5-0 mís';

5-1 çLrkouk
5-2 fofHkUu leL;k,a vkSj T;ksfr"k
5-2-1 ekuoh; ¼O;fäfo'ks"k ½ leL;k,a
5-2-2 çk—frd leL;k,a
5-2-3 çk—frd leL;kvksa dh 'kkfUr
5-3 leL;kvksa ds lek/kku esa T;ksfr"k 'kkL= dh mi;ksfxrk
5-3-1 xzg mipkj ds ek/;e ls leL;kvksa dk lek/kku
5-4 lkjka'k
5-5 'kCnkoyh
5-6 cks/kç'u
5-7 mi;ksxh iqLrdsa

çLrqr bdkbZ ds v/;;u ds i'pkr vki%

• ekuo thou esa O;kIr leL;kvksa ds çdkj ls voxr gksaxsA
• çk—frd leL;kvksa ds ckjs esa tkusaxAs
• T;ksfr"k 'kkL= }kjk leL;kvksa ds lek/kku ls voxr gksaxsA
• xzg mipkj ds ckjs esa tkusaxsA
• xzgksa ds jRu ,oa mijRuksa dks tkusaxsA

çLrqr bdkbZ dk 'kh"kZd gSA vki lHkh T;ksfr"k

'kkL= esa fo'ks"k #fp j[krs gSa ,slk esjk fo'okl gSAge lHkh tkurs gSa fd ekuo
thou esa dbZ volj [kqf'k;k¡ çnku djus okys gksrs gSa rks dbZ volj ,sls Hkh vkrs
gSa ftuds dkj.k euq"; fpafrr ;k ijs'kku jgrk gSA ekuo ,d ,slk çk.kh gS tks
Hkfo"; esa ?kVus okyh 'kqHkk'kqHk ?kVukvksa ds Kku ds fy, lnSo ftKklq jgrk gSA
egf"kZ ikf.kfu us T;ksfr"k dks osniq#"k dk us= dgk gS& A tSls
euq"; fcuk p{kq&bfUæ; ds fdlh Hkh oLrqdk n'kZu djus esa vleFkZ gksrk gS] Bhd
oSls gh osn'kkL= ;k osn'kkL=fofgr deksaZ dks tkuus ds fy;s T;ksfr"k dk vU;re
egÙo fl) gSA Hkwry] vUrfj{k ,oa HkwxHkZ ds çR;sd inkFkZ dk =Sdkfyd o ;FkkFkZ
Kku ftl 'kkL= ls gks] og T;ksfr"k 'kkL= gSAvr% T;ksfr"k T;ksfr;ksa dk 'kkL= gSA
T;ksfr"k 'kkL= esa =Sdkfyd çHkko dks tkuk tk ldrk gSA osn ds vU; vaxksa dh
vis{kk viuh fo'ks"k ;ksX;rk ds dkj.k gh T;ksfr"k 'kkL= dks osnHkxoku dk ç/kku
156 vax&fueZy p{kq ekuk x;k gS vkSj bldk vU; dkj.k ;g Hkh gS fd Hkfo"; tkuus
dh bPNk lHkh ;qxksa esa euq";ksa ds eu esa loZnk çcy jgrh gS] ftldh ifj.kfr ;g
T;ksfr"k 'kkL= gSA çkr%&mRFkku ls ysdj 'k;ui;ZUr dh fuR;p;kZ] lEiw.kZ
thoup;kZ] xHkZ ls ysdj e`R;q rd vkSj mlds ckn Hkfo"; dh ckrksa]
ijyksd&iqutZUe dh ckrksa rFkk Hkwrdky dh fLFkfr dks T;ksfr"k 'kkL= vfHkO;ä
djrk gSA vU; Qy çkfIr ds le; dks ;g 'kkL= oSls gh Li"V O;ä djrk gS]
tSls vU/kdkj esa fLFkr inkFkksaZ dks nhid çdkf'kr dj nsrk gS ;Fkk&

¼y?kqtkrd&'yksd la[;k & 03 ½

—f"k] O;kikj] m|ksx] ;K] lnkpkj] /keZ] O;olk; rFkk thou&;k=k gsrq 'kqHk
dkyfu.kZ; ds fy;s T;ksfr"k gh ,dek= lk/ku gSA ekuo dk dkSu lk dky Js"B gS]
dkSu eqgwrZ mÙke gS bR;kfn dk Kku T;ksfr"k 'kkL= ds ek/;e ls gh fd;k tkrk gSA
bl çdkj T;ksfr"k 'kkL= tUe ls ysdj e`R;q i;aZr 'kqHkk'kqHk ?kVukvksa dk Kku]
leL;kvksa dk iwokZuqeku rFkk mudk 'kkL=ksfpr lek/kku ds fy, gekjk ekxZn'kZu
djrk gSA çLrqr bdkbZ ds ek/;e ls ge fofHkUu leL;kvksa ds fujkdj.k esa T;ksfr"k
'kkL= dh Hkwfedk ds ckjsa esa tkusaxs A

