeb
•Were defeated
•Pardoned after heavy fine
•Successful against Other nations who wanted Indian trade share
•Defeated Portugese and Dutch in 17th Century
•1664
•French came to India
•Robert Clive of EIC
•Defeated French
•Established government in parts of India
•Robert Clive
•EIC general
•Won Battle of Plassey in 1757
•Was made governor of Bengal
•Was charged with plundering Inda in after Buxar
•Found not guilty
•Opium addiction + disgrace
•Took his life in 1773
•Battle of Plassey
•1756
•Siraj ud Daulah approached by French
•Attack EIC base in Calcutta
•He captured the city
•1757
•Rober Clive attacked with EIC forces
•Nawab was defeated
•His body found in river after battle
•Siraj Ud Daulah’s general
 •Mir Jafar
•Treachery
•Was made Nawab of Bengal by EIC
•Had to give gifts of land and money to EIC
•1764
•Mir Jafar’s Son
•Mir Qasim
•Nawab of Oudh
•Shah Alam II (Mughal Emperor)
•Failed attempt to drive British out of Bengal
•Battle of Buxar
•British won
•Revenue collecton in Bihar, Orissa and Bengal came under EIC
•Oudh came under their influence
•Exploitation of Bengal
•Heavy exploitation
•EIC received personal gifts from Indians
•Trade monopoly in Bengal
•Huge profits
•Serious famine
•Local people exploited
•Many died
•Robert Clive
•Admitted to the serious bribery and corruption
•British took control
•1773
•Act of Parliament
•EIC required to provide good governance in India
•1784
•Pitt’s India Act
•Or India Act
•Direct control of Indian possession
•EIC continued to trade
•No more administrative powers
•Governor-General appointed to control three presidencies
•Provincial governors also appointed
•Commander in Chief of Armed forces
•Professional police force
•Legal system
•Professional civil service
•Indians cannot be part of it
•Only British allowed in it.
•British expanded power
•1782
•Warren-Hasting
•First Governor General
•Ended First Maratha War
•Signed Treaty with Marathas
•1799
•Governor-General Wellesley
•Mysore invaded
•Tipu Sultan killed
•Took over Mysore
•Nawab of Oudh defeated
•Had to give large parts of their lands to the British
•1803
•Delhi entered by British
•Mughal emperor placed under British protection
•1818
•British defeated Marathas in Second Maratha War
•British control over them
•Titu Mir
•Syed Mir Nisr
•Bengali Freedon Fighter
•1822
•Went to Mecca on Hajj
•1827
•Returned
 •Free Bengal from un Islamic practices and British Rule
•15,000 army
•Bamboo fort in Narkelbaria
•October 1831
•British were defeated
•Anotehr British army arrived
•Had cavalry
•Had cannon
•Modern weapons overwhelmed Titu’s army
•Titu and many followers died
•5 days of battle
•British commander praised Titu and his men for their bravery
•Annexaton of Sindh
•Russion Expansion in Afghanistan concerned British
•Ranjit Singh and British agreement
•Afghanistan to remain independent
•Ranjit did not help British install a pro-british ruler in Kabul
•Afghanistan rebellion 1841
•All British in Afghanistan killed
•British pride hurt
•Wanted to take Sindh
•Amirs of Sindh had treaty of friendship with British since 1809
•British wanted Sindh to stop if from being gained by Nadir Shah
•Sir Charles Napier instigated the Amirs to attack British Residency in 1843
•Used this as an excuse
•Attached Sindh
•Annexed it
•Annexation of Punjab and North West Frontier Province
•Ranjit Singh died in 1839
•Had signed treaty with British in 1809
•Sikhs attacked British
•British defeated Sikhs in Battle of Aliwal
•January 1846
•Treaty of Lahore signed
 •Lands and indemnity given to British
•Raja of Jammu
•Gulab Singh
•Helped British
•Allowed to Purchase Kashmir
•Became Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir
•Second Sikh War 1848-1849
•Defeated
•Punjba and North West Frontier Province
•Annexed by British
•30 Marc 1849
•North West Frontier became the scientific and Natural frontier
•By Lord Curzon
•Improve British relations with Tribal Territory
•Viceroy Lord Lytton 1876
•Gave idea of separate India from Tribesmen
•Reduce tribal warfare
•Sir Mortimer Durand
•1893
•Agreement made with Amir Abdur Rahman Khan of Afghanistan
•Border made
•Durand Line
•Scientific boundary based on British defence needs
•No intereference by each party on other’s side
•In some places the local rulers were under British influence due to treaties
•British had control of external matters
•British placed their own resdent in territory to advise the ruler
•Doctrine of Lapse
•1852
•Governor General Dalhousie
•Ruler died without natural heir
•British took his lands
•Satara, Nagpur and Jhansi under British control
•Unpopular
 •Used as excuse to grab land
•1856
•Nawab of Oudh died
•There were legal heirs
•British still grabbed Oudh
•Claimed Nawab governed his people badly
•British were dominant in India

2.6 Reason For British Success

•British Strengths
•Industrial Revolution
•Advance technology
•Money from trade
•Superior weapons
•Better means of communication
•Confidence that they will win
•British considered themselves superior to Indians
•Their duty to spread their superior culture across the globe
•India presented opportunity due to ledership gap
•Great trade opportunities that they did not want to miss
•They believed they wold win
•They believed it their destiny to rule the world
•Indian Weaknesses
•Mughal Empire decline
•No unity in India
•Miilitarily Weak
•Divided in territories
•Different religions and cultures
•Further lack of unity
•Fought against each other
•Considered British as potential allies in fights with each other
•Wealthy fuedal lords
 •Living on past glory
•No motivation to rule affectively

2.7 British Rule

•Lack of law and order
•Famine
•Monuments damaged
•Trade and agriculture dispupted
•Drain of Wealth
•Heavy salaries taken by British
•Revenues were used to buy goods to ship to Britain
•Soaking from River Ganges and Squeezing over River Thames
•Charter Act 1833
•Indians can be part of Civil Service
•Issue
•Exams taken in England
•In English
•So British in control
•British tried not to intervene in religion
•Did ban suttee in 1829
•Upper class of India had to become Anglicized
•1834
•English became official language
•Persian replaced
•1835
•Mode of education to be English
•Reforms introduced
•But opposition increased
•Christian Missionaries
•Not liked by Indians
•Technology was not welcomed such as railways
•English leader clamimed in 1800
•Natives of India do not like the British
•Would rise against British if received opportunity.
 The Causes of The Indian Revolt

•Long-term causes

•Political Causes
•Local leader’s lost authority
•Doctrine of Lapse
•Greedy Land Grabbers in case of Oudh
•1856
•Mughal emperor and royal family mistreated
•Moved to Qutb Sahib from Red Fort of Delhi
•No place in civil service
•No say in their own country’s government
•English replaced Persian as official language in 1834
•Education in English
•1835

•Religious and Social Causes

•British superior culture spreading
•British disrespect for native culture
•Comment of British general
•Indians considered inferior
•British were arrogant
•Technological advances, such as railways, not acceptable to many people
•Islam, Hinduism and Sikhism under threat from British Rule
•Forced Conversion
•British denied this aspect
•Christian Missionaries (those who travel to spread religion)
•Schools set up in India to preach Christianity
•Local people who worked for them were expected to follow Christian teachings

•Economic reasons

•British trade monopoly in India

•Indian industry and trade affected
•Removal of import tax on cotton products
 •Indian cotton products became more expensive than British products
•Indian cotton and textile industry destroyed
•Drain of wealth concept
•Heavy taxation exploited poor people
•There were also corrupt tax thief
•British kept their salaries high in army
•Salaries of Sepoys and Sowrs was kept low
•These were mainly Indians

•Military reasons

•Army officers were British

•The sowars and sepoys were Indian
•Resentment occurred
•Rumors of forced conversion to Christianity
•Hindus were not happy to leave mother India and fight abroad
•It was unacceptable to them
•When this happened in war in Afghanistan, this step was highly unpopular
•Indian observer said that all native army is dissatisfied with British government

•Short-Term Causes

•The Rifle Issue

1.2 The Timeline of the War

•January 1857

•New Rifle introduced

•Paper cartridge
•Grease to keep try
•RUMORED
•Grease made from cow and pig fat
•Cow sacred for Hindus
•Pig Unclean for Muslims
•Both angered
 •Refusal to use by Indian soldiers

•March 1857

•Mangal Pandey defied his officers

•Was executed

•May 1857

•Meerut sepoys refused to use rifles

•Were court-martialed and imprisoned
•Their fellow soldiers saved them
•Meerut was sacked
•Taken over by Indian soldiers
•British officers and any other european in the area was killed
•Delhi taken over by Indian soldiers
•Bahadur Shah II received support from both Hindus and Muslims

•Mathura, Kanpur, Jhansi and Allahabad, Delhi taken from British

•Lucknow also fell and the current entire Uttar Pradesh went out of British control

•Cawnpore massacre

•Indian troops under Nana Sahib

•Trapped British for 3 weeks
•Promised British safe passage
•However, turned back on their promise
•300 women and children, along with British troops were killed
•British took even more severe revenge later

•September 1857

•Delhi taken back by Brtish

•Mirza Mughal, Mirza Sultan and Mirza Abu Bakr brutally killed by British
•Bahadur Shah II surrendered peacefully
•Was presented the heads of his sons as a lesson
•Lucknow taken back
 •June 1858

•Lakhshmi Bai
•Lost her land due to doctrine of lapse after her father died
•Rani of Jhansi
•Assisted by Tatya Topee
•Indian General with great abilities
•Rani was killed in June 1858 while fighting dressed as a man
•Tatya Topee also killed later

•August 1858

•War officially declared at an end

1.3 Reasons for Indian Defeat In the War of Independence

•Indian weaknesses
•Lack of Unity
•No central leader
•Dispersed leadership
•No coordination
•Bahadur Shah II only had smalls cale support
•British had appointed soldiers from different areas into different areas
•Locals did not support soldiers from other areas appointed in their place when
there was uprising
•Hindus and Sikhs and many princes did not wnat Muslims to rule them again the
form of Mughal Empire coming back
•So they did not support much
•Some princes supported British instead
•Ruler of Jammu and Kashmir
•Indian army was weak and outnumbered at certain places
•Did not have the money to support long war
•More like an act of anger, with time their strength broke
•Everyone was fighting for their own reasons
•Rani of Jhansi for her land
 •Bahadur Shah II for Mughal empire

•British Strengths

•British had money to support warfare

•They had modern weapons and well-disciplined army
•Had faster means of communication
•Indian people who were satisfied with the government did not support the war
•Divide and rule policy
•Made many Indians fight amongst themselves
•Had the strong belief that they would win no matter what
•They had their focus on becoming even stronger in India
•They saw it as a revolt and it was a matter of their pride for them to crush rebellion

1.4 The Proclamation of 1858

•Made by British
•Allahabad in 1858
•British will not interfere in religious beliefs
•Ancient property rights and customs will be respected
•Doctrine of Lapse abolished
•All treaty obligations followed
•No further territories will be grabbed
•Princely states will be allowed to rule themselves
•Right to appointment in Public Service for Indians
•Did not follow most promises
•Instead, took severe revenge in many cases
•For example in Cawnpore
•Revolting sepoys were BLOWN OFF using canons

1.5 The Aftermath of the War

•EAC abolished after the war

•British took complete control of India

•Secretary of State appointed in British Cabinet for Indian affairs
 •Direct authority under Viceroy (Governor-General was changed to Viceroy)
•Indian Civil Service (ICS)
•More than 1000 members to help administer
•By 1870
•Only one Indian in ICS
•Loyal princes were allowed to stay on throne
•NO REAL POWER
•Bahadur Shah II tried and found guilty
•Was exiled to Burma (Rangoon)
•Nowadays Myanmar
•Queen Victoria officially became the Empress of India

•The Muslim consequences

•British blamed Muslims major for War of Independence due to Bahadur Shah II
involvement
•Pathans and Gurkhas preferred in army
•Untrustworthy Muslim areas, like Oudh, no longer allowed to join army
•Muslim education funding withdrawn
•Muslim literacy declines
•Hindus took benefit by adopting British cultures, customs and learning English
•Their education improved
•Had most of the government employment
•Had english type schools
•Muslims also prevented to gain public office by British
•To avoid another uprising

•Nationalism

•Issues

•January 1877
•Victoria became Empress of India formally
•Indians did not have proper representation in the running of their own country.
•Viceroy was in Calcutta
•His executive council was also in calcutta
•Secretary of State was in Britain
 •How can they know real Indian issues and help Indians?
•Indian civil service did not have more than 1 indian even in 1870
•British aims preferred over Indian needs
•Indians felt strangers and slaves in their own country
•British to Indian soldier ratio in the army was increased from 1 ratio 5 to 1:2
•Previously, for every 5 Indian soldiers in the army, there was 1 British
•Now there was 1 British for every 2 Indians
•Recruitment from less trustworthy areas stopped like Oudh
•So if there is another uprising it will not be as effective
•Viceroy Lord Lytton
•Ended import duties on British cotton goods completely
•British goods cheaper than Indian cotton goods
•Indian cotton industry destroyed

