4-0 mís';

4-1 çLrkouk
4-2 gksjk LdUèk dk laf{kIr ifjp;
4-2-1 gksjk&'kkL= ds vkèkkjHkwr fl)kUr ,oa Lo:i
4-2-2 ç'u&dq.Myh
4-2-3 o"kZ&dq.Myh
4-3 gksjk&LdUèk dh çfr"Bk
4-3-1 vFkoZlafgrk
4-3-2 vFkoZT;ksfr"k
4-4 gksjk LdUèk dh çxfr esa ikjk'kj dk vonku
4-4-1 c`gRikjk'kjgksjk'kkL=
4-4-2 y?kqikjk'kjh&eè;ikjk'kjh
4-5 gksjk LdUèk dk mRd"kZ
4-5-1 tSfefulw=
4-5-2 c`gTtkrd
4-5-3 tkrdikfjtkr
4-5-4 ç'uekxZ
4-5-5 rkftduhydaBh
4-6 gksjk&LdUèk dk egÙo ,oa lEHkkouk,a
4-7 lkjka'k
4-8 'kCnkoyh
4-9 cks/k ç'u
4-10 mi;ksxh iqLrdsa

çLrqr bdkbZ ds vè;;u ds ckn vki &

• T;ksfr"k ds gksjk&LdUèk dks ifjHkkf"kr djus esa leFkZ gks ldsaxs A
• gksjk LdUèk ds bfrgkl dk fu:i.k djus esa dq'ky gks ldsaxs A
• gksjk LdUèk esa ikjk'kj] ojkgfefgj vkfn ds vonku dks fu:fir djus esa leFkZ
gks ldsaxs A
• miLdUèk lfgr gksjk ds lexz Lo:i dks le>kus esa dq'ky gks ldsaxs A
• gksjk ds egÙo vkSj laHkkoukvksa ds foospu esa fuiq.k gks ldsaxs A

211
 blds iwoZ geus T;ksfr"k&'kkL= ds lafgrk LdUèk ij ,d fogaxe –f"Vikr ds }kjk
bldh fodkl&;k=k dks le>us dk ç;kl fd;kA
bl bdkbZ esa ge Hkkjrh; T;ksfr"k ds gksjk&LdUèk ds Lo:i] egÙo] xzUFkksa vkSj
lEHkkoukvksa ij ppkZ djsx a sA ;g tkrd ds fo"k; esa Qy dk fu:i.k djrk gSA
gksjk ftldk çfl) uke ^tkrd* ;k ^Qfyr* gS] og xzgksa] jkf'k;ksa vkSj u{k=ksa ds
O;fä&fo'ks"k ij gksus okys çHkko dk vè;;u djds mlds Hkwrdky vkSj Hkfo";dky
esa gksus okyh ?kVukvksa dk iwokZuqeku djrk gS vkSj 'kqHk&v'kqHk Qy dk dFku djrk
gSA oSfnd dky ls ysdj vkt rd T;ksfr"k 'kkL= vius yksd&dY;k.kdkjh pfj=
ds dkj.k lw;Z ds leku vius Kku&:ih çdk'k ls lekt dks loZfoèk vkyksfdr
dj jgk gSA bl LdUèk ds ,sfrgkfld&fodkl&Øe ds lkFk&lkFk blds fofoèk
Lo:iksa vkSj orZeku le; esa bldh lEHkkoukvksa dk vè;;u djsaxs A