ekuo vius thou dky esa lq[k çkfIr ds fy;s lnSo ç;Ru'khy jgrk gSA tgka
dbZ ckj ,sls volj vkrs gSa fd O;fä dks ijelq[k dh çkfIr gksrh gS ,oa dbZ ckj
,slk Hkh le; vkrk gS fd og leL;kvksa ds dkj.k nq%f[kr ;k fpafrr jgrk gSA
orZeku dky esa rks dbZ leL;k,¡ gesa –Xxkspj gksrh gSA leL;kvksa ds çdkj dks ;fn
ge le>s rks ge bls nks Hkkxksa esa foHkä dj ldrs gS &
1& ekuoh; leL;k,¡ vkSj 2& çk—frd leL;k,aA ;s nksuksa leL;k,a ekuo dks
çR;{k ;k ijks{k :i ls çHkkfor djrh gSa lkFk gh lkFk çk—frd leL;k,¡ lEiw.kZ
çk.kh oxZ dks Hkh çHkkfor djrh gSaA bu leL;kvksa ds lek/kku ;k fujkdj.k ds fy,
T;ksfr"k 'kkL= vR;ar midkjd 'kkL= gSA T;ksfr"k 'kkL= çR;{k :i ls ekuo
dY;k.k gsrq vius uhfr fu;eksa ds ek/;e ls lHkh dk iFk çn'kZu djrk gSA çLrqr
bdkbZ ds ek/;e ls ge fofHkUu leL;kvksa ds lek/kku ,oa fujkdj.k esa T;ksfr"k
'kkL= dh mi;ksfxrk ,oa leL;kvksa dk T;ksfr"k 'kkL=h; fujkdj.k dh fof/k;ksa dks
tkusaxsA
& ekuo ls lacfU/kr leL;kvksa dks ekuoh; leL;k,¡ dgk
tkrk gSA vFkkZr~ os leL;k,¡ tks ekuo dks çHkkfor djrh gS os lHkh ekuoh;
leL;k,¡ dgykrh gSA leL;kvksa dks ge nq%[k Hkh dg ldrs gSAlka[; 'kkL= ds
vuqlkj lalkj ds lHkh euq"; dsoy rhu nq%[kksa ls nq%[kh gSA
1& vk/;kfRed ¼nSfgd½
2& vkf/knSfod ¼nSfod½
3& vkf/kHkkSfrd ¼HkkSfrd½
& vk/;kfRed nq%[k ¼leL;k,¡½ Hkh nks çdj dk
gksrk gS & ƒ- 'kkjhfjd vkSj „- ekufldA bu nksuksa esa ekufld nq%[k lcls cM+k
157
 nq%[knkbZ gSA 'kkjhfjd ,oa ekufld fo—fr;ka gh vk/;kfRed leL;k,sa dgykrh gSaA
'kjhj esa Tojvfrlkj vkfn jksx 'kkjhfjd leL;k,a dgykrh gSa rFkk fç; ds fo;ksx
ls ,oa vfç; ds la;ksx ls ekufld leL;k,a mRiUu gksrh gSaA bUgsa nsg esa mRiUu
gksus ds dkj.k nSfgd leL;k,sa Hkh dg ldrs gSaA nsgtU; vusd jksx vFkok chekjh]
cqHkq{kk] frfr{kk] Øks/k] lUrki vkfn vk/;kfRed leL;k,a gSaA ;s lHkh leL;k,¡
O;fäxr gksrh gSa bu leL;kvksa ds lek/kku esa ef.k] eU=] vkS"kf/k] nku] ti vkfn
dk fo/kku 'kkL=ksa esa feyrk gSA
tks 'kjhj ds jksx gS] ;g 'kkjhfjd rki ¼nq%[k½
dgykrh gSA vki tkurs gh gS vkt cq[kkj gS] rks dy vfrlkj ¼Mk;fj;k½ gS]
vkt CyM çs'kj c<+ x;k rks dy Mk;cVht gks x;kA bruh tfVy 'kjhj dh
cukoV gS fd dksbZ u dksbZ Hkkx xM+cM+ jgrk gh gSA fQj euq"; Hkh vlko/kku
gS fo"k;ksa dk yksyqi gS] dksbZ la;e ls vkgkj fogkj dk O;ogkj ugha djrkA
blfy, lnk çR;sd O;fä fdlh u fdlh jksx ls xzLr ¼ihfM+r½ gSaA ;s fofHkUu
'kkjhfjd jksx ds mRiUu gksus esa xzg ;ksx dk Hkh egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku gksrk gS
vFkkZr~ T;ksfr"k 'kkL= ds ek/;e ls buds nq"çHkko dks ge dkQh gn rd nwj
dj ldrs gSaA
ekufld nq%[k gS dke] Øks/k] yksHk] eksg] en] ekRl;Z] ?k`.kk]
bZ"kZ~;k] }s"k] Hk; vkfnA blesa ls rhu çeq[k gSa] dke] Øks/k] yksHkA bu rhuksa esa
çeq[k nq%[k gSa dke ¼gekjh bPNk,a½] tks lalkj lEcU/kh lq[k dh bPNk,a ;gh
lc nq%[kksa dh tuuh gS]a vkSj tks bu lc nq%[kksa dk ewy gS oks gS vKkuA ekuo
çk.kh ges'kk vius thou esa ?kVus okyh ?kVukvksa ds Kku ds fy, ftKklq jgrk
gSA lHkh çdkj dk Kku ge T;ksfr"k 'kkL= ds ek/;e ls dj ldrs gSaA
çk—frd fnO; leL;k,¡ tc ekuoksa ij viuk çHkko
Mkyrh gSa rc mUgsa vkf/knSfod leL;k dgk tkrk gSA lw;kZfn xzgksa ds vkos'k
ls] Hkwr&çsr&fi'kkpkfn ck/kkvksa ls] 'khr] m".k] o"kkZ] ok;q vkfn ls mRiUu
leL;k,¡ tc ekuoksa ij viuk çR;{k çHkko Mkyrh gSa og vkf/knSfod leL;k,a
dgykrh gSaA vkf/knSfod leL;k,sa O;fäxr ,oa lkewfgd nksuksa çdkj dh gksrh
gSa vf/kdk;r esa bu leL;kvksa dk Lo:i lkewfgd gh gS vr% budh 'kkfUr gsrq
lkewfgd ;K] vuq"Bku vkfn /kkfeZd dk;ksaZ ls gh funku Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA
vkf/kHkkSfrd nq%[k nwljs thoksa ¼euq";ksa½ ds
dkj.k feyrs gSA tSls ge rks viuk dke dj jgs Fks] ysfdu oks O;fä vk;k
vkSj gekjs dke ij ikuh Qsj fn;kA ge jkLrs ij py jgs Fks gekjh dksbZ
xyrh ugha vkSj ckbd ls VDdj gks x;hA ;g vkf/kHkkSfrd nq%[k gSA
vkf/kHkkSfrd leL;k,¡] vuk;kl gh gksrh gSaA euq";ksa] i'kqvksa] if{k;ksa ,oa liZna'k
vkfn vU; thoksa ls çkIr leL;k,¡] vdkj.k cSj] fojks/k] vdky ;k egkekjh]
çk—frd çdksi] HkwdEi ;k Qlyksa dk u"V gks tkuk vkfn leL;k,¡
vkf/kHkkSfrd leL;k,a gSaA vkUrfj{k ,oa HkkSe leL;k,a tc ekuo leqnk; ij
viuk çHkko Mkyrh gSa rc og vkf/kHkkSfrd leL;kvksa dk Lo:i /kkj.k dj
ysrh gSaA
bUgha ds lkFk&lkFk lkekU; :i ls ekuo tUe ls ysdj e`R;q i;ZUr vusd
leL;kvksa dks vius thou esa ikrk gS fQj pkgs og fofHkUu dk;ksaZ ds lEiknu ds
fy, 'kqHk eqgwrZ dk Kku djuk gks] ;k=k vkfn dk fopkj gks] vkthfodk] f'k{kk]
fookg] fofHkUu jksx vkfn dk Kku gks ,oa mudk lek/kku] vk;q fu/kkZj.k] thou esa
158
?kVus okyh v'kqHk ?kVukvksa dk Kku gks ;k iwokZuqeku] Hkou vkfn ds 'kqHkk'kqHk dk
Kku gks bR;kfn ç'uksa ds mÙkj dsoy T;ksfr"k 'kkL= ds ek/;e ls gh lEHko gks ikrs
gSaA