•The Nationalism

•Bhikhaiji Rustom Cama

•International Socialist Conference in Germany
•1907
•Spoke against british Tyrannies in India
•MORE OPPRESSION
•Vernacular Act 1878
•Strict control over newspapers, especially in regional languages
•These newspapers criticized British
•Arms Act 1878
•Made it difficult to own weapons for many Indians
•If another uprising, it would not be as effective as 1857 because less
weapons with Indians
•All British Actions after 1857 were oppressive and to save themselves
from another uprising
•Society for Promotion of National feeling
•Rajinarayan Bose
•1866
•Hindu Mela
•Every year
 •Started in Bengal
•Sarvajanik Sabha in 1870
•Many other such political groups
•Indian National Congress
•Started in 1885
•Most important one (after that one main other is Muslim League)

………………………………………………………………………………………………

sir syed ahmed

1.1 Background
•1817
•Born
•Delhi
•Rich Family
•Father gave best education
•Became skilled in multiple academic disciplines
•18 Years Old
•Father died
•Took employment in legal system
•Became judge in Delhi in 1846
•Write Athar Al Sanadeed in that year
•Book on archaeology
•He was against armed uprising against British in 1857
•He was chief judge in Bijnaur when the war broke out
•He helped save many British children and women
•British were impressed with his loyalty
•Gave him title of “Sir”
•Offered him an estate with a large income
•He declined the offer
•He was in favor of improving relations between the Muslim and the British
•He became Chief Justice in Muradabad
•After War of Independence
•He was transferred to Ghazipore later
 •In 1864
•He was transferred to Aligarh
•He established a new school-college
•In 1876
•He left the legal system job to fully focus on te college
•He brought about a Muslim renaissance in ndia centered around Aligarh Institute
•He died on 27th March 1898
•Was the first person to suggest the Two Nation Theory
•His services to indian Muslims are unmatched

1.2 Beliefs

•The position of Muslims in India was poor due to two reasons

•The British’s placement of the entire blame of War of Independence on the Muslim
community
•Muslims considered second class citizens
•The acts of the Muslim community
•Considering British mere invaders
•Rejecting British education and technological advancements
•Muslims needed to take a more positive approach towards the British

•Main aims of the Aligarh movement

•Improve relations between British and Muslims

•Remove doubts in Muslim minds about British intentions
•Remove doubts in British minds about Muslim loyalty

•To improve socio-economic conditions of Muslims

•Focus on Western education

•Positions in civil service and army

•Increase political awareness

•Hindu threat
 1.3 Works
•Three main categories

•Improve relationship between Muslims and British

•Brtish had placed blame of war on Muslims

•Considered Muslims to be disloyal
•They preferred working with Hindus
•What he did
•1860
•The Loyal Muhammadans of India
•Mentioned various loyal services provided by Muslims to British
•Named some pretty loyal Muslims
•Asked British to end ther hostility towards the Muslims
•Essay on the Causes of the Indian Revolt
•He mentioned the main reason for the revolt
•Indian did not have proper representation in the matters of the
government
•Before British, they were rulers
•Muslims were being forcibly converted to Christianity
•Indian army was not properly managed
•Other measures mentioned that led to the revolt
•Was given free to
•British officers in India
•The members of parliament in England
•Members of the British Royal Family
•Some British got angered
•Others understood his thought and their mistake
•He also clarified that the word Nadarath was not an insult
•It was from Arabic word Nasir, meaning helped

•Improving the stance of the Muslims about the British

•Muslims had deep seated fears about the British in India
•Sir Syed Ahmed Khan understood that both the British and Muslims knew very little
about each other’s religion
 •Was offended by a book full of mistakes about the Holy Prophet PBUH in
Britain
•He wrote Tabyin Ul Kalam
•The book mentioned similarities between Islam and Christianity
•Was not completed
•Still shows his commitment to improve relations
•He also made the British Indian Association
•Aimed at improving relationship between Muslims and British

•Increasing acceptance of Western Education amongst Muslims

•Muslims rejected technological advancements, Western education and British Jobs

•Hindus were gaining benefit
•In 1871
•Only 92 Muslims in government jobs
•Hindus were 711
•Hindu movement had gained considerable strength
•From acceptance of Western Education
•Sir Syed Ahmed Khan negated the Ulema belief that Western Education was
against Islam
•He emphasized that by understanding science Muslims can better understand
the glory of Allah
•Tahzib ul Akhlaq
•Urdu Journal
•Notable academic people supported Sir Syed’s Views
•Ulema criticized it
•1863
•Scientific Society at Ghazipore
•Translated Arabic, Persian and English scientific writings into Urdu
•More muslims can access it
•1866
•Aligarh Institute Gazette
•1859
•School in Muradabad
•1864
 •School in Ghazipore
•1868
•Went to England
•Impressed by English school system
•Wanted to establish a university for Mslims in India on the pattern of Oxford and
Cambridge
•Direct university not allowed
•Started with school
•Committee set to gather funds for school
•24 May 1875
•Mohammaden Anglo-Oriental School
•Aligarh
•English Public School System
•Not allowed to be affiliated with Islamic University outside British Empire
•Had to stay as school/ college
•Both westerna and Indian education provided
•Many future leaders of Muslim League like Liaquat Ali Khan, and later Pakistan like
General Ayub Khan studied there
•Formed the Mohammaden Educational Conference
•Publicise the methods used in Aligarh institute
•1886
•Educational standards improve amongst Muslims
•Committees and Subcommittees
•A kind of political platform for Muslims before Muslim league
•1920
•Ali Garh College became University of Ali Garh

•Increasing Political Awareness

•He believed that British cannot be overthrown and Muslims can only benefit b accepting
their and progressing
•He first believed that Hindu and Muslims could live together
•Belief changed to Two Nation Theory
•Indian National Congress
•1885
 •Made to represent all INDIANS
•But got dominated by Hindus
•Hindus used it against Muslims in Hindu Urdu controversy
•Political Representation
•Hindus asked for Democracy
•Democracy means 1 man, 1 vote(MUST MENTION)
•Democracy in India meant that Muslims would lose almost every single
election as Hindus are in majority
•Competitive examination
•Hindus asked for competitive examination and no quota for appointments in
government service in India
•Issue was that Muslim education was not as good as Hindus
•Hindus will completely dominate Muslims
•Muslims will not be able to succeed if competitive examinations held
•Sir Syed Ahmad Khan stressed that competitive examination should only
occur if education is of same quality
•Language
•Hindi-Urdu Controversy
•Hindus asked Hindu to be made the next official language in 1867
•Urdu had already been made in 1825
•Hindus only succeeded after the death of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan
•Sir Syed Ahmed Khan established a society to protect Urdu
•Hindus said Urdu was too difficult
•The society made urdu easy by removing idioms from the Urdu language
•Urdu was important to Muslims
•Many of finest Muslims works were in Urdu
•Literary Masterpieces
•Sir Syed was extremely angered
•Hindu members of his scientific society wanted to translate the scientific
writings to Hindi instead of Urdu
•Sir Syed stopped attending Congress meetings
•Developed United Patriotic Alliance
•1893 it became Mohammaden Defence Alliance
•Hindu showed extreme disrespect to Muslims
 •Loud Music outside mosques played by Hindu extremists
•The Alliance protected Muslim political rights and the Two Nation Theory

1.4 Importance
•Improved relation between British and Muslims
•British doubts removed
•Muslims became more accepting of British
•Muslim Revival
•Muslim Renaissance
•Education considered a method of self-improvement
•Muslims place in society improved
•Political Revival
•Muslms became aware of Hindu threat
•The Two Nation Theory developed
•The Father of the Pakistan Movement

………

languages

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

1.1 Urdu
•Considered language of Muslims
•Used sine the period of Sultan’s of Delhi
•Troops of different origins used it to understand each other
•Rich in Literature
•Amir Khusrau
•Bahadur Shah Zafar
•Mir, Dard, Sauda, Ghalib
•Allama Mihammad Iqbal, Maulana Hussain Azad etc are notable writers and potes
 •Urdu was widespread
•Quran was translated into Urdu by Shah Abdul Qadir
•Many other religious books were also translated
•Part of Independence movement
•Urdu was supported by Sir Syed Ahmad Khan
•Was supported by Muslims League as one of Muslim right
•British institutions like Fort William College took interest in Urdu.
•Hindu-Urdu Controversy in Time of Sir Syed Ahmad Khan 1867
•Some muslims also did not support Urdu, such as those in East Pakistan which had majority
of Pakistan’s population resented that their language was not selected (Bengali) as national
language
•Important reason for separation of Bangladesh
•Urdu was not the most widely spoken language of Pakistan
•Quaid E Azam was keen to use it
•He thought it will unify the new nation
•It became educational medium of instruction
•Office terms dictionary was published in Urdu
•English was discouraged
•Urdu became the medium of radio and television
•Urdu novels, poetry, films etc became famous

1.2 Sindhi
•Sindhi is older than Urdu
•Sindhi was written in Marwari and Nagari script before Islam reached India
•Arabic words became part of Sindhi
•Arabic script started being used
•In Sindh in 8th Century
•Arabic was language of administration
•Sindhi was language most spoken
•Persian also influenced Sindhi
•Language of the Turks
•Famous poets and writers include
•Makhdum Nuh of Hala and Qazi Qazan of Thatta
•Soomro period 1050-1300 AD was peak of Sindhi literature
•Sachal Sarmast and Shah Abdul Latif Bhitai was super famous
 •Ta alim Alkhashaf o Tauheed
•First famous Sindhi Journal of 19th Century

Development in Modern Times

•1948
•Sindh Literary Board
•Printed many books and magazines
•Important authors include Pir Ali Muhammad Rashdi
•Faqir Nabi Bux
•G Allana
•Books written on Sindhi folk literature
•Bazm e Talib ul maula in 1954 to support Sindhi Literature
•Sarmast Academy in honor of Sachal Sarmast
•Sindh Univeristy at Jamshoro has a Sindhiology department

1.3 Balochi
•Language of Balochistan
•2 main types – Sulemanki and Mekrani
•Form North West Iran
•Nomadic Poeple
•Language less devleoped
•Mostly spoken
•Jam Darang – important poet
•W. Leech first tie reported it outside the region
•1830
•Journal of Asiatic Societies
•Few books before partition
•Balochistan Gazetteer was in English
•Balochi in Decline

Development
•Radio Pakistan Karachi began Balochi Broad Casts
•Balochi Literary Association
•Magazines in Balochi
•Quetta Television Station
•Notable Poets
 •Atta Shad and Ishaq Shamim
•Notable Writeres
•Gul Khan Nazir and Azad Jamal Din

1.4 Punjabi
•Language of Punjab
•Spoken in other areas too
•Historically called Al – Hindi and Hindko
•Hafiz Barkhurdar in 1080 first called it Punjabi
•First written in Gurmukhi
•Now in Arabic
•Influenced by many other languages
•Folk tales in Early Literature
•Sassi-Punnu
•Sohni-Mahiwal
•Heer-Ranjha
•Sufi Poetry
•Baba Farid Ganj Shakkar
•Sultan Bahu
•Bulhe Shah
•20th Century
•Novels
•Short Stories
•Dramas
•Academic books
•Ghazl and Nazm in Poetry
•Holy Quran’s Versified translation by Muhammad Ali Faiq
•Ustad Daman, Ahmad Rahi and Munir Niazi new poets
•Taught up to MA in University of Punjab

1.5 Pashto
•People of Khyber Pakhtoonkhwa
•Influenced by other languages
•First Period
 •2 Century AD to 13 Century
•Amir Khan Pehlvan was first Pashto Poet
•Bayazid Ansari most famous
•Khair Ul Bayan
•First Sufism work in Pashta
•Second Period
•Mughal Invasions in 13 Century
•100 Years long period
•Peak of Pashto
•Showed Nationalistic feelings
•Pashto freedom was relected
•Great Scholar Hazrat Mian Umar
•Sadat Ali Khan
•Amir Muhammad Ansari
•Third Period
•British Rule
•Golden Period of Pashto
•High Quality Literature
•Akhund Dardeeza
•Khushal Khan Khattak
•Rehman Baba
•Sahibzada Abdul Qayum used it to increase political awareness against British
•Islamia College in Peshawar establsihed due to his efforts
•Became center of freedom movement in the North West Frontier

Development
•Peshawar University established within 3 years of Independence
•1954
•Academy made
•Pashto Literature promotion
•Headed by Maulana Abdul Qadeer
•Pashto dictionary made
•Widely accepted
•Post graduate classes being offered in Pashto at University level
 •In Khaiber Pakhtoonkhwa

1.1 The Start of the Congress

•Allan Octavian Hume started the Indian National Union – Lord Dufferin, the Viceroy,
supported it.
•First conference held on 28 December, 1883 in Bombay – second conference at same time
in Culcutta
•Called itself the Congress (Indian National Congress)
•Pledged loyalty to the Queen and British empire
•Asked for ONLY governmental changes in how governments were formed
•Had 436 members by 1886
•Main objectives in 1886
•Education of Indians and British public about Indian welfare etc – using newspapers
etc.
•More fair policies – such as more representation for Indians in the ICS.
•Resulted in Indian Councils Act 1892
•Increased Indian representation in the councils
•Little real power
•British ignored them
•Lord Curzon believed Congress was bound to fail
•Mixed views about British
•Some trusted them that they were fair
•Others considered radical actions were needed to support nationalism
•Radial Actions Included
•Tilak’s speeches instigated Indians for freedom
•Secret societies developed against the British in the 1870s
•2 Britishers were assassinated in 1897

1.2 Partition of Bengal

•Bengal was largest province
•West Bengal was Hindu Majority
•East Bengal was Muslim Majority
•Difficult to govern as a single unit
•1903 – Lord Curzon proposed division of Bengal
•Eastern Provinces – Assam, Dhakka, Chittagong, Mymensingh – East Bengal
•1905 – divided as per suggestion
 •Muslims were happy
•A new Muslim majority province
•Not only political superiority but also safety from Hindu oppressors
•Hindus considered it “divide and rule” technique of the British
•Congress became primarily Hindu dominated
•Hindu threat was reduced due to the partition
•Called 16 October 1905 as day of mourning – the day partition was imposed
•Protest meetings help
•Lard Minto tried to be assassinated
•Boycotted British goods
•Preferred Indian Goods
•Called Swadeshi Movement
•British cloth burnt
•Workers in Culcutta began strikes
•British tried to control the situation by
•Banning newspapers
•Press Act 1908 – Firm control over papers
•June 1908
•Tilak arrested
•Sentenced to 6 years prison
•Some Indian leaders fled
•Others were deported – without any charge or trial

1.3 Simla Deputation

•Indian reaction to partition of Bengal
•They could not match it
•Indian National Congress was Hindu dominated and represented them mostly
•Threat of forced conversion to Hinduism
•Hindus were likely to dominate the political scenario due to their majority
•October 8, 1906
•Aga Khan led deputation to Viceroy
•Demanded separate electorates and representation
•Muslims should have more seats than their percentage in population
•Many Muslims were major land owners
•Had a high percentage in the army
•Non-separate electorates can result in communal violence between Hindus and Muslims
•Morley was against separate electorates
•Lord Minto accepted
•Importance
•Sir Syed’s work proved successful in improving British – Muslim ties
•Muslims came face to face in rivalry with Hindus and Politics
•Idea of being a separate group of people began to grow.