f=LdUèkkRed T;ksfr"k dk rhljk LdUèk gS & ^gksjk* A bldk çpfyr uke ^Qfyr*
;k ^tkrd* Hkh gS A ;|fi lafgrk ds leku bl LdUèk esa Hkh fofoèk jkf'k;ksa ,oa
u{k=ksa esa fLFkr xzgksa ds fofHkUu Qyksa dk vè;;u fd;k tkrk gS fdUrq lafgrk ls
bldk Hksn ;gh gS fd lafgrk esa lef"V ¼lewg ;k lekt vFkkZr~ uxj] ns'k vkfn½
ij iM+us okys çHkko dk vè;;u djrs gSa fdUrq bl Qfyr ;k gksjk LdUèk esa O;f"V
vFkkZr~ O;fä ij iM+us okys çHkko dk vè;;u djrs gSa A rc ç'u ;g gS fd O;fä
ij iM+us okys çHkko ds fuèkkZj.k dk ekun.M D;k gS\ vFkkZr~ tc x`g lnSo gh
fdlh u fdlh jkf'k vFkok u{k= esa lapj.k djrs gh jgrs gSa rc fdlh
O;fä&fo'ks"k ij muds Mkys x, çHkko dk vkadyu dSls gksxk\ vkSj ,d O;fä ij
iM+us okys çHkko ls nwljs O;fä ij iM+us okyk çHkko fHkUu dSls gksxk\
rks bu nksuksa gh ç'uksa dk mÙkj gS & dq.Myh ds vkèkkj ijA;g dq.Myh Hkh
fofoèk&çdkj dh gksrh gS & ^tUe dq.Myh*] ^vkèkku&dq.Myh*] ^xkspjdq.Myh*]
ç'u&dq.Myh*] okf"kZd&dq.Myh* bR;kfnA ;g fofoèkrk dky&fo'ks"k ;k
mís';&fo'ks"k ds dkj.k gS A bu dqaMfy;ksa ij vkxs fopkj fd;k tk,xk A
;fn çHkko ;k Qy dk vk[;ku djus ds dkj.k bl LdUèk dh ^Qfyr* laKk vkSj
tUedkyhu dq.Myh ds vkèkkj ij Qy&dFku djus ds dkj.k ^tkrd* laKk gS rks
bldh ^gksjk* laKk D;wa gS\ bl lEcUèk esa vkpk;Z ojkgfefgj dgrs gSa &
¼c`gTtkrd] ƒ@†½
vFkkZr~ ^vgksjk=* bl 'kCn ds vk| o.kZ ^vdkj* vkSj vUR; o.kZ ^=dkj* dk yksi
djus ls ^gksjk* 'kCn curk gS] ,slk dqN vkpk;ksZa dk er gS A
vc ç'u ;g gS fd bl laKk dh D;k çklafxdrk gS\ oLrqr% vgksjk= dk vFkZ gS
fnu vkSj jkr dk lEiw.kZ dkyeku] vFkkZr~ „† ?kaVs ¼ˆå ?kVh½A es"k vkfn ƒ„ jkf'k;ksa
dk tks pØ ¼jkf'kpؽ gS og çfrfnu ƒ vgksjk= ¼„† ?kaVs½ esa ƒ pDdj yxkrk gS A
bl pDdj yxkus ds nkSjku jkf'kpØ ij fLFkr es"k vkfn ƒ„ jkf'k;ksa esa ls dksbZ u
dksbZ ,d jkf'k iwoZ f{kfrt ij jgrh gSA vc pwafd jkf'k;ka ƒ„ gSa vkSj ?kaVs „†
blfy, çR;sd jkf'k çk;% „&„ ?kaVs iwoZ&f{kfrt ij jgrh gS A tks jkf'k f{kfrt ij
212 jgrh gS mls ^yXu* dgrs gSa A mnkgj.k ds rkSj ij] ;fn es"k jkf'k çkr%dky ˆ%åå
cts iwoZ f{kfrt ij vkbZ rks es"k yXu dk vkjEHk ˆ%åå cts ekuk tk,xk vkSj
LFkwy&:i ls yxHkx „ ?kaVs jgus ds ckn vxyh o`"k jkf'k Š%åå cts f{kfrt ij
vkbZ rks Š%åå cts ls o`"k yXu vkjEHk ¼es"k yXu dh lekfIr½ ekuk tk,xk A bl
çdkj lEiw.kZ vgksjk= ¼„† gksjk½ esa ƒ„ yXu iM+rs gSa A ;g yXu gh Qfyr&'kkL=
dk vkèkkj gS A vc pwafd blh dky&[kaM esa „† gksjk ds eè; fdlh u fdlh yXu
esa euq"; tUe ysrk gS] tks fd lEiw.kZ thou i;ZUr mlds thou dks çHkkfor djrk
gS] blfy, bl 'kkL= dks ^gksjk&'kkL=* dgrs gSa A