ge lHkh tkurs gSa fd ç—fr ds }kjk gesa vufxur vueksy jRu çkIr gksrs gSa
ftuds fcuk gekjk thou laHko gh ugha gSA ç—fr ds }kjk çnÙk fdlh Hkh oLrq dh
vf/kd ek=k ;k vYi ek=k ekuo ds fy, d"Vdkjh gksrh gSA ;gh oLrqr% çk—frd
leL;k dgykrh gS vFkkZr~ tc ç—fr vius uSlfxZd LoHkko ds foijhr ifjorZu
djrh gS rks os çk—frd leL;k,¡ dgykrh gSA bUgha çk—frd leL;kvksa dks T;ksfr"k
'kkL= esa mRikr ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA ;s mRikr rhu çdkj ds gksrs gSa & HkkSe
mRikr] vUrfj{k mRikr vkSj fnO; mRikr A ;s rhuksa mRikr mÙkjksrj xq#rj gksrs
gSaA mRikr ds fo"k; esa vkpk;Z fy[krs gSa fd&

¼vn~Hkqr~ lkxj miksn~?kkr%½

Hkwokfl;ksa ds fouk'k djus okys] m}sx djus okys rFkk vçlUurk c<+kus okys vn~Hkqr
dks gh mRikr dgk x;k gSA vfgrokpd] vfu"Vokpd vkfn lHkh 'kCn mRikr ds
i;kZ;okph gSaA blhfy, ojkgfefgj us ç—fr dh foijhr ifjfLFkfr dks gh la{ksi esa
mRikr dgk gSA

¼vn~Hkqr lkxj miksn~?kkr%½

ç—fr ds vUrxZr Hkwrksa ¼i¥~pegkHkwrksa½ vFkok çkf.k;ksa ds fodkj ls mRiUu
ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks mRikr dgk tkrk gS A

¼vn~Hkqr lkxj miksn~?kkr%½

nsorkx.k euq";ksa dks iwoZKku ds fy, ç—fr ¼LoHkko½ ds fo#) ¼mRikr½ dks mRiUu
djrs gSaA

¼vn~Hkqr lkxj miksn~?kkr%½

euq";ksa ds vfou; ¼ikideZ½ ls fuf'pr :is.k nsorkx.k vçlUu gksrs gSa vkSj
nsorkvksa dh vçlUurk ls miæo ¼mRikr½ mRiUu gksrs gSaA
f=fo/k mRikrksa dk Lo:i&

159
 ¼vn~Hkqr lkxj miksn~?kkr%½
fnO;] vkUrfj{k vkSj HkkSe & ;s rhu çdkj ds mRikr gksrs gSaA lw;kZfn xzg vkSj
u{k=ksa ds fodkj ¼xfr] fLFkfr] vk—fr vkfn½ ls mRiUu dks ^fnO; mRikr rFkk
^mYdkikr] fnXnkg] lw;Z&pUæ ds ifjos"k] xU/koZuxj] o"kkZ ds fodkj
¼jäo`f"V]ika'kqo`f"V] es?kksa dh vk—frfo'ks"k vkfn½ bR;kfn dks ^vkUrfj{k mRikr^ vkSj
i`Foh ij pyk;eku oLrq ds fLFkj gksus rFkk fLFkj oLrq ds py gksus ls HkwdEi]
tyk'k;ksa ds fodkj vkfn dks ^HkkSe mRikr^ dgk x;k gS A
HkkSe mRikr vf/kd le; esa vYi 'kqHkk'kqHk Qynk;d gksrk gS A vkUrfj{k mRikr
e/; dky esa e/;e Qy nsus okyk gksrk gS ,oa fnO; mRikr 'kh?kz gh rhoz Qynk;d
gksrk gSA ;Fkk&

¼vn~Hkqr lkxj miksn~?kkr%½

fpj&fLFkj oLrq ls mRiUu HkkSe mRikr 'kkfUr ls vkgr gksdj u"V gks tkrk gS A
ukHkl ¼vkUrfj{k½ mRikr 'kkfUr ls de gks tkrk gS vkSj fnO; mRikr 'kkfUr ls Hkh
u"V ugha gksrk gSA