1.4 All India Muslim League

•Hindus had become way too dominant in Congress
•Muslim representation was needed by a proper organization
•British were not behind Muslim League as a counter to Congress, Muslims set them up
themselves
•After the 20the Session of Muhammaden Educational Conference in Dhakka in 1906,
Nawab Viqar ul Mulk proposed the formation of All India Muslim League.
•Its aims were
•Protect and foster Muslim rights in India
•Represent Muslims
•Create Loyalty to British
•Remove Muslim fears regarding British intentions
•Prevent communal violence and hostility.

1.5 Morley – Minto Reforms

•1909 – Also called the Indian Councils Act 1909
•Non official members added to Imperial Council – making the total number 60
•Real power with British with most members official
•Central Executive Council got 60 new members
•Discuss and advice government on policies like budget
•50 Members in larger provinces and 30 in smaller provinces in the Provincial Councils
•Separate Electorate for Muslims
•Positives
•Separate electorates accepted
•More Indians in the councils
•Negatives
•Advisory powers only
•No intention to set up parliament
•Congress considered British making stability possible by concessions – they requested self
government

1.6 Reversal of Partition of Bengal

•Lord Harding
•1911
•Announcement made by King George V who was visiting India in Delhi
•British had been forced by Hindus
•Muslims lost faith in British
•British support of Balkan states against Turkey in 1912-1913 angered Muslims more
•Muslim League too became in favor of self government suitable for India.

1.7 First World War

•1 Million Indians Joined the British army
•Indian considered this support as a way to get self determination in government
•Mutiny Party set in 1913 by Lala Hardayal
•Fought Indian Police in September 1915 and were killed.
•Uprising in Punjab in 1915
•Mutiny by Indian troops in Singapore
•Silk Letter Conspiracy
•Anti British uprising by Muslims
•British passed Defence of India Act – exiling and imprisoning revolutionaries without trial.

1.8 Lucknow Pact

•Main efforts of Muhammad Ali Jinnah
•Congress and Muslim League both met in Bombay in 1915
•Joint Councils were created
•October 1916
•British announced intentions to make half of executive council members elected, while
majority of Legislative Council elected
•Jinnah and Mahajan’s efforts
•1916
•Both had annual sessions in Lucknow
•Lucknow Pact
•Muslims can have separate electorates at both provincial and imperial council level
•Even in Punjab and Bengal
•Muslims should have 1/3 seats
•Any act regarding a community can be passed with at least 3/4 of that community’s
members agreeing to it
•Common Demands
•Elected seats should be increased
•Majority passed motions in Councils MUST be implemented by British
•Minorities must be protected
•Provincial Autonomy
•Joint demand by Hindus and Muslims
•Hindus agreeing some partition
•Together , there is a better chance to get demands accepted
•Self Rule seemed more possible
•Increased Hindu Muslim Unity

1.9 The Montague Chelmsford Reforms

•November 1917
•Lord Chelmsford and Lord Montague toured India
•Gave Montford Report or the Government of India Act 1919 in July 1919
•Legislative Assembly have 103 elected members for 3 years
•Muslims and Sikhs had separate electorate
•Council of States would have 33 elected members
•Council of Princes with 108 members
•No real Power
•Considered talking shop
•Viceroy can pass any law he considered necessary for safety of India
•Diarchy – division of power – was introduced in provinces
•Reserved subjects – crucial areas of power like justice and revenue etc. were kept
under control of British.
•The transferred subjects – relatively of low importance and value – were given to
Indians. Although councils were mostly elected, the ministers were chosen by
Viceory
•Viceroy can discuss the Provincial Legislative Councils at any time
•Only 5.5 million people or 2 percent of India’s population could vote.
•Not well received by Indians
•Congress rejected the act – those who supported were forced to leave the party
 •Separate electorates with accepted
•Divisions in Indian society were exposed.

2.0 Rowlatt Act

•December 1917
•Committee set up
•Headed by Justice Rowlatt
•Consider Revolutionary activity
•Report Presented April 1918
•Revolutionary activity in India was growing
•Defense of India Act provisions to be maintained permanently
•Arrest without warrant
•Detention without the right to bail
•Dictating people where to live
•Against fundamental human rights
•Trial by Jury
•Safety from being illegally imprisoned
•Jinnah resigned from Imperial Council
•Gandhi started a hartal
•April 1919, the act was
•implemented.

2.1 Amritsar Massacre

•10 April 1919
•Government had banned public meetings
•2 Banks attacked
•5 Europeans were killed
•20000 people gathered in Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar
•General Dyer closed the entrance and allowed open fire on the Indians
•400 killed, more than 1200 wounded.
•Men flogged and forced to crawl on hands in Amritsar.
•Crowd meeting illegally in Gujranwala was bombarded from air
•The Hunter committee was set up to investigate Dyer’s actions
•Was removed fro service
•No Strict action taken
•Considered a hero
 •This was an insult to Indians

2.2 More Information

•March 1920
•Non Cooperation at its peak
•Teachers and student left British Colleges
•British goods boycotted
•lawyers gave up practice
•Elections in 1920 were ignored
•30000 politicians taken prisoner
•Arya Samag worked against Indians
•Congress got divided with different aims
•New Liberals contested elections while Congress boycotted them
•1923 Congress contested elections under the name Swaraj party and won many seats
•Congress rejected the idea of full provincial autonomy
•Muslims were forced to convert to Hinduism
•1927
•Delhi proposals
•1/3 seats for Muslims in the Central Legislative Assembly
•Sindh becoming full province
•British reforms implemented in Balochistan and NWFP
•Muslims given seats proportional to population in Punjab and Bengal
•If these accepted – separate electorates will no longer be demanded.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………….

1.1 Reasons For The Khilafat Movement

•Long Term Reason

•Britain and Russia had a rivalry over Afghanistan and Persia (Muslim Countries)
•Little attention was given to what locals want
•British made Muslims afraid of Hindu
•To win cooperation
•Muslims dd not want to fight fellow Muslims in Turkey
•Desertions from army
 •Maulana Fazl Ul Haq in 1918
•Said that any Muslim power losing anywhere in the world will affect Muslim
prestige in India

•World War I

•British knew Muslims did not want to fight against Turkey

•Promised that Khalifa shall be respected
•Turkish Empire shall be maintained
•Imprisoned leading Muslims in India
•Maulana Muhammad Ali Jauhar
•Maulana Shaukat Ali
•Treaty of Versailles almost destroyed Germany
•Lands Taken
•Army reduced
•Divided in two countries – Germany and Poland
•Loyd George
•British Prime Minister
•Wanted same fate for Turkey

•The Office of The Khalifa

•The Sultan of Turkey was considered Khalifa

•Leader of Islamic Community
•Had control of Mecca, Madina and Jerusalem
•Extremely important to Muslims

1.2 First Khilafat Conference

•November 1919
•Delhi
•Maulana brothers were main members
•Maulana Abul Kalam Azad from Congress also present
•Send delegation to English to maintain the Turkish Empire
•Gandhi also present
•Leader of Congress
•Idea of common opposition to the British
 •Policy of Non Cooperation was adopted
•Satyagraha adopted
•Jinnah believed India was not yet ready of self rule

1.3 Second Khilafat Conference

•Amritsar 1919
•League, Congress and Khilafat Movement to work together
•Gandhi take the lead role to convince British
•Maulana Abul Kalam just returned from Britain
•British were not convinced
•Lloyd George said Turkey would get terrible justice like others.

1.4 Non-Cooperation
•January 1920
•Viceroy asked to treat Turkey fairly
•February 1920
•Delegation sent to England
•Treaty of Sevres
•Empire split up
•Arabia made Independent
•Turkey’s possessions split up in Britain and France
•Greece also got part of it
•Turkey only had Istanbul and a little area around it in Europe now.
•22 June 1920
•Viceroy sent message
•If treaty applied, then non cooperation shall began on 1 August
•Great Enthusiasm by both Hindus and Muslims
•Resigning from local bodies
•Children taken back from government schools
•British goods and courts boycotted
•Refused to join the army
•Refused to contest elections
 1.5 Development
•Protest against British
•Great support across country
•British princes were met with strikes and demonstrations
•Prince of Wales came to Bombay in 1921
•53 people killed in rioting
•British threw more 30000 political prisoners in Indian jails to control the situation
•Communal ism set aside
•Protect and Spread Islam
•Western dresses and hair styles left
•India became dar ul harb
•Migration
•1920 August
•18000 Muslims
•Hijrat (religious migration) to Afghanistan
•Sold everything in India
•Afghan government did not welcome them and they were turned back
•They came back to even greater poverty as they had no homes or land now
•Lost enthusiasm for the Khilafat Movement

1.6 Decline and Failure of the Khilafat Movement

•8 July 1921
•Last conference in Bombay
•Khilafat leaders arrested
•Due to their sedition – Ali Brothers arrested
•August 1921
•Moplah rebellion against Hindu land lords and British
•South India
•4000/10000 Moplahs killed
•February 1922
•Chauri Chaura
•Gorakhpur District Village
•21 Policemen killed
 •For firing on a political rally
•Gandhi called off civil disobedience
•Arrested
•Imprisoned for 6 years
•1922
•Sultan lost political power in Turkey
•1924
•Mustafa Kamal Pasha Attaturk abolished the Khilafat
•Khalifa exiled
•Khilafat Movement ended because Turks themselves ended the Khilafat

1.7 Reasons for Failure

•More concerned about Khalifa than Turks themselves
•Wrong ideology
•Hijrat to Afghanistan proves it
•Hindu idea of self rule and Muslim idea of saving the Khalifa were two different approaches
•Jinnah said it was bound to fail
•Gandhi said that he demanded safety of cow in return for his support of the Khilafat
Movement
•Serious anti-British feeling
•Civil disobedience was a failure

1.8 Impact of Khilafat Movement

•Sowed seeds for Independence movement
•Muslims realize that joining together gave them political power
•They can demand their rights
•Muslims lost jobs, gave up education etc
•Hijrat failure to Afghanistan created economic issues for those involved.
•Issues between Hindu and Muslims such as communal rioting
•Two Nation Theory focused even more.
•Muslims needed their independent state
•Living with Hindus was not an option.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
.
 1.1 Government of India Act 1919
•Commission made after 10 years
•Conservative Government feared Labor party might give in to Indian demands
•Made the commission Earlier

1.2 Simon Commission

•1927
•7 man Committee
•Leadership of Sir John Simon
•Not even 1 Indian on the commission
•Indians felt insulted

Opposition
•December 1927
•Madras
•Congress decided to boycott the commission
•Protests to show disapproval
•Complete Independence asked for the first time
•All Party Conference
•Pundit Motilal Nehru chaired
•Nehru Report
•Dominion status for India immediately
•Federation System with 2 chamber parliament
•Universal Suffrage for lower house and provincial councils
•No Separate electorates
•Reserved seats for minorities at central government
•Hindu to be made the official language
•Presented May 1928
•Passed in September 1928
•Gandhi gave 1 year ultimatum
•If British failed to accept within a year, there shall be protests
•Nehru Report Rejected by Muslim
•Lucknow Pact was not followed
•21 January 1929
•All India Muslim League rejected the report
 •Jinnah proposed 4 points to make Nehru Report Acceptable
•⅓ of the representatives should be Muslims at Central level
•In Punjab and Bengal, Muslims should have representation according to their
population proportion
•Residuary powers with provinces
•NWFP and Sindh made complete provinces
•Congress rejected these proposals
•The parting of ways – Jinnah

1.3 14 Points
•January 1929
•Muslim league at Delhi
•Jinnah presented 14 points
•Although Muslims had many factions
•All agreed to 14 points as basis of negotiations
•Formally passed in March 1929

1.4 Declaration of Independence

•December 1929
•Lahore
•Jawaharlal Nehru selected president of Congress session
•Asked for full independence
•31 December
•River Ravi
•Indian flag raised by Nehru and supporters
•3 weeks later
•Gandhi’s declaration of Independence read across the nation