;g gksjk'kkL= çk.kh ¼euq";½ ds iwoZtUe esa mlds }kjk fd, x, 'kqHk vFkok v'kqHk
deZ ds Qy dks rFkk QyHkksx ds le; dks mlh çdkj Li"V O;ä dj nsrk gS]
tSls nhid vaèksjs esa j[ks inkFkksZa dks Li"V fn[kk nsrk gS &

¼y?kqtkrd] ƒ@„½
dq.Myh esa yXu vkfn ƒ„ Hkkoksa gksrs gSa A yXu ,oa jkf'k ds vkèkkj ij ƒ„ jkf'k;ksa
ds fy, ƒ„ Hkkoksa dh pØkRed O;oLFkk gh dq.Myh dgykrh gS] ftlds vkèkkj ij
_f"k;ksa us tUe ls e`R;q rd thou ds lHkh i{kksa ds Hkfo";&Qy vkfn dgs A ,sls
esa ,d ç'u ;g gksrk gS fd thou ds lHkh i{k bl dq.Myh ls fdl çdkj fopkjs
fd;s tkrs gSaA
oLrqr% yXu vkfn ƒ„ Hkkoksa ls vèkksfyf[kr fo"k;ksa dk fopkj gksrk gS] ftlds dkj.k
bu Hkkoksa dh laKk,a Hkh mu fopkj.kh;&fo"k;ksa ds uke ij iM+ xbZa A

ruq] dqVqEc ¼èku½] lgt] cUèkq ¼lqân~½] lqr] vfj ¼fjiq½] iRuh] ej.k ¼vk;q½] 'kqHk
¼HkkX;½] vkLin ¼deZ½] vk; vkSj ¼fj"Q½ O;; ;s Øe'k% ckjg Hkkoksa ds uke gSa A bu
ckjg Hkkoksa dh fo'ks"k laKk,a Hkh dgh x;h gSa &

dsUæ LFkku çFke] prqFkZ] lIre rFkk n'ke dks dgrs gSa] blh dks d.Vd rFkk
prq"V; Hkh dgk x;k gSA yXu vFkkZr~ çFke Hkko dks mn; LFkku] prqFkZ LFkku dks
ikrky] lIre dks vLr rFkk n'ke dks vkdk'k Hkh dgk x;k gSA iape ,oa uoe
Hkkoksa dks f=dks.k dgk tkrk gSA f=dks.k ds vUrxZr yXu Hkh x`ghr gSA f}rh;]
iape] v"Ve ,oa ,dkn'k Hkkoksa dks i.kQj rFkk r`rh;] "k"B] uoe rFkk }kn'k LFkku
dks vkiksfDye dgk x;k gSA prqFkZ dks fgcqd] lIre dks tkfe=] uoe dks ri rFkk
n'ke LFkku dks es"kwj.k Hkh dgk x;k gSA dsUæ dks fo".kq rFkk f=dks.k dks y{eh Hkh
dgk x;k gSA
213
 tUek³~x esa çR;sd Hkko egÙoiw.kZ gksrk gSA bUgha }kn'k Hkkoksa esa fLFkr jkf'k;k¡ ,oa
xzg viuk v'kqHk vFkok 'kqHk Qy nsrs gSaA çR;sd Hkko ls D;k&D;k fopkj djuk
pkfg, dgk tk jgk gSA

¼c`gRikjk'kjgksjk'kkL= ƒ„@ƒ½
çFke Hkko ls tkrd dh 'kkjhfjd fLFkfr] LokLF;] :i] o.kZ] fpà tkfr] LoHkko]
xq.k] vk—fr] lq[k] nq%[k] f'kj Hkkx] firkeg rFkk 'khy vkfn dk fopkj djuk
pkfg,A

¼c`gRikjk'kjgksjk'kkL= ƒ„@„½
f}rh; Hkko ls èku laxzg] ikfjokfjd fLFkfr] mPp fo|k] [kk| inkFkZ] oL=]
eq[kLFkku] nkfguh vk¡[k] ok.kh] vftZr èku rFkk Lo.kkZfn èkkrqvksa dk fopkj gksrk gSA