¼vn~Hkqrlkxj miksn~?kkr%½

çk—frd leL;kvksa ;k mRikr dh 'kkafr dk fo/kku T;ksfr"k 'kkL= esa crk;k x;k gS
;Fkk HkkSe mRikr dh 'kkfUr ds fy, lkfo=h dk y{k gou djuk pkfg;s] nsodk;Z
djuk pkfg;s] czkã.kksa dks fç; oLrq dk nku djuk pkfg;sA HkkSe] vkUrfj{k
leL;kvksa dh 'kkfUr gks tkrh gS ijUrq fnO; mRikr 'kkfUr ds ckn Hkh u"V ugha gks
ikrs A
¼vn~Hkqrlkxj] miks)kr½A HkkSe mRikr 'kkfUr ls vkgr gksdj
u"V gks tkrk gS] ukHkl mRikr de gks tkrk gS vkSj fnO; mRikr gksus ij 'kkfUr ls
Hkh u"V ugha gksrkA HkkSe vfj"V dh 'kkfUr ds fy, xq# ,oa czkã.k iwtu dk Hkh
fo/kku gS] xq# ,oa czkã.kksa dks Hkwfenku] xksnku] vkHkw"k.k nku djus] /kekZpj.k ls HkkSe
mRikr tfur vfj"V u"V gks tkrs gSaA HkkSe&mRikr ds vuUrj lkr jkf= ds Hkhrj
;fn tyo`f"V gks rks HkkSe&vfj"V u"V gks tkrs bl rjg iwtu djus ls lqfHk{k]
dY;k.k vkSj iqf"Vo/kZu gksrk gSA ozr] gou] miokl] nku rFkk ekaxfyd dk;ksaZ ls
vUrfj{k vfj"V u"V gks tkrs gSaA euhf"k;ksa usfnO; vfj"Vksa dks vO;korZ u"V ugha
gksus okyk dgk gS] ijUrq vR;f/kd vUu nf{k.kknku]egkgkse] ;Kkfn] lqo.kZnku vkSj
f'koefUnj esa xksnqX/k nksgu ls fnO; vfj"V lEHkor% 'kkUr gks tkrs gSaA
160
^fl)kUr] lafgrk vkSj gksjk ¼tkrd½&rhu LdU/k :i T;ksfr"k 'kkL= osn dk fueZy
vkSj nks"k jfgr us= dgk x;k gSA bl T;ksfr"k 'kkL= ds fcuk dksbZ Hkh JkSr vkSj
LekrZ deZ fl) ugha gks ldrkA vr% czãkus lalkj ds dY;k.kkFkZ loZçFke T;ksfr"k
'kkL= dk fuekZ.k fd;k gSaA vr% Li"V gS fd lalkj esa ?kVus okyh leLr ?kVukvksa
dk Kku T;ksfr"k 'kkL= ds }kjk gh gksrk gSA çkf.k;ksa ds tUe ls ej.ki;ZUr leLr
lq[k&nq%[k xzgksa ds v/khu gksrs gSaA vkdk'k esa O;ä vkSj vO;ä vusd xzg gSa muesa
lw;Z] pUæ]eaxy] cq/k] c`gLifr] gh vkSj 'kfu&;s lkr xzg çR;{k Qy nsusokys gSaA
buesa Hkh lw;Z ç/kku gSa D;ksafd ijczã ijekRek viuh lw='kfä ¼ç—fr½&ds }kjk
pjkpj fo'odh jpuk djus ds le; esa loZçFke vkdk'k dh] rnuUrj lw;Z dh
l`f"V djrs gSaA iqu% lw;Z ds }kjk gh vU; pUæ vkfn xzgksa ,oa ok;q] vfXu] ty vkSj
i`fFkoh rFkk i`fFkoh fLFkr çkf.k;ksa dh l`f"V] ikyu vkSj çy;:i fØ;k djrs gSaA
blfy;s osn esa lw;Z dks gh pjkpj txr dk vkRek ekuk x;k gS&