1.5 Salt March

•12th March 1930
•28 day March
•From Gandi’s Ahsram in Ahmedabad
 •To Dandi
•Highly reported in Newspapers
•Congress leaders arrested and press censorship imposed by the British
•Jinnah and Muslim League disapproved of it

1.6 Allahabad Sermon of Iqbal

•1930
•Allama Mohammad Iqbal
•Allahabad
•Asked for separate homeland of Muslims
•Named the places that are currently in Pakistan
•Did not name Kashmir and Bengal
•Practical application of Two Nation Theory

Importance of Allahabad Address

•First Muslim Political leader to ask for partition
•Inspired the Muslims who were confused of how to survive in Subcontinent
•Inspired other leaders like Jinnah and Chaudhry Rahmat Ali
•His poetry rose nationalistic feelings and guided.
•Especially the youth

1.7 Round Table Conferences

•Simon Report

•2 Volume
•1930
•Supported separate electorates
•Rejected ⅓ seats for Muslims in Central assembly
•Rejected Sindh’s separation from Bombay

•First Round Table Conference

•London
•November 1930
•Attended by most except Congress
 •No significant progress made without India’s largest party
•Princes to join future federation of rights protected
•Provincial representative government shall be introduced by the British

•Gandhi Irwin Pact

•Gandi met Irwin in February 1931

•Politicians like Churchill against it
•5 March 1931 Gandhi – Irwin Pact signed
•Political Prisoners shall be released
•Seized land shall be returned
•Non-Cooperation ended
•Demand for full independence ended
•If Indians get genuine say
•Will attend the Second Round Table Conference

•Second Round Table Conference

•September-December 1931
•London
•New Coalition Government in Britain was not interested in solving Indian issues
•Gandhi did not consider minority rights
•NWFP and Sindh shall be made provinces with governors
•British warned of imposing their own solution to Indian Problem if a compromise is not
reached

•The Communal Award – 1932

•16 August, 1932
•Separate Electorates to all minorities
•Population weight-age applied in seats reservation
•The award reduced Muslim majority in Punjab and Bengal;
•Still Muslim League decided to accept the award to for country’s betterment
•Congress rejected the award
•Gandhi protested British calling the Hindu untouchable sect as minority
 •Third Round Table Conference

•1932
•Lord Irwin replaced by hardliner Willington
•Congress leaders in jail due to non cooperation movement – formally restarted in
January 1932
•Congress boycotted the talks
•All major princes boycotted the talks
•Jinnah was not invited to the conference
•Aga Khan represented the Muslims
•Only 46 delegates
•No progress made

1.8 Government of India Act 1935

•March 1933
•White paper produced
•Consultation done with safe Indian delegates
•Introduced in parliament in December 1934
•Became law in August 1935
•Last major act before partition
•Federation system
•British Indian provinces
•Princes who opt in
•2 houses at central level
•Upper House called council of state
•156 British Indians and 104 Princely state members
•Lower house
•Assembly
•250 members from British India
•125 from Princely states
•Diarchy stopped at provinces
•Started at Central Government
•Reserved subjects were under governor-general
•He can appoint up to 3 Councillors
 •Provinces were given much autonomy
•Provincial ministers had much power
•Governors were told to follow ministers
•Governors had some special powers too
•Peace maintenance and minority protection
•NWFP, Orissa and Sindh made complete provinces
•Provincial governors can dismiss ministers and provincial governments if they
considered it necessary
•The Central Government issues were never addressed
•25 percent or less of India’s population were able to vote
•The act was highly unpopular
•Princes resented the loss of power
•Congress considered it the Charter of Slavery
•Jinnah disapproved of it too
•The act was important because parliamentary system was set up

1.9 Election
•Elections were held in January and February 1937
•Congress saw it as an opportunity to spread its ideas
•Jinnah was made the permanent president of Muslim League in 1934
•Muslim League now demanded self government
•More provincial autonomy
•Protection of minority rights

• Results

•Congress won absolute majority in 5 provinces

•Largest party in other 4
•Form ministries in these 9 provinces
•League got only 109/482 Muslim seats in Punjab, Bengal and Sindh

• Reasons and benefits

•Internal Split in league in 1930s

•Learned about election contesting
•Main support identified from Muslim minority areas where there was fear of Hindu rule
 •Correct the image that the party was of the rich and nobles

2.0 Congress Rule

•Congress had won a major victory
•Viceroy confirmed that governors would not interfere in provincial governments
•Congress allowed Muslims to form government in Muslim Majority areas only if they were
not fro the Muslim league

•Badne Matram Issue

•The song was not on official Congress policy

•It told Hindus to expel Muslims from the country
•It became a must sing before commence of official duties in assemblies daily

•Wardha Scheme

•Gandhi’s ideas about education

•Introduced by Congress
•Hindi, cotton spinning by hand and lack of religious education at schools became a
norm
•Bowing before Gandhi’s picture became a must
•An attempt to convert children to Hinduism

•Congress Tyranny

•Not OFFICIAL Congress policy

•Beef eating was forbidden
•Punishments on cow slaughtering
•Azaan forbidden
•Mosques attacked
•Namaz disrupted by processions
•Pigs pushed in mosques
•Unfair decision making if complaint made
•Anti Musim riots
•Attacks on Muslims
•Houses burnt
•Viceroy noticed this too
 •Tiranga Flag

•The Congress flag proposed to be the flag of India with No representation of Muslims

•Day of Deliverance

•22 December 1939

•Congress resigned from all provincial governments
•It was not consulted before declaring India is at war with Germany
•Celebration for the end of congress rule

2.1 Development of The Muslim league

•Congress rejected the idea of coalition with Muslim League
•October 1937 – focus on grass roots development
•Chief ministers of Bengal, Assam and Punjab joined the League
•Mid 1938 – Membership increased
•Nehru-Jinnah talks
•Nehru refused the idea that League was the sole representative of Muslims

2.2 The Pakistan Resolution

•Congress Rule had convinced Muslims they needed their own homeland
•British were soon to leave India
•22 March 1940
•Maulvi Fazl Ul Haq
•Premier of Bengal
•Regions where Muslims were numerically a majority to be grouped in autonomous status
•Passed on 23 March
•Also called Lahore resolution

2.3 Cripps Mission

•March 1942
•Sir Stafford Cripps
•Senior Cabinet Member
•Indian Union with dominion status
•Provinces can opt out too
 •Constituent Assembly making a new constitution after the war
•Elections immediately after the war ends
•Rejected by league
•No reference to Pakistan
•Opting out of Union was a good idea
•Congress rejected as they wanted immediate control

2.4 Quit India Resolution

•May 1942
•Allahabad
•Gandhi argued that Japanese threatened India because British were here
•8 August 1942
•Quit India Resolution passed
•All India Congress Committee
•Non-violent protests
•Gandhi Nehru and other Congressmen arrested within 2 days
•Rioting continued
•Thousands of lives were lost in extreme British measures to maintain peace
•Muslim League rejected it as Congress was just blackmailing the British

2.5 Gandhi Jinnah Talks

•Gandhi released from prison May 1944
•September 1944
•Gandhi and Jinnah met at Jinnah’s House, Bombay
•Failed
•Jinnah wanted Pakistan to be confirmed before British left. Gandhi told to wait after
British left
•Jinnah wanted provinces to have control of defence and foreign policy. Gandhi
rejected this
•Jinnah kept reminding Gandhi that he was just the representative of Congress, not
the Muslims
•Gandhi rejected 2 Nation Theory
•Congress was finally seeing League as a representative of the Muslims
 2.6 Simla Conference
•Simla
•June 1945
•Lord Wavell proposed an Executive council should be set up
•Same constitution – GOI Act 1935
•Equal number of Muslims and Hindus
•Completely Indian
•Only Non Indian Viceroy and Defence Minister
•Jinnah, Khawaja Nazimmudin and Liaquat Ali Khan for League
•Gandhi along with Abul Kalam Azad – Congress President
•To show Muslims were represented by Congress also
•Executive Council was agreed
•Equal Muslim and Hindus means Hindus can team with Sikhs etc to dominate Muslims
•League should be the only one allowed to nominate Muslims
•Won every by election since 1943
•14 July
•Conference ended

2.7 Elections 1945 – 1946

•Labor Party came to power in Britain
•Executive Council to be set up with main Indian parties of 1945 Elections
•Congress claimed to represent all Indians
•Wanted Undivided India
•Muslim League campaigned for separate Muslim homeland
•Results came in December 1945
•League won 87 Percent of Muslim vote
•All Muslim seats in Centrall Legislative Assembly
•Most seats in provincial elections
•Controlled Bengal, Sindh
•Largest party in Punjab
•Congress took 91 percent of non Muslim vote
•Took control of 8 provinces
•Won 2 more Muslim seats in NWFP then League
•Muslim League’s Performance was better in 1937
 •Learned from 1937 and campaigned better
•Congress Tyranny rule convinced Muslims that League was the only hope
•Pakistan resolution and Communal violence had changed the position of Muslims

2.8 Cabinet Mission Plan

•March 1946
•3 Man delegation
•Lord Pathick Lawrence
•Sir Stafford Cripps
•A.V. Alexander
•24 March 1946 – Arrived In New Delhi
•Jinnah wanted Pakistan first
•Then any Central Agency of India and Pakistan
•Congress against Pakistan
•Proposal of Cabinet Mission
•Interim Government
•Help British Withdraw
•All India Commission made from elected members
•Make decisions about partition
•Final Plan in May 1946
•Rejected Pakistan
•3 Parts of India
•Hindu Majority Areas
•Western Muslim Majority Areas
•Bengal and Assam
•Local Autonomy
•Indian Union to decide foreign affairs, defence and communication
•League accepted it
•Congress said it wont follow the plan after British left
•League felt threatened too
•Plan dropped
 2.9 Direct Action Day
•If British left with Indians to solve their issues
•Hindus would dominate the Muslims
•Show of Muslim solidarity
•July 1946 – final struggle against British and Congress
•16 August 1946
•Direct Action Day
•Many places peaceful protest
•Rioting in Culcutta led to 4000 dead
•Great Culcutta killing

3.0 Final issues before Independence

•Nehru appointed members to Executive Council
•League asked for Congress to accept that only League had the right to nominate Muslim
members
•Congress did not agree
•The council was started on 2 September 1945 with only Congress members
•League later appointed 5 members
•Jinnah nominated Hindu to show that League is not ANTI Hindu
•Election between July and December 1946
•9 December first meeting
•League members refused to attend
•Congress asked for League to resign or they would

•3 June Plan

•February 1947 – British will leave India before June 1948

•Less time given for settlements so less disagreement
•Mountbatten sent
•Rioting in Punjab – March 1947
•India on verge of civil war
•March 1947 – Mountbatten came to India
•The plan
•India and Pakistan – 2 states to be made
•Starting Constitution is Government of India act 1935
•Can make own constitution
 •Dominion Status
•Muslim Majority Provinces can decide between India and Pakistan
•Sindh – Balochistan decided Pakistan
•Bengal and Punjab decided Pakistan
•Muslim minority parts remain in India
•NWFP joined Pakistan after referendum
•Sylhet in Assam joined Pakistan

•4 June

•British would leave India on 15 August 1947

•Issues
•Boundaries between India and Pakistan
•Princely State Issue
•Prince going against the wishes of people
•Division of assets
•Jinnah to be governor general of Pakistan
•Pakistan’s relation with Britain

3.1 Radcliffe Award

•Boundary Commission
•Headed by Sir Cyril Radcliffe
•Had assistants – 2 each from League and Congress
•Also called Bounday Award
•Calcutta given to India – Had Muslim Majority neighboring areas
•All Industry of East Bengal was in Culcutta
•Ferozpur and Gurdaspur Given to India
•Ferozepur was originally given to Pakistan
•Mountbatten forced the commission to give it to India
•This gave Indians the Kashmir border
•17 August 1947
•Sikhs wanted a separate state in Punjab
•Hindus were unhappy that Chittagong Hill Tracts were given to Pakistan
 3.2 Independence Act
•15 July 1947
•Also called the Indian Independence Act
•15 August 1947 – 2 Dominion States India and Pakistan set up
•Can pass any law
•GOI Act 1935 interim constitution
•Ends when states make their own
•14 August 1947 – Pakistan created

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…

1.1 Mohammad Ali Jinnah

Basic
•He was born on 25th December , 1876 in Karachi
•He had the background of a Gujrati Khoja family
•He played a main part in bringing about an agreement with the British
•He played an integral role in the creation of Pakistan and the Pakistan Movement
•He was the first Governor general of Pakistan
•He was a very capable scholar and at the age of 15 went to London to study law

What he believed?
•After he returned to Karachi in 1897 , he became a strong supporter of the Hindu-Muslim
unity. He strongly believed that :
•The two groups should cooperate with one another therefore he joined both the Muslim
league and the Indian national congress.
•That the two parties should negotiate to bring about an agreement this is the reason
why he signed the Lucknow pact in 1916.
•In order to bring about independence the Hindu and Muslim communities should
cooperate
•He was such a strong supporter of the Hindu Muslim unity in the starting years that he
disapproved of the radical Hindu approach that Gandhi started in the congress so he left the
congress party in 1921. He said that this approach would :
•Divide the communities
•Destroy the healthy relationship that had been built between the two.
•He also strongly opposed the civil disobedience campaign (Khilafat Movement which
Gandhi supported )
 His work
•Jinnah said that the Nehru report asked the Muslims to make unacceptable sacrifices
therefore he rejected the Nehru report.
•He described the Nehru report as ‘The parting of the ways’ in answer to it he gave his 14
points that were issued in 1929. These 14 points called for :
•Federal government in India
•Separate Electorates for the Muslims
•1/3rd of the seats to be reserved for Muslims in any Central Assembly
•The 14 points made the future discussions possible and also made a ground for the
Muslims.
•In 1930 he represented the Muslims in the Round table conferences in London.
•After the defeat of the Muslims in the 1937 elections he reorganized the party from grass
roots as a result by 1938 the party had grown tremendously and was well structured for the
1945 election.
•He also supported the Lahore resolution.
•By 1939 he was a undisputed leader of the Muslim community.
•Muhammad Ali Jinnah played a crucial role in establishing the new country.
•He made sure that Pakistan not only came into existence but prospered despite of all
the efforts that the Indian Politicians made to make its survival difficult.