¼c`gRikjk'kjgksjk'kkL= ƒ„@…½
r`rh; Hkko ls ijkØe] NksVs HkkbZ&cguksa dk lq[k] ukSdj&pkdj] lkgl] 'kkS;Z] èkS;Z]
pkpk] ekek rFkk nkfgus dku dk fopkj djsaA

¼c`gRikjk'kjgksjk'kkL= ƒ„@†½
prqFkZ Hkko ls ekrk dk fopkj] LFkk;h lEifÙk] Hkwfe] Hkou] okgu] i'kq vkfn dk lq[k]
fe=ksa dh fLFkfr] okih&dwi&rMkxkfn dh fLFkfr] Üolqj dk fopkj rFkk ân; LFkku
dk fopkj djuk pkfg,A

¼c`gRikjk'kjgksjk'kkL= ƒ„@‡½
iape Hkko ls fo|k] cqf)] uhfr] xHkZfLFkfr] lUrku dk fopkj] xqIreU=.kk] eU=flf)]
fopkj 'kfä] ys[ku] çcUèkkRed ;ksX;rk] iwoZtUe dk Kku] vkè;kfRed Kku]
çse&lEcUèk] bPNk'kfä] mnj LFkku vkfn dk fopkj djsA

¼c`gRikjk'kjgksjk'kkL= ƒ„@ˆ½
"k"B Hkko ls 'k=q] jksx] _.k] pksjh vFkok nq?kZVuk dk fopkj] dke] Øksèk] en] eksg]
yksHkkfn fodkjksa dk fopkj] vi;'k] ekek dh fLFkfr] ekSlh] ikideZ] xqnk LFkku rFkk
dej lEcUèkh jksxksa dk fopkj djuk pkfg,A

214 ¼c`gRikjk'kjgksjk'kkL= ƒ„@‰½

lIre Hkko ls L=h ,oa fookg lq[k] fL=;ksa dh dq.Myh esa ifr dk fopkj] oSokfgd
lq[k] lk>snkjh ds dk;Z] O;kikj esa gkfu] ykHk] okn fookn] eqdnek] dyg] çokl]
NksVs HkkbZ&cguksa dh lUrkus] ;k=k rFkk tuusfUæ; lEcUèkh xqIr jksxksa dk fopkj
djuk pkfg,A

¼c`gRikjk'kjgksjk'kkL= ƒ„@Š½
v"Ve Hkko ls e`R;q rFkk e`R;q ds dkj.k] vk;q] xqIrèku dh çkfIr] fo?u] unh vFkok
leqæ dh ;k=k,¡] iwoZtUeksa dh Le`fr] e`R;q ds ckn dh fLFkfr] llqjky ls èkukfn
çkIr gksus dh fLFkfr] nq?kZVuk dk fopkj] firk ds cM+s HkkbZ rFkk xqnk vFkok
v.Mdks'k vkfn xqIr jksxksa dk fopkj djuk pkfg,A

¼c`gRikjk'kjgksjk'kkL= ƒ„@‹½
uoe Hkko ls èkeZ] nku] iq.;] HkkX;] rhFkZ;k=k] fons'k&;k=k] mÙke fo|k] ikS= dk
fopkj] NksVk cguksbZ] ekufld o`fÙk] ej.kksÙkj thou dk Kku efUnj vkfn dk
fopkj] xq# dk fopkj] ;'k rFkk taèks vkfn fopkj djuk pkfg,A

¼c`gRikjk'kjgksjk'kkL= ƒ„@ƒå½
n'ke Hkko ls firk dk fopkj] deZ dk fopkj] vfèkdkj dh çkfIr] jkT; çfr"Bk]
inksUufr] ukSdjh] O;kikj] fons'k&;k=k] thfodk dk lkèku] dk;Zflf)] usrk dk
fopkj] lkl dk fopkj] vkdk'kh; fopkj ,oa ?kjksa dk fopkj djuk pkfg,A

¼c`gRikjk'kjgksjk'kkL= ƒ„@ƒƒ½
,dkn'k Hkko ls vk; dk fopkj] cM+k HkkbZ] fe=] nkekn] iq=oèkq] ,sÜo;Z lEifÙk]
okgukfn dk lq[k] ikfjokfjd lq[k] xqIrèku]nkfguk dku] ek³~xfyd dk;Z] HkkSfrd
inkFkZ] f}rh; iRuh rFkk iSj dk fopkj djsaA