¼;tqoZns ‰A†„ _Xosn ƒAƒƒ‡ A ƒ vFkoZosn ƒ…A„A…‡½

xzgksa dh 'kkfUr }kjk leL;kvksa dk lek/kku lEiw.kZ T;ksfr"k 'kkL= esa xzgksa o
vkdk'kh; fi.Mksa dk egRoiw.kZ LFkku gS ftuds vk/kkj ij i`Foh ij leLr ?kVuk,a
?kVrh gSaA xzgksa dh 'kkfUr gksus ij bu ?kVukvksa dks ?kVus ls Vkyk tk ldrk gS
vFkok ?kVuk ds çHkkoksa esa U;wurk ykbZ tk ldrh gSA xzgksa dh 'kkfUr ds vusd
fo/kku ijEijkxr 'kkL=h; xzUFkksa esa feyrs gSaA oLrqr% vkt ftruk HkkSfrd fodkl
gesa fn[kkbZ nsrk gS mlesa Hkh ge ikrs gSa dh ekuo lekt esa fo|eku vusd
leL;kvksa dk lek/kku gekjh lukru ijaijk ds ek/;e ls fd;k tkrk gSA bu lHkh
leL;kvksa ds fujkdj.k esa gekjs 'kkL= T;ksfr"k] okLrq] ;ksx vk;qosZn vkfn dk
egRoiw.kZ LFkku gSA bu lHkh esa T;ksfr"k 'kkL= ds ek/;e ls ge fofHkUu leL;kvksa
dk lek/kku djrs gSaA bu leL;kvksa dk lek/kku ge 'kkL= ds ek/;e ls dbZ
çdkj ls djrs gS tSls loZçFke O;fä dh tUedqaMyh ds vk/kkj ij xzgksa dh fLFkr
vkfn ds }kjk iwokZuqeku djds v'kqHk xzgksa ds çHkkoksa dks mldh 'kkafr vkfn ds
ek/;e ls de djukA lkFk gh lkFk lkewfgd :i ls ;K vuq"Bkukfn ds ek/;e ls
Hkh leL;kvksa dk lek/kku fd;k tkrk gS ftlds ldkjkRed ifj.kke gesa çkIr gksrs
gSA bUgha mik;ksa ds ckjs esa dqN foLrkj ls vfxze fcUnqvksa ds ek/;e ls ge tkusaxsA
& oSfnd mik;ksa }kjk leL;kvksa ds lek/kku gsrq
oSfnd ;Kksa dk foospu oSfnd xzUFkksa esa fd;k x;k gSA oSfnd mik;ksa }kjk lHkh
çdkj dh leL;kvksa dk lek/kku fd;k tkrk gSA#ækfHk"ksd] egke`R;qat;kfn vuq"Bku]
vFkoZ'kh"kZikB] oSfnd eU=ksa dk ç;ksx vkfn mik;ksa }kjk leL;kvksa dh 'kkfUr dh
tkrh gSA mikluk] ri vkfn uSfefÙkd deksaZ ls Hkh vfj"V dh 'kkfUr dh tkrh gSA
çk;f'pÙk deksaZ ls deksZRiUu leL;kvksa ls cpk tk ldrk gSA
ti] nku vkfn fØ;kvksa ls
leL;kvksa dks Vkyk tk ldrk gS vFkok leL;kvksa ds çHkkoksa dks de fd;k tk
ldrk gSA vuq"Bku ijEijk esa ti vkSj nku dk fo'ks"k egRo gSA T;ksfr"k ds
vuqlkj leL;kvksa ds lek/kku gsrq xzgksa ds eU=ksa dk ti ,oa rÙkn xzg lEcU/kh nku
vkfn ds ek/;e fd;k tkrk gS A dgk Hkh tkrk gS fd &
161
 ¼c`gRikjk'kjgksjk'kkL=e~ xzg&'kkUR;/;k;% 'yks 27&28½
nq%LFkku fLFkrxzgksa dh 'kkfUr ti]iwtu]czkã.kHkkstu] nku vkfn ls djuh pkfg;s xzgksa
dh gh vuqdwyrk esa euq"; lq[kh vkSj xzgksa dh çfrdwyrk esa nq%[kh jgrs gaS vr% mUgs
iwtukfn ls 'kkUr djsa xzgksa ds iwtukfn dk ;k djus dk Øe ;k vkjk/kuk dk Øe
ozr] ti] nku] ,oa jRu /kkj.k gS A
& ,d o"kZ ;k 30 jfookj rd vFkok 12 jfookjks rd
djuk pkfg, ozr ds fnu yky jax dk oL= /kkj.k djds źzka ºzha ºzkSa l% lw;kZ;
ue% bl ea= dk 12 ekyk vFkok ikap ekyk vFkok rhu ekyk ti djuk pkfg,A
ti ds ckn 'kq) ty] jä panu] v{kr] yky iq"i vkSj nwokZ ls lw;Z dks v?Z~; nsuk
pkfg,A Hkkstu esa xsgwa dh jksVh] nfy;k] nw/k] ngh] ?kh vkSj phuh [kk,a ued ugha
[kk,a bl ozr ds çHkko ls lw;Z dk v'kqHk Qy 'kqHk Qy esa ifj.kr gks tkrk gSA
rstfLork c<+rh gS ,oa 'kkjhfjd jksx 'kkar gks tkrs gSa rFkk vkjksX;rk çkIr gksrh gSA
ॐvk—".ksu jtlk orZekuks fuos'k;Uue`ra erZ~;a pA fgj.;;su lfork
jFksuk nsoks ;kfr Hkqoukfu i';u~A
vkfnR;k; fon~egs çHkkdjk; /khefg rUuks lw;Z% çpksn;krA
ॐ?k`f.k lw;kZ; ue%A
ॐºzka âha gzkSa l% lw;kZ; ue%A
ॐºzha ºzkSa lw;kZ; ue% A
7000
ekf.kd] lqo.kZ] rkez] xsgwa] xqM+] ?kh] ds'kj] ewax] yky xk;] yky oL=]
yky pUnuA
;g ozr 54 lkseokj rd ;k 10 lkseokj rd djuk
pkfg,A ozr ds fnu 'osr oL= /kkj.k dj ^ॐ Jka Jha JkSa l% pUæels ue%^A bl
eU= dk tki 11] 5 vFkok rhu ekyk ti djsaA Hkkstu esa fcuk ued ds ngh] nw/k]
pkoy] phuh vkSj ?kh ls cuh phtsa gh [kk, A bl ozr dks djus ls O;kikj esa ykHk
gksrk gS ekufld d"Vksa dh 'kkafr gksrh gS] fo'ks"k dk;Z flf) esa Hkh ;g ozr iw.kZ
ykHknk;d gksrk gSA
ॐbeUnsok·vliRua lqo/oa egrs {k=k; egrs T;S"Bî~;k; egrs
tkujkT;k;sUæL;sfUæ;k;A beeeq"; iq=eeq[;S iq=eL;S fo'k·,"k oks·eh jktk
lkseks·Lekda czã.kkuka jktkAA
ॐve`rk³~xk; fon~egs dy:ik; /khefg rUuks lkse% çpksn;kr~
ॐlksa lksek; ue% A
ॐJka Jha JkSa l% pUæels ue%A
162
 ॐ,sa Dyha lksek; ue%A
11000
eksrh] lqo.kZ] jtr] pkoy] feJh] ngh] 'osriq"i] 'ka[k] diwZj] 'osr
cSy] 'osroL=]'osr pUnuA
& 45 ;k 21 eaxyokj rd bl ozr dks djuk pkfg,
;g ozr vf/kd fnuksa rd Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gSA yky oL= /kkj.k djds ^ॐØka