His role as a leader

•As he held the post of a Governor general he had little authority or very few duties to
perform ( Ceremonial Position )
•The Quaid -e- Azam then took the role of a Chief Executive in the newly formed state and
held cabinet meetings and also played a role as the president of the Constituent assembly.

His role in building the nation

•He worked towards establishing unity among the people in the state.
•In order to create a nation he stressed that it was important for the people to work together
and even out the differences among them such as the differences among the people of east
and west Pakistan or the differences among the people of Punjab , Bengal etc.
•He practiced religious intolerance in the new state as there were millions of non-Muslims
living in the Muslim territory.
•He told the the Muslims to practice equality and justice towards the non Muslims and if they
wanted to live in the Muslim area they must be allowed to live there peacefully.
•He set up the Relief fund to settle the refugees.
•He helped the country gain recognition by securing its membership in the UNO in
September 1947.
 His role in building the government
•He set up an administration that made decisions regarding the problems. This
administration :
•Appointed Liaquat Ali khan as the prime minister .
•Karachi became the capital of Pakistan.
•In order to make the administration matters easier a civil service was formed and rules
were written.
•He made sure that the government officials had the right attitude to work. He ensured that
they worked with national spirit ( considered themselves as the servants of the people not
the rulers )

Building an economy
•He established the state bank of Pakistan on 1st July 1948 to support and develop the
economy.
•The need for the building of industries was made clear in his Industrial Policy Statement in
1948.
•He made an agreement with India over the Canal water dispute which was a threat to
Pakistan’s agriculture if remained unsolved.

Establishing National Security

•As Pakistan have poor military equipment the Quaid worked to ensure that the country
defended itself properly. He did so by :
•Offering temporary commissions and using British officers
•He gave the army confidence despite of it being ill equipped it performed well in the
Kashmir dispute.

Conclusion
•Quaid died on 11th September 1948.
•By the time of his death the new government had been formed and everything including the
administration was in place.

1.2 Allama Mohammad Iqbal

Basic
•Allama Iqbal was born in Sialkot in Northern Punjab in 1877
•Before studying Philosophy at Cambridge University and practicing law he gained a masters
degree from government college Lahore.
•He was also a poet and took inspiration from the holy Quran.
 His work
•His work on poetry made the British realize him in 1922
•The purpose of his poetry was to awaken the Muslims to work together towards the nation
and improve their position in the society
•He earned the title of ‘The Philosopher Poet ‘ as a result of his love for philosophy and the
many book on poetry that he wrote.
•He also played the role of a politician and urged the Muslims to struggle for the
establishment of the new country.
•His poetry made it clear that he was totally against the British rule in India and urged the
Muslims for a separate homeland via his poetry.
•In 1926 Allama Iqbal was elected in the Punjab Assembly and started handling new laws
very well.
•In 1920 after the failure of the RTCs he believed that the only solution was partition.
•He also believed that in order to ensure partition it was important to make the Muslim
League a powerful party in the subcontinent.
•He held the All India Muslim League meeting in Allahabad in this meeting he made the
address asking for a separate Muslim homeland.

Importance
•He was known as ‘The architect of Pakistan’ as he paved the way for a separate homeland.
•His poetry created a sense of Patriotism in the Muslims.
•He was the first National poet of Pakistan
•His Allahabad address gave Muslims the political autonomy for the first time.

Conclusion
•He died in 1938 and was buried outside the Badshahi mosque.
•Although he didn’t live to see Pakistan but his poetry set an example for the Muslims and
the politicians as it proved to be a great guide

1.3 Rahmat Ali

Basic
•He was born in 1897 in Punjab
•He went to Islamia College in Lahore.
•He completed his degree in 1918 and then practiced law
•He received his masters degree from Cambridge University
 Work
•During the RTCs he persuaded the Muslim leaders to demand for a separate homeland.
•In 1933 he along with his 3 other companion wrote a pamphlet called ‘No or never’ to the 30
million Muslims of the west.
•The pamphlet had a very great influence as it was the first direct call for a separate
homeland.
•He provided the name for the separate homeland ‘Pakistan’
•In 1933 he formed the Pakistan national Movement to campaign for the idea of a separate
homeland
•He published a piece of work entitled ‘Pakistan the fatherland of the Pak nation ‘ which
included all the writings regarding the subject of a separate homeland for Muslims.

Importance
•He was the first one to give an idea of a separate Homeland.
•He provided us with the name of Pakistan.
•His pamphlet ‘ Now or Never ‘ had a very strong influence on other politicians.

Conclusion
•He died in Cambridge in 1951 and was buried in the local cemetery.
•He is still remembered as the person who named Pakistan.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

1.1 Geographical Problems

•Pakistan divided in East and West Pakistan with more than 1000 miles of Indian territory in
between
•Differences in almost everything

1.2 Political Problems

•India had infrastructure
•Indian had officials from Congress who had the experience to take political offices
•Pakistan’s politicians were mostly inexperienced land owners
•Distance between East and West Pakistan made management difficult
•Most population in East Pakistan – Most officials from West Pakistan
•Quaid had tuberculosis
 •He worked hard to ensure Pakistan survived

1.3 Economic Problems

•Pakistan was made up of poor and less developed areas
•Karachi was a major city
•Much of Pakistan had not benefited from industrialization
•Only 8 big towns
•Primarily agrarian country
•Jute was a major export produced in East Pakistan
•Not even a single Jute Mill in East Pakistan in 1947
•Got a very small share of India’s wealth

1.4 Social Problems

•Not one single nation
•Divided in 5 distinct communities
•Different cultures and lifestyles
•Language was a major issue
•Bengal and Balochistan had doubts on accepting Pakistan over the language issue

1.5 Princely State Issue

•462 Princely states to choose between India and Pakistan
•Most did according to region and religion
•Northern states joined Pakistan
•Gilgit and Kalat also joined Pakistan – but army help needed
•Bahawalpur joined Pakistan
•Sylhet joined Pakistan

•Hyderabad
•Largest princely state
•Extreme;y wealthy
•Nizam wanted dominion status
•Nizam was Muslim – so decided Pakistan
•India pressurized the Nizam
•Entered treaty of defence with India
•August 1948 – Hyderabad filed with UNO
 •India occupied

•Junagadh

•Coastal state
•300 miles away from Karachi
•Prince decided to join Pakistan
•Junagadh blockaded
•November 1947 Indians occupied it
•Issue pending in UNO

•Kashmir

•Jammu and Kashmir – largest state

•Had important borders
•Muslim majority – Raja Hindu – Hari Singh
•Wanted to get independence
•Started driving Muslims out in September 1947
•Muslims rebelled
•India supported Raja in return for joining India
•Pakistan supported Muslims
•January 1948 – UNO involved
•Ceasefire agreed and Kashmir divided between India and Pakistan
•India got most of it
•Including Srinagar
•Referendum to be held once issue normalizes
•Never held by Indians
•Still an issue

1.6 Asset Division Issue

•Assets divided between India and Pakistan at the ratio of 17 to 5
•Pakistan was to be paid 750 Million of 4 Billion Total money in Indian reserve bank
•200 Million paid
•Fighting started in Kashmir
•No more payment until Gandhi threatened hunger strike
 •Paid 500 million more
•Armed forces divided between India and Pakistan at 36 % to Pakistan and 64 Percent to
India
•Muslim regiments went to Pakistan
•Pakistani army had lack of trained officers
•Forced to take British officers
•No ordinance factory in Pakistan
•Indian paid 60 million
•Pakistan established an ordinance factory at Wah
•Military supplies were old and worn out
•Seriously under equipped army

1.7 Canal Water Dispute

•Canal irrigation required for agriculture to survive in West Pakistan
•Headworks were in the new India
•Bari Doab canal issue
•International Court of Justice help asked
•May 1948 – temporary solution
•Water flow restarted by India
•Pakistan told to find alternate supplies soon

1.8 Refugee Crisis

•Huge rioting in Summer 1947
•Millions of people moved to either side to live in the right country
•10 million people moved between India and Pakistan by January 1948
•Most leaving all their possessions behind
•Local authorities at times sponsored violence
•Large massacres
•Even troops attacking Muslims
•Violence also by Muslims
•1 million at least died
•20 million almost left homeless
•September 1947 – Martial Law declared in Delhi to stop massacre of Muslims
•Although India and Pakistan started to cooperate to solve the refugee issue – the issue still
remained
 1.1 Khawja Nazimuddin 1948-51
•14 September 1948
•Nazimuddin became Governor General of Pakistan
•Liaquat Ali Khan was given an active role in running the country

•Objectives Resolution

•In Pakistan Governor General had been a much more important office than the prime
minister under Quaid E Azam
•Basic Principles Committee was set up to decide the principles for the new constitution
•25 Members
•Presented Objectives Resolution on 12 March 1949
•Democracy and Equality important for constitution
•Muislims should be able to practice Islam
•Minorities must be able to practice their religions
•Protection from injustice
•Fundamental Rights must be guaranteed
•Legal system should work independently from the government
•Tried to counter Ulema’s views of Pakistan not being based on Shariat
•Draft constitution presented on 28 September 1950
•Equal powers to both houses
•President elected by joint session
•Urdu as official language
•Criticism
•East Pakistan had greater population than West Pakistan
•Resented Bengali not being made the official language
•Provinces not happy on more power at federal level
•Not sufficiently Islamic
•More consideration decided to be given

•Public and Representative Officers Disqualification Act

•Debarring those misconducting in public office
•Complains can be made to Governor General or Provincial Governors
•Can ask for enquiry by judges
 •Designed to remove corruption
•Became a tool for elites to remove those they did not like

•Liaquat Nehru Pact

•Minority safety guaranteed by both sides
•Free passage stopped across border
•Visa system introduced
•India Occupied Hyderabad
•UNO made ceasefire between India and Pakistan over Kashmir on 5 January 1948

•Military Issue

•January 1951
•Sir Douglas Gracey replaced by General Ayub Khan as the Commander in Chief of
Pakistan army.

•Rawalpindi Conspiracy

•March 1951
•Unhappy army officers panned a coup
•Ayub khan found out and imprisoned them
•Major General Akbar Khan – Chief of General Staff was also involved
•15 people in total
•Liaquat Ali Khan assassinated on 16 October 1951
•Buried in Rawalpindi
•Given title – Shaheed e Millat

1.2 Ghulam Muhammad 1951-1955

•Civil Servant – became Finance Minister later
•Became Governor General – Nazimuddin became Prime Minister
•Six Year Plan
•Planning commission – set in 1950
•Gave 6 Year Plan in 1951
•Planning Board set in 1953 for review
•Gave draft 5 year plan to follow 6 year plan in 1956
•Jute processing plant opened in Narayanganj
•Sui Natural Gas Reserves found
 •Drought from 1951-53
•Rioting in many cities
•Jute export declined after the Koren War in 1953
•April 1953 – US donated 1 million tons of wheat to Pakistan
•Ahmedis Issue
•Ahmedis were protested to resign from office
•Included Zafarullah Khan
•Foreign Minister
•Martial Law had to be imposed

•Constitution

•22 December 1952

•Revised report of Basic Principles Committee
•Head of state must be Muslim
•Equal members form East and West Pakistan
•Representation for Religious minorities
•Cabinet was responsible to National Assembly
•Head of state choose committee of Islamic specialists to ensure conformity of law
•Official Language decided by Assembly
•Dismissed Nazimuddin – 17 April 1953
•Nazimuddin could not handle the rioting

•Appointed Mohammad Ali Bogra

•Asked for foreign aid

•April 1953
•US, Australia and Canada
•Sending million tons of wheat to Pakistan
•Set the Planning Board to produce 5 year plan
•Established CENTO

•21 September 1954

•Ghulam Muhammad was abroad

•NA passed law
•Ministers must be assembly members
•Assembly approves cabinet
 •Governor General must take advice of ministers
•Law passed within 15 minutes
•PRODA repealed
•Next week – Ghulam Mohammad dismissed Bogra and declared emergency
•Reappointed Bogra
•5 Non assembly members in cabinet
•Included Ayub Khan
•Maulvi Tamizuddin contested this in Sindh High Court
•February 1955 – he won the case
•10 May 1955 – Federal Court reversed the decision in Ghulam Muhammad’s favor
•21 June 1955 – new assembly elected
•Met for the first time on 7 July
•August 1955
•Ghulam Muhammad Resigned
•Iskander Mirza gained power

1.3 Iskander Mirza

•Non NA member of Ghulam Mohammad’s cabinet
•Dismissed Mohammad Ali Bogra
•Made him ambassador to America
•Appointed Chaudry Muhammad Ali
•Finance Minister
•As the new prime minister