Øha ØkSa l% HkkSek; ue%^ bl ea= dh 7] 5 ;k rhu ekyk ti djsaA Hkkstu esa xqM+ ls
cuk gyok ;k yìw bR;kfn [kk,a A ued ugha [kk, bl ozr ds djus ls _.k ls
NqVdkjk feyrk gS A larku lq[k dh çkfIr gksrh gS A
ॐvfXuewnZ~/kkfno%ddqRifr% i`fFkO;k·; vika jsrka fl ftUofr A
ॐv³~xkjdk; fon~egs 'kfägLrk; /khefg rUuks HkkSe% çpksn;kr~A
ॐva va³~xkjdk; ue%A
ॐØka Øha ØkSa l% HkkSek; ue%A
ॐg¡ Jha HkkSek; ue%A
10000
ewaxk] lqo.kZ] rkez] elwj] xqM+] ?kh] jäds'kj] dLrwjh] yky csy]
jäoL=] yky pUnuA
45] 21 ;k 17 cq/kckj rd bl ozr dks djuk
pkfg,A gjs jax dk oL= /kkj.k djds ^ॐczka czha czkSa l% cq/kk; ue%^ bl ea= dk 17]
5] ;k 3 ekyk rd ti djsa Hkkstu esa ued jfgr ewax ls cuh phtsa [kkuh pkfg,
tSls ewax dk gyok] ewax ds yìw bR;kfn & Hkkstu ls igys rhu rqylh ds iÙks
pj.kke`r ;k xaxkty ds lkFk [kkdj rc Hkkstu djsa bl ozr ds djus ls fo|k
vkSj /ku dk ykHk gksrk gS O;kikj esa mUufr gksrh gSA
ॐmn~xq/;LokXus çfrtkx`fg Rofe"VkiwrsZ la l`tsFkke;a p
vfLeURl/kLFks·/;qÙkjfLefUo'os nsok ;teku'p lhnrA
ॐlkSE;:ik; fon~egs ok.ks'kk; /khefg rUuks lkSE;% çpksn;kr~ A
ॐcqa cq/kk; ue%AA
ॐczka ºzha czkSa l% cq/kk; ue% A
ॐ,sa Jha Jha cq/kk; ue%AA
9]000
ewax] gjk oL=] lqo.kZ] dkaL;]?k`r] loZiq"i] diwZj A
& 3 o"kZ 1 o"kZ vFkok 16 c`gLifrokj rd ;g ozr
djuk pkfg, ihys jax dk oL= /kkj.k djds ^ ॐ xzka xzha xzkSa l% xqjos ue%* bl ea=
dh 16] 5] ;k 3 ekyk ti djs A Hkkstu esa pus ds cslu vkSj phuh ls cuh feBkbZ
yìw gh [kk,aA ;g ozr fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds fy, cqf) vkSj fo|kçn gSA bl ozr ls /ku dh
fLFkjrk vkSj ;'k dh çkfIr gksrh gS vfookfgr dks fookg esa lgk;d gksrk gSA
163
 eU= oSfnd &ॐc`gLirs·fr;n;ksZ·vgkZ|qef}Hkkfr ØrqeTtus"kq
;íhn;PNol·_rçtkrnLeklq æfo.ka /ksfg fp=e~ A
ॐvkf³~xjlk; fon~egs fnO;nsgk; /khefg rUuks tho% çpksn;kr~ A
ॐ c`a c`gLir;s ue% A
ॐ xzka xzha xzkSa l% xqjos ue%A
ॐgha Dyha gw¡ c`gLir;s ue%A
19000
iq[kjkt] lqo.kZ] dkaL;] puk nky] [kkaM] ?kh] ihriq"i] gYnh] iqLrd]
?kksM+k]ihrol] ihrQyA
31 ;k 21 'kqØokj rd bl ozr dks djuk
pkfg,A 'osr oL= /kkj.k djds ^ॐæka æha ækSa l% 'kqØk; ue%* bl ea= dk 21] 11]
;k 5 ekyk ti djsaA Hkkstu esa pkoy ]phuh ]nw/k] ngh vkSj ?kh ls cus inkFkZ Hkkstu
djsa Abl ozr ds djus ls lq[k lkSHkkX; vkSj ,s'o;Z dh o`f) gksrh gSA
ॐvUukr~ ifjJqrks jla czã.kk O;ficR{k=a i;% lksea çtkifr% A
_rsu lR;fefUæ;a foikua 'kqØeU/kl bUæL;sfUæ;fena i;ks·e`ra e/kq A
ॐ Hk`xqtk; fon~egs fnO;nsgk; /khefg rUuks 'kqØ% çpksn;kr~ A
ॐ'kqa 'kqØk; ue%
16000
ghjk] lqo.kZ] jtr] pkoy] feJh] nw/k] 'osriq"i] lqxU/k] nf/k] 'osr
?kksM+k] 'osroL=]'osr pUnuA
& 51 ;k 19 'kfuokj rd bl ozr dks djuk pkfg, A
dkyk oL= /kkj.k djds ॐçka çha çkSa l% 'ku;s ue% bl ea= dh 19] 11] 5 ekyk
ti djrs le; ,d ik= esa 'kq) ty] dkyk fry] nw/k] phuh vkSj xaxkty vius
ikl j[k ysaA ti ds ckn bldks ihiy o`{k dh tM+ esa if'pe eq[; gksdj p<+k ns
Hkkstu esa mM+n ds vkVs ls cuh phtsa iathjh idkSM+h vkfn [kk;s dqN rsy esa cuh
phtsa vo'; [kk,a Qy esa dsyk [kk ldrs gSa A bl ozr ds djus ls lc çdkj dh
lkalkfjd >a>V nwj gksrh gS >xM+s esa fot; çkIr gksrh gSA yksgs e'khujh dkj[kkus
okyksa ds fy, ;g ozr O;kikj esa mUufrdkjd vkSj ykHknk;d gksrk gSA
ॐ'kUuks nsohjfHk"V; vkiks HkoUrq ihr;s A 'ka ;ksjfHk lzoUrq u% A
ॐHkxHkok; fon~egs e`R;qiq#"kk; /khefg rUuks 'kfu% çpksn;kr~ A
ॐ'ka 'kuS'pjk; ue%A
ॐçka çha çkSa l% 'ku;s ue% A
ॐ,sa ºzha Jha 'ku;s ue% A
23000
uhye] lqo.kZ] yksgk] mM+n] dqyFkh] rsy] —".kiq"i] dLrwjh] —".kkUu]
164 HkSal] —".koL=] 'kL=A
 & vëkjg 'kfuokj rd ;g ozr djuk
pkfg,A dkys jax dk oL= /kkj.k djds jkgq ds ozr esa ॐHkzka Hkzha HkzkSa l% jkgos ue%
bl ea= dh ,oa dsrq ds ozr esa ॐlzka lzha L=kSa l% dsros ue% bl ea= dh 18] 11
;k 5 ekyk ti djsa A ti ds le; ,d ik= esa ty] nwokZ vkSj dq'kk vius ikl
j[k ysa A ti ds ckn budks ihiy dh tM+ esa p<+k nsa A Hkkstu esa ehBk pwjek]
ehBh jksVh vkSj dkys fry ls cus inkFkZ [kk,aA
d;kufp= vk Hkqonwrh lnko`/k% l[kkA d;k 'kfp"B;k o`rk A
f'kjks#ik; fon~egs ve`rs'kk; /khefg rUuks jkgq% çpksn;kr~ A
ॐjka jkgos ue%A
ॐHkzka Hkzha HkzkSa l% jkgos ue% A
ॐ ,sa ºzha jkgos ue% A
18000
xksesn] lqo.kZ] lhlk] fry] ljlksa] rsy] —".kiq"i] [kM~x] dEcy]
?kksM+k] uhyko[k]'k[kA

ॐdsrqa —.koUu dsros is'kksi;~;kZ vis'kls leq"kfn~Hkjtk;Fkk%AA

ॐin~eiq=k; fon~egs ve`rs'kk; /khefg rUuks dsrq% çpksn;kr~ A
ॐ dsa dsros ue%A
ॐlzka lzha lzkSa l% dsros ue%A
ॐºzha ,sa dsros ue%A
18000
yglqfu;k] lqo.kZ] yksgk] fry] lIr/kkU;] rsy] /kweziq"i] ukfj;y]
dEcy] dkyk cdjk] /kwezoL=] 'kL=A
& T;ksfr"k esa jRuksa dh Hkh fo'ks"k efgek gSA jRuksa dh
peRdkjh 'kfädk lEcU/k vkdk'kh; xzgksa ls gSA çR;sd xzgesa fHkUu&fHkUu çdkj ds
çk—frd xq.k gksrs gSaA vuqHko ls ;g irk pyrk gS fd xzg fo'ks"k vkSj jRu fo'ks"k
dh ç—fr esa Hkkjh xq.klkE; gSA bl çdkj ;s nksuksa leku/kekZ gSaA ;Fkk&lw;Z vkSj
ekf.kD;] pUæ& vkSj eksrh] eaxy vkSj ewaxk] cq/k vkSj iUuk] xq# vkSj iq[kjkt] 'kqØ
vkSj ghjk] 'kfu vkSj uhye] jkgq vkSj xksesn] dsrq vkSj yglqfu;k vkfn esa xq.klkE;
gSA LokHkkfod ckr ;g gS fd xzgksa dh jf'e;k¡ viuh rjg ds xq.kokys jRuksa dh vksj
Lor% vkdf"kZr gksrh gSaA tkrd ds tUedkfyd xzgksa dh fLFkfr ds vk/kkj ij
'kqHkk'kqHk dk fu/kkZj.k fd;k tkrk gS vkSj bUgha 'kqHkk'kqHk xzgksa ds vuqlkj /kkj.kh;
jRuksa dk fu/kkZj.k gksrk gSA tks jRu ,d O;fä ds fy;s vuqdwy gks] og nwljs O;fä
ds fy;s çfrdwy Hkh gks ldrk gSA vr% mi;qä jRu dk pquko fdlh ikjaxr nSoK
dh lykg ls fd;k tkuk mfpr gSA jRu rhu çdkj ls çHkko Mkyrs gSa&ƒ&'kqHk
deksaZ ds Hkksx esa vkus okyh ck/kkvksa dks gVkuk] „&v'kqHkxzgksa ds çHkko ls j{kk djuk
rFkk …&lkfÙod] ijarq nqcZy xzgksa esa vfrfjä cy dh o`f) djuk

165
 lw;Z ekf.kD; ykyM+h] lw;Zef.k] yky rkezef.k ¼rkeM+k½

pUæek eksrh pUædkUr ef.k

eaxy ew¡xk foæqe ef.k ¼çokyewy½
cq/k iUuk ejxt] tcjtn ¼gfjref.k½
xq# ¼c`gLifr½ iq[kjkt lqusgyk] lksuy]
'kqØ ghjk nk¡ryk] dqjaxh]
'kfu uhye teqfu;k] yhfy;k ¼uhyh½] dVsyk ¼dqN yksx
yktorZ vkSj fQjkstk dks Hkh uhye dk
mijRu ekurs gSa½
jkgq xksesn rqjlkok] tjdu
dsrq yglqfu;k fQjkstk
;Fkk eqgwrZ fparkef.k esa crk;k x;k gS fd &

¼eqgrw Z fparkef.kxkspj çdj.k'yks 10&11½

bl çdkj T;ksfr"k 'kkL= esa fofHkUu leL;kvksa dk lek/kku dbZ çdkj ls fd;k
tkrk gS tks fd gekjs thou esa ,d ldkjkRed ifj.kke çnku djrk gS A

çLrqr bdkbZ ds ek/;e ls geus tkuk fd T;ksfr"k 'kkL= fofHkUu leL;kvksa ds

lek/kku esa gekjk ekxZn'kZu ,oa lg;ksx çnku djrk gS A ge lHkh tkurs gSa fd
T;ksfr"k Kku ds vHkko esa ;Kkfn dky&fu/kkZj.k] cgqfo/k laLdkj] fo|keqgwrZ]
ozr&R;ksgkj] okLrq] ewfrZçfr"Bk] lkeqfæd&'kkL=] vax&fo|k] LoIufopkj]
'kdquki'kdqu] fookg] miu;u] pkSydeZ] iq#"k&L=h&y{k.kcks/k] js[kkfn Qy vkSj
Lojfo|kçHk`fr fdlh Hkh çdkj ds dk;Z vkSj mlds eqgrw Z dk ifjKku ugha gks ikrkA
;g og 'kkL= gS] ftlds vk/kkj ij euq"; dks mlds tUe&tUekUrjh; deksaZ ds
lqifj.kke vkSj nq"ifj.kke dk Kku gksrk gS rFkk nq"ifj.kkeksa ls cpko gsrq mik;ksa dk
funsZ'k fd;k tkrk gSA fo}kuksa us bls çR;{k 'kkL=ds :i esa Lohdkj fd;k gS&