•1956 Constitution

•29 February 1956

•Enforced on 23 March
•Made compromise between Muslim League and United Front
•United Front left demand for equal seats
•Left demand for full provincial autonomy
•Bengal was made one of the official languages
•Governor General became the President
•Lasted only 2 Years
 •One Unit Policy

•November 1954
•Bogra gave the idea of 1 single West Pakistan instead of states and provinces
•5 October 1955
•One Unit Policy order passed
•Iskander said this would create more unity
•In reality this was to prevent East Pakistan having a majority in the Assembly
•Both East and West Pakistan had problems with the scheme
•Chief Minister of Sindh dismissed
•Bahawalpur and Khairpur state assemblies dissolved
•14 October 1955 One Unit Scheme implemented
•Karachi Airport was completed in 1955
•Railway was modernized
•Telephone system was expanded
•Government exaggerated its work in the education and health sector
•East Pakistan Issue
•12 September 1956
•Muhammad Ali resigned
•Replaced by Hussain Shaheed Suhrawardy
•From East Pakistan
•Suhrawardy resigned after 1 year
•He did not like being puppet prime minister
•Dismissed in October 1957
•Mirza refused to test his popularity in the assembly
•18 October 1947
•Ibrahim Ismail Chundrigar replaced Suhrawardy
•Feroze Khan Noon made prime minister
•Large Cabinet
•Elections of 1957 were postponed
•Martial Law on 7th October 1958
•Iskander Mirza as president
•Suhrawardy was planning against him with politicians from Punjab and Bengal
•Ayub Khan became Chief Martial Law Administrator
•Ayub Khan became Prime Minister on 24 October 1958
 •27th October
•Iskander Mirza resigned and exiled to London
•Military Rule in Pakistan

1.4 Field Marshal Mohammad Ayub Khan 1958-1969

•1959

•Basic Democracies
•26 October 1959
•4 tier system
•People election Union council members
•Union council members elected district and divisional members
•1962 Constitution
•80000 basic democrats will elect president and central and provincial legislatures
•95 % Basic democrats gave vote of confidence to Ayub Khan at the end of 1959
•17 February 1960
•Ayub Khan confirmed as president

•1962 Constitution

•1 March 1962
•President could be removed only by impeachment
•President selected the cabinet from national assembly
•President nominated judicial heads
•President selected provincial governors
•Provincial governors selected provincial cabinets
•President approval must for law passing
•No debate
•Martial law ended
•Political parties restored
•Ruling elite became most powerful through basic democrats
•East Pakistan unhappy over lack of power so steps taken for their happiness
•Urdu and Bengali both as national languages
 •NA session both in Dhaka and Islamabad
•President and Speaker must be from different wings

•1965 Elections
•Convention Muslim League
•Nominated Ayub Khan
•Opposition supported Fatima Jinnah
•Ayub Khan won 64 percent votes
•Fatime Jinnah won 36 percent
•20 people killed in rioting in Dhakka and Karachi
•Elections were claimed to be rigged

•Decade of Development
•Period of 1958-1968
•Agricultural reforms
•No farm smaller than 12.5 acres
•No irrigated farm larger than 500 acres
•No unirrigated farm larger than 1000 acres
•Food output increased
•3 major dams built
•Loans to farmers
•For wells building
•All this called the Green Revolution
•Mechanization was only affordable by big land owners

•Industrial Reforms

•Loans from West

•1962
•Oil Refinery in Karachi
•Mineral Development Corporation
•Mineral deposits exploration
•RCD – Regional Cooperation for Development made with Iran and Turkey
•Export Bonus Scheme for exporters
•GDP increase was 7 percent in 1960s
 •Thrice bigger than India
•Most of the benefits were reaped by the 22 big families of Pakistan
•Most from West Pakistan
•East Pakistan angered
•Foreign Aid dependency was increasing

•Social and Educational Reforms

•New Text books and Curriculum
•Schools built
•Rehabilitation Minister
•Azam Khan
•Settled 75000 refugees in Karachi
•Factory owners were required to provide accommodation to workers at
reasonable rent
•Quality was not specified
•Family Planning Programme
•Funded by American Loan
•Not very successful
•Medical facilities improved

•Capital

•Islamabad was selected as the new capital in 1959

•October 1961 construction started
•26 October 1966 first building occupied by government
•1967 Islamabad officially declared capital in 1967
•Word continued till mid 1970s
•92900 Sq meters in Secretariat Blocks
•8 zones of the city
•With different sectors and facilities

•Ayub’s last days

•India Pakistan war of 1965 regarding Kashmir

•Ayub’s government provoked the war
•Tashkent Treaty had no reference to solution of Kashmir issue
•Foreign Minister Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto blamed for war loss
 •He became major opposer of Ayub
•Dissatisfaction in 1968
•October 1968
•Student protest in West Pakistan
•Assassination attempt on Ayub in Peshawar
•Arrested politicians
•More protests
•Democratic Action Committee formed in January 1969 against Ayub by 8
opposition parties
•Proper elections and autonomy for East Pakistan
•17 February 1969
•Political leaders freed
•Emergency powers withdrawn
•Many Basic Democrats resigned
•25 March 1969 he resigned
•Handed power to Yahya khan

1.5 Yahya Khan

•Basic Democracy ended
•Proper Elections would be help
•One Unit ended
•Democracy on 1 man 1 vote tried to bring back
•1962 constitution ended
•January 1970
•Political activity resumed
•October 1970 Elections postponed due to flooding in East Pakistan
•Held on December 7 1970
•Based on 1 man 1 vote

1.1 Social and Cultural Issues

•Capital was in West Pakistan
•Majority of people in East Pakistan
•Urdu was made National Language when these people spoke Bengali
•1952 students protest
•State Language Day
 •21 February
•Police measures resulted in several deaths in East Pakistan
•Situation improved a little when Bengali was recognized as one of the official languages in
1956
•Culture was different
•1000 miles apart from each other
•Idea of West Pakistan being superior to East prevalent in West Pakistan

1.2 Economic Issues

•East Pakistan poorer than West Pakistan
•Poverty
•Most government measures supported West Pakistan
•Jute was major export which was from East Pakistan
•However average earning and wealth gap between East and West Pakistan increased
•East Pakistan’s economic situation fell while West Pakistan’s improved
•Resources were being transferred from East to West Pakistan
•Defence spending protected West Pakistan more
•In health and education – East Pakistan had also been not favored

1.3 Political Issues

•PM and Governor generals mostly from West Pakistan although East Pakistan a majority in
the Assembly
•Same issue with senior position in army and civil service
•High ranking officials in Dhaka were mainly from West Pakistan

1970 flooding
•12 November 1970
•500000 people died in East Pakistan cyclone
•Government support from West Pakistan was slow.
•Government exaggerated its relief activities
•India offered help but government refused it
•Angered East Pakistanis
•Transport by air through India would have been much more effective
 1.4 Election Results
•Main contestants
•PPP by Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto
•Awami League by Sheikh Mujib ur Rahman
•Awami League campaigned for fairness in government expenditure and provincial
autonomy
•It campaigned on the Six Point Agenda
•It won 160 seats in the national assembly
•PPP won only 81 seats
•Awami League was in position to form government and enforce its agenda
•Awami League manifesto included provinces having control of foreign exchange they earn
from trade
•Would reduce funds to central government in West Pakistan

1.5 Yahya’s steps

•Mujib was called next president of Pakistan in 1971
•He wanted Mujib to nor form the government
•Not to limit powers of central assembly
•February 1971
•Bhutto threatened PPP not attending the assembly unless Mujub shared power
•1 March 1971
•Yahya postponed the Assembly’s first meeting due on 3rd March
•Massive protests started in East Pakistan
•General Tikka Khan made CMLA (Chief Martial Law Administrator)
•15 March 1971 Yahya and Bhutto met Mujib
•Yahya and Bhutto left Dhakka on 25 and 26 March respectively

1.6 Operation Searchlight and The Consequences

•Designed to end Bengali nationalism
•Awami league was presented as a threat to Pakistan
•Bengalis and Hindus were treated with harshness
•Thousands of bengalis murdered
•Mujib arrested
•Army took control of East Pakistani towns and cities
•26 March 1971 – Begalis declared on radio the formation of Sovereign People’s Republic of
Bangladesh
•Yahya was supported in West Pakistan
•Bhutto said that Pakistan has been saved
•Civil war was inevitable
•31 March
•India declared support of Bengalis
•Trained a rebel force called Mukti Bahini
•High Commission of India and Pakistan were closed in each other’s countries
•April 1971 army was in firm control of East Pakistan
•August 1971
•Russia signed treaty of Peace, Friendship and Commerce with India so likely to help
India in war
•USA and China might not do so
•Told Yahya to negotiate
•He did not comply
•21 November 1971 Mukti Bahini captured Jessore
•29 November 1971 East Pakistan announced its members of provincial government

1.7 Breaking up of Bangladesh

•3 December
•PAF attacked India
•4 December India full fledged attacked East Pakistan
•6 December India recognized Bangladesh
•2 weeks – Indian forces were outside Dhakka
•UN tried to end the war
•Bhutto attended the talks
•USSR was ready to support India – US was not ready to do same for Pakistan
•Army surrendered in East Pakistan within a week after this
•Mukti Bahini carried out mass massacres of Pakistan’s supporters
•Pakistanis killed professional Bengalis to weaken the new Bangladesh in the end of the war
•90000 prisoners of war taken by India
•East Pakistanis wanted independence
•Pakistani allies were not very supportive
•20 December 1971 Bhutto replaced Yahya
•21 December 1971 Republic of Bangladesh came into being
•2 weeks later Mujib was released
•10 January 1972 Mujib became the first prime minister of Bangladesh

1.1 Army control

•Removed 29 most important army leaders in first 4 months
•Including head of air force and commander in chief
•General Tikka Khan made chief of Army Staff
•FSF – Federal Security Force in October 1972
•Government controlled military

1.2 Simla Agreement

•2 July 1972
•Bhutto and Indira Gandhi
•Prisoners of war returned
•Kashmir issue shall never be taken to international forums
•Army dependence reduced
•International reputation improved
•Increased popularity by bringing back prisoners

1.3 Constitution

•April 1972
•Martial Law ended
•Assembly based on 1970 voting
•April 1973
•Constitution decided
•14 August 1973
•New constitution based much on 1956 constitution became law

• 2 houses

•Senate and assembly

•Assembly elected for 5 years
•Senate equal members from all 4 provinces
•Leader of majority party shall become prime minister
•Prime minister shall select cabinet
•President became ceremonial post
•Presidential orders had to be approved by prime minister
•Pakistan became Islamic Republic
 •Both president and prime minister must be Muslims
•Pakistan became a federal state
•Provinces had their assembly
•Universal adult suffrage introduced
•Provincial leadership an be changed only by 75 percent or more majority vote in
national assembly
•Basic human rights guaranteed
•Bhutto became prime minister
•Chaudhry Fazal Elahi became president

1.4 Party Politics

•PPP largest in Punjab, Sindh and National Assembly

•NWFP and Balochistan under National Awami Party and Jamia e Ulema e Islam
•27 April 1972

•Coalition signed
•Provincial governors appointed after agreement of provincial assembly
•NAP/JUI will support PPP in National assembly
•Can have free hand in provinces
•Did not work out much as after 1 year the governors of NWFP and Balochistan
dismissed – along with the Balochistan government
•Army involvement required to put down an uprising that took 5 years
•April 1974
•Government could limit press freedom
•Ban threatening political parties

•Laws passed in 1975

•Security forces can detain suspects

•No right to bail for FSF prisoners
•Political opponents beaten by FSF
•J.A. Rahim seriously beaten by FSF
 1.5 Reforms

•Industrial Reforms

•Inflation needed to be reduced from 25 percent

•Nationalization of industries

•Federal Ministry for Production took control

•To help invest in industrialization

•Raise living standards
•Worker unions
•Reduce inequalities in wealth
•Create money to support other government reforms
•Increase PPP popularity in urban areas

•Issues

•Capable people being replaced by inexperienced civil servants

•Federal Ministry had a huge burden
•Problems created by corruption and bureaucracy
•Global recession
•Inflation reduced to 6% in 1976

•Agricultural reforms

•Land Ownership reforms

•250 acres of irrigated land

•500 acres of unirrigated land
•Gave people chance to build own farms
•Landowners transferred land to extended family
•Transferred to tenants and leased back
•Bribery and personal influence to avoid the law

•Security of tenants

•Tenants given first right to purchase land if landowner sells it

•Mass eviction of tenants before the reform
 •Tenants could not stand up to landowners
•Bribery and influence used

•Educational Reforms

•Made 8 points as their targets

•Problems

•Administration not available

•Only 13% budget for education
•Rural people saw education of their children as a decline for family income.
•Nationalized schools could not maintain standard of education
•Time needed for change

•Health and Social reforms

•Health Scheme

•Rural health Centres and Basic Health Units established

•Doctors and nurses training colleges
•First year to work as per government direction
•Branded medicines banned – Medical name selling allowed
•Cost of medicines decreased
•Can be taken without prescription from any pharmacy
•Shortage of doctors
•Medical companies left Pakistan

•Administrative Reforms

•Modern CSP needed

•Unified pay scales and smaller number of levels
•People could now join at any level
•Opponents complained that this was a method to give high posts to followers