oLrqr% Hkwr] orZeku vkSj Hkfo";&rhuksa dkyksa ds çR;{khdj.k esa ;g fo|k

p{kq:ikfRedk gSAthou esa T;ksfr"k 'kkL= ds }kjk iwokZuqeku ds ek/;e ls ge fdlh
leL;k ds nq"çHkko dks vo'; de dj ikrs gSa D;ksfd ;g Hkh lR; gS fd dksbZ
166 vfç; ;k çk—frd ?kVuk ?kfVr gksus okyh gS tSls Hkwdai] mRikr] vfro`f"V vkfn
budks jksduk rks lEHko ugha gks ikrk gS ysfdu ;fn buds vof/k ;k dky dk Kku
gesa gks tk;s rks ge mlds nq"çHkko dks vo'; nwj dj ldrs gS A ;gh dk;Z
T;ksfr"k 'kkL= djrk gS fd Hkfo"; esa pkgs çk—frd ?kVuk gks ;k ekuo fo'ks"k ds
thou esa ?kVus okyh v'kqHk ?kVuk gks mlds iwokZuqeku ls mlds nq"çHkko dks de
fd;k tkrk gS A bu lHkh leL;kvksa dk lek/kku xzg 'kkafr] jRu] ea=] bZ'ojh;
mikluk] nku] ;K vkfn ds vuq"Bkuksa ds ek/;e ls fd;k tkrk gS A bl çdkj
geus bl bdkbZ ds ek/;e ls tkuk fd fofHkUu leL;kvksa ds lek/kku esa T;ksfr"k
'kkL= dh vR;ar mi;ksfxrk gS A

ekuoh; leL;k,¡ & os ijs'kkfu;k¡ ;k leL;k,¡ tks ekuo dks çHkkfor djrh gS
ekuoh; leL;k,¡ dgykrh gSA
çk—frd leL;k,¡ &ç—fr ls mRiUu leL;k,¡ çk—frd leL;k,¡ dgykrh gSA
;Fkk Hkwdai] vfro`f"V] vuko`f"V vkfnA
v³~xkjdk; & vaxkjd uke eaxy dk gS] vFkkZr~ eaxy ds fy, vFkZ gqvkA
ewyk/kkj & ewy ftldk vk/kkj gSA
ve`rk³~xk; & ve`r vax ds fy,A
ukHkl & vkdk'kA
feF;k & >wBA
vfgrokpd & vfgr dgus okyk
frfr{kk & lnhZ& xehZ vkfn lgu djus dh 'kkjhfjd 'kfäA
larki & nq%[k ;k Dys'kA
yksyqi & ykyph
ekRl;Z & fdlh dks vPNh n'kk esa ns[kdj tyuk ;k bZ";kZ

1- ekuoh; leL;kvksa ds ckjs esa fyf[k,A

2- çk—frd leL;k,¡ dkSu lh gksrh gSa\ foLrkj ls crkb;sA
3- fofHkUu lekL;kvksa ds lek/kku esa T;ksfr"k 'kkL= dh Hkwfedk crkb;sA
4- xzg mipkj fyf[k,A
5- çLrqr bdkbZ dk 'kh"kZd vius 'kCnksa esa fyf[k,A

&O;k[;kdkj M‚- lqjdkUr >k çdk'kd] pkS[kEHkk lqHkkjrh ds

37@117 xksiky efUnj ysu ika- ck-u- 1129] okjk.klh] 22101] o"kZ 2007
O;k[;kdkj M‚- gfj'kadj ikBd] çdk'kd pkS[kEHkk lqHkkjrh
okjk.klh] laLdj.k o"kZ 2012

167
 pkS[kEHkklqHkkjrh çdk'ku okjk.klh] Vhdkdkj ia-
in~eukHk 'kekZ o"kZ 2012
-ys[kd M‚- usfepUæ 'kkL=h] Hkkjrh; KkuihB laLdj.k o"kZ
2002
M‚- jkepUæik.Ms;] pkS[kEck —".knkl vdkneh] dså
…‰/ƒƒŠ] xksiky efUnj ysu] ikså ckå uaå ƒƒƒŠ] okjk.klh&„„ƒååƒ ¼Hkkjr½
ys[kd% çksŒ fou;dqekjik.Ms;%] pkS[kEHkk
lqHkkjrh çdk'ku o"kZ 2013ds 37@117 xksiky efUnj ysu ika- ck-u- 1129]
okjk.klh ] 22101
& ys[kd & JhoS|ukFk] pkS[kEHkk laL—r laLFkku] okjk.klh]
pkS[kEHkk laL—r laLFkku] okjk.klh Qksu % „………††‡] lu~ „åå†
& O;k[;kdkj&M‚- lqjdkUr>k] çdk'kd % pkS[kEck —".knkl vdkneh]
dså …‰@ƒƒŠ] xksiky efUnj ysu xksy?kj ¼eSnkfxu½ ds ikl½] okjk.klhlaLdj.k
% f}rh;] foålaå „å‰å] lu~ „僅
& Mk 'kqdnso prqosZnheksrhyky cukjlh
nkl]pkSd &okjk.klh
~ & O;k[;kdkj iaå dsnkjnÙk tks'kh] ƒ‹Š‡] çdk'kd&eksrhyky
cukjlhnkl pkSd] okjk.klh „„ƒååƒ] okjk.klh
mÙkjk[k.M eqä
fo'ofo|ky;] gY}kuh
& T;ksfr"krÙokad xhrkçsl] xksj[kiqj o"k%ZŠŠla[;k % ƒ
& Mk Hkkstjkt f}osnhjatu ifCyds'ku]
nfj;kxat fnYyh
14½

168