1.6 Election 1977

•PNA – Pakistan National Alliance – 9 opposition parties combined against PPP

•Wanted Islamic Law implementation
•Government limited public meetings to 5 people to prevent PNA from gaining support
 •PPP gained landslide victory
•154 seats
•PNA got 38 only
•Accusations of rigging
•One occasion the result was announced before counting started
•PNA organized protests
•FSF used to stop them
•Election reconducted in some areas
•Islamic laws passed like banning gambling, restriction of alcohol and banning Friday as
holiday
•19 April – declared state of emergency
•Martial law imposed
•10000 political prisoners by June
•5 July
•Operation Fairplay
•Army coup
•All major politicians arrested at at night
•COAS General Mohammad Zia Ul Haq took control of Pakistan

1.7 Zia ul Haq

•5 July 1977 came to power

•Martial Law announced 7 July
•Accused Bhutto of corruption and mismanagement of government
•Had no evidence

1.8 Bhutto’s fate

•Released him at end of july

•Bhutto wanted to re assert his power
•Re arrested on 3 September
•4 people including Bhutto accused of killing a politician using FSF
•Zia had become president in September 1978
•Bhutto was trialed for 2 years and then sentenced to death
•Zia did not change it to life imprisonment
•Bhutto was hanged on 4 April 1979
•Zia used this as a show of his strength as a leader
•Created good relations between Balochi leaders and government
•Started development projects in Balochistan
•Disbanded FSF in November 1977
 •Accused Bhutto’s government of corruption

1.9 Islamization

•Postponed elections
•Countered Bhutto’s socialistic measures by calling them unislamic
•Got support of Jamaat e Islami which was powerful in politics and military
•Fought Pagan communists in Afghanistan (Russia)
•1979

•Federal Shariat Court set up

•5 judges
•1 chairman
•3 ulema
•Unislamic principles and laws can be repealed
•The last court as court of appeal

•1977

•Hudood Ordinance
•Islamic punishments for drinking, theft, gambling and adultery
•Blasphemy laws were introduced
•Interest tried to be replaced with profit
•June 1980 Zakat Ordinance of 2.5% tax on wealth or saving over a certain value
•Shia protested in Islamabad in 1984
•Were exempted from the Zakat tax
•Ushr ordinance
•5 percent tax on agricultural income
•Islamiat and Pakistan Studies made compulsory in schools and colleges
•Hafiz e Quran given extra marks in civil service exams
•Arabic language promoted on radio and television
Discrimination against women

•Hudood ordinance and Qanun e Shahadat reduced women’s legal status

•Women Action Forum created

Religious Issues

•Summia Shia conflict increased

•Ahmadis were banned from posing themselves as muslims
•Ahmadi public worship was considered criminal
 2.0 Afghanistan Miracle

•25 December 1979

•Soviet Union attacked Afghanistan
•West started supporting General Zia
•High support to Pakistan
•Pakistan became a leading nation in global politics
•Effective Military established
•Became Second largest supplier of military manpower in the developing word
•1985
•50000 Pakistanis serving in middle east
•Karachi – best naval base in region
•Remittances were huge
Denationalized industries

•Industries could not be nationalized in future

•Nationalized industries were reformed
•Inflation and wages rose in Pakistan
•GNP increased by 6.2 % between 1977-1986
•Highest in world

Restricted Court powers

•Constitution Amendment Act 1979

•Military courts
March 1980

•Provisional Constitutional Order

•Courts cant challenge
•19 Judges protested
•Were removed
•Replaced by those who accepted
•Civil Service brought under military control
•Military men in civil service
1982

•40 percent ambassadors were from military

2.1 Majlis e Shoora

•Islamic Parliament
•No real legislative power
 •Make opponents your friend by appointing them to the Majlis
Elections 1985

•Announcement made on 12 August 1983

•Opposition United in Movement for Restoration of Democracy (MRD)
•Demanded Free election
•Restoration of Political parties
•Amendments in 1973 constitution to ensure more power
•Article 48 – any decision by president is valid
•1977 – present military decision are legal
•Martial law decision can not be changed if president disagrees
•Prime Minister appointed by president without consultation
•Assembly had advisory powers only

2.2 The Referendum Idea

•1 December 1984
•People want Islamization to continue or not?
•If Yes
•Then Zia will also continue in office
•MRD considered it unfair
•Only 10 percent of voters voted
•Zia won with a majority
•In reality people supported MRD on boycotting the referendum

Elections

•February 1985
•No political parties
•Candidates proposed by 50 people who were not party based
•52 percent turnout
•Land lords and tribal chiefs participated
•9 Cabinet Ministers lost
Benefits to Zia of Election

•A non PPP dominated assembly

•Elected people loyal to zia
•MRD’s call for boycott was ignored by people
•Even MRD members contested elections
•Muhammad Khan Junejo made prime minister
 •Made a new party with Zia’s support called the Muslim league
•Nawaz Sharif – Chief Minister of Punjab helped Junejo in strengthening the MuslimLeague
30 December 1985

•Martial Law ended

•1973 constitution with amendments restored
Eight Amendment passed

•Martial Law acts became law

•Cannot be appealed against
•President to appoint governors, prime minister and provincial ministers
•President can dismiss Prime Minister and the Assembly
•Practically – the president had all the power

2.3 Issues for Zia and Downfall

•Smuggling, Drug Abuse and illegal drugs became common

•Corruption increased
•Provincial aims changed

•Punjab supported Zia

•Sindh had much violence and problems
•Sindh wanted to become separate
•NEFP was getting less supportive of Zia
•Especially due to hige Afghan refugees
•Balochistan had issues with the government due to the uprisings that ended in 1977
and had left strong issues

•1988

•Afghan crisis was ending

•American support to Mujahideen reduced
•Pakistan had to withdraw support too

2.4 Junejo Called all party conference in March 1988

• Discuss Afghan situation

•Actually wanted to show that NA had some real power

•Army was really unhappy on this
 10 April 1988

•Ojhri Camp issue

•The camp blew with military equipment etc
•Hundreds of civilians lost life
•Junejo announced enquiry and resulting action against those responsible
•Even if army commanders
•Zia could not accept this
Juengo dismissed on 29 May 1988

•Assembly dissolved
•According to constitution elections to be held within 90 days
•He again used the allegation of corruption against Juenjo

2.5 17 August 1988

•Zia flew from South Punjab

•Army base
•Along with American ambassador to Pakistan
•And other military officials
•Plane blew mid flight
•Ghulam ishaq Khan became president
October 1988 elections held

•Benazir Bhutto got majority

•PPP got majority
•First female prime minister of a muslim country and Pakistan

Benazir Bhutto – Nawaz Sharif (First Term)

1.0 Lesson Objectives

1.0 Lesson Objective

1.1 Benazir Bhutto

• Was in house arrest from 1977 to 1981

• Was in alone confinement for 5 months in 1981
• Went to London in 1984
• 1985 returned to mourn her brother’s death
 • Arrested again
• Went to exile again on release
• Returned in 1986
• Started to gain much support
• 1988 elections
• PPP won a massive victory
• Opposition from Nawaz Sharif
• Majority in Sindh
• Not in other provinces for PPP
• Alliance with MQM (Muhajir Qaumi Movement)
• IJI (Islami Jamhoori Ittehad) headed by Nawaz Sharif main opponent
• Strong in Punjab
• Military was firmly in control too
• She had to face the enemies of her father
• 1989 October – less than a year after elections
• No-confidence motion
• Opposition could have brought her down if they had just 12 more votes
• Problems with Ishaq Khan
• Major issue on who will appoint heads of judiciary and army
• Ishaq khan did not approve many of the decisions she Bhutto wanted regarding military
• Issues
• She needed to make Pakistan more democratic with more freedom
• Ended ban on trade unions
• Electricity in rural areas
• She did NOT repeat zina and hudood ordinance which she promised to do
• Senate dominated by opposition
• Economic and employment reforms were not made
• High increase in population
• 1 million heroin addicts in 1988
• Sindh getting out on control
• Sindhi was made compulsory
• Muhajirs did not like this
• 30 September 1988
• Gunmen attacked a Sindhi crowd
• 250 casualties
• Mostly muhajirs
 • August 1989
• MQM ended alliance with PPP – after riots in Karachi
• Hundreds more deaths due to violence
• 27 May 1990
• Sindh government crackdown in Hyderabad
• This was main area of power of MQM
• Shoot on sight curfew imposed
• Fighting
• Pucca Qila Massacre
• 31 Women and Children killed
• 300 more deaths in Karachi and elsewhere
• Kashmir Issue
• 1990s – Pakistan supporting Kashmiri Muslims
• 1993
• ISI supported Kashmiris
• Foreign policy
• Pakistan added to Commonwealth
• 4th Saarc conference in Pakistan in December 1988
• Pakistan and India signed 3 peace agreements
• June 1989
• Visited United States
• Restored good relations
• Government over
• Corruption allegations
• Asif Zardari
• Rake offs accusation
• Charged for blackmail
• Jailed for 2years’
• Ishaq Khan dismissed the government
• Ghulam Mustafa jatoi asked to make caretaker government
• Opposition Leader
• Benazir charged with corruption
 1.2 Nawaz Sharif

• National reconstruction programme

• Industrialization to beat unemployment
• Privatization
• Barotha Hydro Power Project
• Gwadar Miniport in Balochistan
• Taxi Scheme
• Most loans given were not repaid
• Motorway
• To connect CAS to ports
• Estimated cost $ 989000000000
• M2 made by November 1997
• First motorway in South Asia
• US aid stops
• Stock market opened for foreign investment
• Still lack of funds
• US support declined after Afghan war
• Nuclear Issue also reduced support
• BCCI Issue
• Bank of Credit and Commerce International
• Started in 1972 by Agha Hasan Abedi
• Became world’s 7th largest bank in just 10 years
• British investigation on Bank’s practices in 1991
• Bank had to close upon proven fraud and manipulation
• Investors lost large sums of money
• Co-operative societies scandal
• Deposits and loans to members only
• Mismanagement resulted in people losing money
• 700000 poor people lost money in Punjab
• Loans given to Ittehad group
• Nawaz Sharif’s family business
• Kalashnikov Issue
• Afghanistan given any weapons in war against Soviet Union
• Guns started to cross border in Pakistan
• High level of crime
 • Especially in Sindh
• Kidnappings, murders and eve bombings
• Ethnic rivalries led in weapons usage
• 1991 Nawaz Sharif
• Cancelled trip to japan
• To handle situation in Pakistan
• Twelfth Amendment passed
• Speedy Trial Courts
• Opposition claimed it curbed basic human rights
• Shariat Bill
• Supported Islam
• May 1991 Federal Shariat Bill
• Quran and Sunnah law of land
• Only if they did not challenge previous laws
• Opposition was angered over too much Islam in government
• Religious groups considered the actions to be too little
• FSC asked for stopping interest payments
• Government did nothing
• Presidential Issues
• 1993
• President appointed General Ishaq Khan against NS wishes
• NS did not knew about it until just before the announcement
• 8th Amendment Issue
• He wanted to dismiss the 8th Amendment
• 19 April
• Assembly dismissed
• Allegation of mismanagement at governmental level
• Supreme court Intervened and considered Ishaq Khan’s actions unconstitutional
• Army control fear grew
• Both president and prime minister resigned
• Elections held in October 1993
• Those who had unpaid loans were not allowed to contest elections
• Over a billion rupees were owed
Benazir Bhutto – Nawaz Sharif (Second Term)
1.0 Lesson Objectives

1.3 Benazir Bhutto

• MQM boycotted the elections

• Pakistan Muslim League – Nawaz Sharif
• PPP – Benazir Bhutto
• PPP made coalition government
• November 1993
• Farooq Ahmed Khan Leghari became president
• 8th Amendment to be revoked
• Religious courts powers to be reduced
• Women rights to be increased
• Agenda of Change
• Improvements to be made for women
• High opposition from Nawaz Sharif
• 1994
• Train March from Karachi to Peshawar
• Strikes all around Pakistan in September and October 1994
• Arresting of opposing leaders increased opposition to Bhutto
• Family Issues
• Problems with Nusrat Bhutto over party control
• Nusrat wanted Mir Murtaza to take control
• Al-Zulfikar organization to belittle Bhutto
• Opposition to Asif Zardari’s involvement due to corruption charges against him
• 1993 Murtaza won election as anti Bhutto candidate
• Arrested and put into prison for sometime
• Benazir removed mother from important position in PPP
• September 1996 Murtaza killed by police
• At his home
• No policemen involved punished
• Some actually promoted
• Government involvement in the killing suggested by judicial review
• Economic Issues
• Bhutto was herself an economist
 • Directed economic policy
• Had to face the criticism for the policy issues
• 30 percent decrease in rupee value
• Privatization stopped by those who wanted nationalized industries
• 40 million raised from nationalized industries sale
• US financial and military embargo was serious issue
• Imposed because of nuclear programme
• GDP growth rate was lower than average of 1980s
• Large scale manufacturing growth also slowed down
• Government Dismissed Again
• Eight Amendment Used on 5 November 1996
• Dismissed Bhutto and NA
• Asif Zardari accused of corruption and political murders
• Poisoned from 1997-2004
• Bhutto went to exile
• Malik Meraj Khalid became caretaker prime minister
• Elections in February 1997

1.4 Nawaz Sharif Again

• Thirteenth Amendment
• Revoked 8th Amendment almost
• No more dismissal of PM and National Assembly by President
• Chiefs of staffs to be appointed by prime minister
• President became ceremonial post
• To avoid mismanagement in government – party switching was stopped
• Anti Defection Bill (Fourteenth Amendment)
• Journalists were oppressed
• May 1997
• Sheriff’s secret Police attacked Najam Sethi and kidnapped him
• 1997
• League members attacked the supreme court
• Sajjad Ali Shah was appointed by Bhutto
• Case going on against nawaz Sharif
• Members busted in
 • Sajjad Ali Shah had to run for his life
• Leghari asked to dismiss Sajjad Ali Shah
• Instead he resigned on 2 December 1997
• Rafiq Tarrar became president
• Ajmal Mian was appointed Chief Justice
• Sajjad Ali Shah dismissed
• Nuclear Tests
• 1998
• Balochistan
• Tested nuclear weapons
• To show strength to india
• USA and Japan placed serious sanctions
• Fuel Price increased
• Loans taken
• To avoid bankruptcy
• Civil rights curtailed by state of emergency
• End
• Army involved in democracy
• Jehangir Karamat forced to resign from national security council
• Fifteenth amendment
• Sharia made supreme law
• Rule decree in name of islamic law right given to prime minister
• Kargil conflict
• First sharif denied involvement
• Evidence showed opposite
• Army and civilians against government
• 12 October 1999
• Did not allow COAS Musharraf’s plane to land
• Appointed head of ISI as the new army chief
• Army rebelled
• Took over karachi airport and allowed muharraf to land
• Army took control
• NS, his brother and 5 officials charged with attempted murder
• Found guilty
• Called plane conspiracy case
 • Saudi Royal family requested
• Sharif exiled to Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

1.1 International relations

•Why did Pakistan chose west

•Cold war going on – making a choice was necessary to survive

•Economic and Military support needed for the new country

• Selected siding with US

•Most powerful country in the world

•Private economy was supported by US – which Pakistan aimed at too
•Islam was anti communism

1.2 Pakistan and India

•Problems even before partition
•Major component of foreign policy was relations with India

•Refugee problem
•Large scale cross border movement in 1947
•April 1950
•Nehru-Liaquat pact/ Minorities pact
•Protection for minorities in each country
•Did not help much because government orders can not change people’s inner feelings
•Not same opportunities shall be given

•Resources

•Pakistan did not get fair share of resources

•1 April 19 – India cut Pakistan’s water supplies
•Access to water has remained a serious problem
•Indus Water Treaty – not a permanent solution

•Kashmir Issue

•4 million Kashmiris were Muslim and Pakista considered it to be rightfully its part
 •1949
•Ceasefire line of control
•1954 and 1955
•India tried to integrate its occupied Kashmir to India
•Protest by Pakistan and UN
•1957
•UNSC issues a declaration
•Re-affirming that Kashmir is disputed territory

War 1965
•India did not like US aid to Pakistan
•India signed friendship pact with Chine in 1954
•India China war in 1962
•China’s easy victory convinced Pakistani army that it can also defeat India

•1965 War
•Independent tribunal for Rann of Kutch in Rajasthan
•PAK forced India to agree to independent tribunal in Kashmir too
•August 1965 – Armed guerrillas into IOK – locals did not support much
•1 September 1965
•Pak army attacked Indian controlled Kashmir
•6 September – Indians attacked Lahore in a surprise
•Second attack in sialkot
•3 weeks of war
•4-10 January 1966
•Soviet Union arranged ceasefire conference n Tashkent
•Uzbekistan
•India was super determined
•US and Britain had placed embargoes on Pakistan
•China gave diplomatic support

•1971 war

•Indian army stronger than Pakistan

•Treaty of Peace, Friendship and Commerce with Russia – August 1971
 •Helped in breaking East Pakistan
•1972
•Simla Agreement
•Kashmir to be discussed directly
•90000 prisoners returned

•After 1971
•1977
•Zia improved relations.as focus shifted to Afghanistan
•1980s
•India accused Pakistan of supporting Sikh uprising
•October 1984
•Indira Gandhi assassinated by Sikhs
•Rajiv Gandhi took over
•Zia declared national mourning day for death of Indira Gandhi
•1987
•Again war possible
•January – Indian army in rajasthan desert
•Zia went to India apparently to watch a cricket match
•Solved the crisis

•Nuclear Issue

•January 1972
•Karachi Nuclear Power Plant (KANUPP) opened
•1970- Pakistan did not sign the Nuclear Non Proliferation Treaty
•1974 India carried out nuclear tests
•Engineering and Research Laboratories in Kahutta
•Made bomb by 1985
•Announcement not made until 1998
•1987 – AQ khan first admitted to having Nuclear Bombs – but later denied
•The announcement was postponed to ensure that US aid is not stopped
•May 1998 India tested nuclear devices
•Ras Koh Hills – Pakistan also tested Nuclear Weapons
•UN Secretary General was concerned and asked India and Pakistan to sign
Comprehensive Test Treaty Ban.
•Both refused
•In late 1998 – both countries stopped nuclear testing

•Siachen Glacier

•Border issue
•1981
•300 Indian troops surprisingly camped there
•500 million USD a year spent to prevent the occupation of this place
•Almost 5000 soldiers have died here

•Kargil
•April 1999
•Kargil and Daras captured by Pakistan
•Pakistan government denied involvement
•May – India counter attacked
•2 Indian air crafts shot down
•Soon after Lahore declaration – 2 nuclear countries on verge of war
•June 1999 – Pakistan pushed back
•Clinton persuaded Sharif to withdraw forces
•4-6 thousand Pakistani soldiers killed

1.3 Soviet Union

•Liaquat Ali Khan invited to Moscow
•USA invited Liaquat Ali Khan to Washington
•Liaquat chose USA
•1950 – SU backed India over Kashmir
•SEATO and CENTO – Soviets were enraged
•Warned Pakistan of American Imperialism
•1955
•Officially backed India in Kashmir Issue
•Gave India economic and technical support
•1955- Soviet Union backed afghan claim of Pakhtoonistan
 •1956 offered to build steel mill in Pakistan
•If broken alliance with USA
•Pak refused
•May 1960 – U2 incident

•1961

•Showed goodwill by exploring oil in Pakistan

•Supported Pakistan more when China also backed Pakistan in 1963
•Gave loans
•Neutral over Kashmir

•April 1965

•Ayub officially visited SU

•Agreements for oil and trade

•Jan 1966

•Tashkent conference

•1968
•American base closes in Peshawar
•SU starts providing arms to Pakistan
•1971 – US-China meetings by Pak angered SU
•Signed treaty of Peace, Friendship and Commerce with India
•Ensured support in case of war with Pakistan
•1972 – Bhutto began to build good relations
•Steel mill building agreed
•Soviet Afghan war relations worsened
•Nuclear program – soviets started bombing Pakistan
•1988 – soviets withdrew from Afghanistan

1.4 Pakistan and China

•October 1949
•India accepted the new government
•Supported it for Chinese seat in UN
•January 1950 – Pakistan recognized the communist regime
•Friendship unlikely
 •1962 China and India went to war
•USA supported India so PAK CHINA got close
•March 1962 – they started talks on their border issues
•In one year – these completed successfully
•China made concession to Pakistan
•60 Million $ interest free loan to Pakistan
•Biggest purchaser of Pakistani Cotton
•August 1963 – PIA started flights to China
•1964 Hina supported Pakistan in Kashmir – Pakistan supported China in UN
•US was supporting Taiwan
•1965 war – China gave military support to Pakistan
•Domestic pressure on India too
•Could not do much in 1971 war
•Feb 1972 – Bhutto visited china and previous loans became grants
•Also agree to give aircrafts and tanks
•1978 Karakoram Highway – being built since 1966
•Built on the Old Silk Road Route
•1986 – Zia visited China
•Pak China signed Nuclear Cooperation treaty

1.5 Pakistan and Britain

•Quaid chose to be the first Governor General of Pakistan
•Britain left border issues
•Helped Jinnah with military and civil service personnel
•Friendly relations appreciated with Britain
•Pakistan remained on practically good terms with Britain
•Pakistan remained member of common wealth with dominion status
•1956 – became republic
•Still member of common wealth
•Colombo Plan 1950
•1 Million aid for Sui gas project
•Canada gave 40 Million Dollars for railways
•Not much political support given especially in Kashmir affair
•Common wealth against military rule
•CENTO and SEATO
•Pakistan criticized British invasion of Suez canal in 1956
•Final agreement of 1965 war done at commonwealth conference in London in June 1965
 •Neutral in Bangladesh crisis
•Did not vote in UN for or against Bangladesh
•Recognized Bangladesh in 2 February 1971
•Pakistan left commonwealth
•In afghan crisis Britain supported Pakistan
•Gave 30 million pounds aid for refugees on border
•Gave 16 million pounds for Balochistan and NWFP
•376 million pounds trade between Britain and Pakistan in 1986
•Pak returned to commonwealth in 1989

1.6 Pakistan and Bangladesh

•Pakistan considered Bangladesh a rebel nation
•Asset reallocation issues in early years of BAN
•Migration problem

• 1974

•Mujib was invited to OIC meeting in Lahore

•Pakistan recognized Bangladesh officially
•Agreed on friendship

• June 1974

•Bhutto visited Bangladesh

•Bangladesh asked for over half of pakistan’s assets in 1971
•They also asked for non bengalis to leave bangladesh
•Bhutto disagreed

• 1975 Mujib died

•Khondekar Mushtaq
•Believed in better relations
•Trade increased to 40 million dollars by 1986
•1985 and 1988 Bangladesh faced severe weather issues
•Pakistan was the first to help
 1.7 Pakistan and Afghanistan
•Border issues at independence
•Border areas voted to stay with Pakistan
•1948 – Pakhtoonistan claim
•Jinnah ordered British military posts on Afghan border to be taken down
•Only state to vote against Pakistan joining UN on 30 September 1947
•Talks in Karachi in 1947
•Pakhtoonistan and sea access demanded
•Pakistan agreed to sea access if Pakhtoonistan dropped
•Afghanistan signed trade and transit agreement with Soviet Union
•March 1955 Pakistan embassy in Kabul ransacked
•Borders closed
•1956 Iskander Mirza visited Afghanistan
•Afghanistan still showed opposition
•RCD rejected by Afghanistan because Pakistan was in
•Stayed Neutral in 1965 war
•Bhutto focused on Islamic foreign policy
•1973 Sardar Daud came to power
•Gave Afghanistan access to India through Pakistan
•Contributed heavily to earthquake relief activities in Afghanistan in 1976
•1976 Daud and Bhutto visited countries of each other many times
•Zia continued friendly relations
•October 1977 he visited Afghanistan
•1978 March – Daud came to Pakistan
•December 1979 – Pakistan supported US against Barbarak Kamal
•3 Million refugees in Pakistan in one year
•Helped Mujahideen
•14 April 1988 soviets withdrew from Afghanistan
•Civil war in Afghanistan
•Refugees still came – aid not coming
•Klashinokocv issue
•Islamabad Accord – Nawaz Sharif organized – signed by 6 separate factions of Afghanistan
to make certain who is in control
•Did not work out due to lack of central coordination
•Shahkot etc. became copying towns of Russian automatic weapons
•Benazir Bhutto decided to support Taliban
•Stability required so Pakistan can trade with CAS
•Taliban took power in Afghanistan
•2007 Benazir Bhutto accepted that Supporting Taliban was a serious mistake
 1.8 Pakistan and Iran

• Turkey and Iraq Baghdad Pact February 1955

•Soviet Influence stoppage in Middle East

•UK joined in April
•Pakistan in September
•Iran in November
•Become CENTO
•1979 – dissolved

• 21 July 1964 RCD

•Pakistan
•Turkey
•Iran
•Industrial growth etc
•Lapsed in 1979
•Restarted in 1985 by Zia
•Afghanistan did not join
•Iran tried to persuade, with Turkey, other countries to help Pakistan in 1965 war
•Helped put end to Balochistan uprising in 1973
•Revolution in 1965
•Pakistan recognized the new government
•Iran was suspicious of Pakistan
•Iran was not anti American – Pakistan was taking aid from America
•1980 Iran Iraq war

1.9 Pakistan and Muslim States

•Political disunity in Muslim world
•Egypt unhappy on lack of support from Pakistan in Suez issue 1956
•Baghdad pact not liked by Arabia and Egypt
•OIC member since start in 1969
•1971 – Karachi held meetings
•February – Islamic Summit in Lahore
•Bhutto toured Islamic countries in 1971
•1973 Arab Israeli war
 •Islamic Summit 22-24 September 1974 in Pakistan
•Aid offered too
•Iran gave loans of 730 million dollars and UAE gave 100 million pounds while Libya gave 80
million dollars

•Gulf States

•Investments in Pakistan
•Remittances from Middle East

M. Abu - Sufyan •Pakistan gave military support – 50000 personnel

writer and compiler
working in other countries in 1970s
•1990-1 Coalition member for Kuwait and Iraq war
ending

•Turkey
•Khilafat Movement 1918
•Baghdad Pact
•RCD
•Turkey supported Pakistan in wars with India
•Could not gain aid for Pakistan

2.0 Pakistan and United Nations

•Joined on 30 September 1947
•Participated in debates
•Contributed troops to peacekeeping missions
•Spoke against occupation of Holland
•Supported freedom of Morocco and Algiers
•Taken Palestinian issue to UN
•Gotten support from World Bank and World Food Programme

•Issues

•Lack of proper management of Kashmir issue

•1965 war
•UN intervened to end it
•Was unfair in 1971 pak Bangladesh issue
•UN recognized Bangladesh quickly
 •UN helped Pakistan in Canal water dispute
•Indus water treaty September 1959 helped by world bank
•Finance to get hydroelectric power and soil reclamation

……………………………………………………………………………………………………..