¼c`gRikjk'kjgksjk'kkL= ƒ„@ƒ„½
}kn'k Hkko ls èkugkfu] [kpZ] n.M] O;lu] 'k=qi{k ls gkfu] ck;k¡ us=] viO;;]
xqIrlEcUèk] 'k¸;klq[k] nq%[k] ihM+k] cUèku] dkjkxkj dk fopkj] ej.kksijkUr tho dh
xfr dk fopkj] eqfä] "kM;U=] èkks[kk jktdh; ladV rFkk iSj ds ryq, dk fopkj
djuk pkfg,A
Hkko ,oa Hkkos'k xzgksa ds vfrfjä Hkkoksa ds dkjdRokfn dk Hkh fo'ks"k :i ls fopkj
djuk pkfg,] dkj.k fd fdlh Hkko dk iw.kZQy rHkh gksrk gS tc Hkko] Hkkos'k rFkk
dkjdkfn xzg cyh gksrs gSaA Hkkoksa ds dkjd xzg bl çdkj gSa & 215
 çFke Hkko dk dkjd xzg lw;Z] f}rh; dk xq#] r`rh; dk eaxy] prqFkZ dk pUæek]
iape dk xq#] NBs dk eaxy] lkrosa dk 'kqØ] vkBosa dk 'kfu] uosa dk lw;Z] n'ke
dk lw;Z vFkok cqèk] ,dkn'k dk xq# rFkk }kn'kHkko dk dkjd xzg 'kfu ekuk x;k
gSA T;ksfrfoZnksa ds vuqlkj lw;Z ls uoe Hkko esa ikixzg gks rks firk dks] pUæek ls
prqFkZ ikixzg ekrk dks] eaxy ls r`rh; Hkko esa ikixzg HkkbZ dks] cqèk ls prqFkZ
ikixzg ekek dks] xq# ls iape ikixzg iq=kfn dks] 'kqØ ls lIre ikixzg L=h dks
rFkk 'kfu ls v"Ve Hkko esa ikixzg gksa rks Lo;a tkrd ds fy, vfj"V djrs gSaA
Hkko ,oa Hkkos'k ds dqN fo'ks"k Qy ikjk'kjkfn _f"k;ksa }kjk dgs x;s gSaA tks bl
çdkj gSa &
tks Hkko vius Lokeh xzg vFkok 'kqHk xzg ls ;qr vFkok –"V gks ml Hkko dh o`f)
rFkk tks Hkko vius Lokeh xzg ls ;qr ;k –"V u gks rFkk ikixzg ls ;qr ;k –"V gks
ml Hkko lEcUèkh Qy dh gkfu tkuuh pkfg, &

¼"kV~i¥~pkf'kdk½
f=dks.kLFkkuksa ds Lokeh xzg pkgs 'kqHk gksa vFkok iki lnSo 'kqHkQy nsus okys gksrs gSaA
dsUæLFkku ds Lokeh xzg ;fn Øwj ;k iki xzg gksa rks 'kqHkQy fdUrq ;fn dsUæ Lokeh
xzg 'kqHk gksa rks Qy v'kqHk nsrs gSa &

¼y?kqikjk'kjh] ƒ@ˆ]‰½
;s gksjk&'kkL= ds ewyHkwr fl)kUr ;k fu;e gSa] tks dq.Myh ds lHkh :iksa ¼Hksnksa½ esa
pkgs ç'u&dq.Myh gks ;k o"kZQy&dq.Myh] leku :i ls fØ;kfUor gksrs gSa A
;gka ;g Li"V gS fd tUedq.Myh] tUedkyhu yXu ds vkèkkj ij rS;kj gksrh gS
fdUrq blds vfrfjä vkSj Hkh foèkk,a gS Hkfo";&Qy&dFku dh] tSls ç'u&dq.Myh]
o"kZ&dq.Myh vkfnA
gksjk LdUèk ds Lo:i dks la{ksi esa tkuus ds fy, bl pkVZ dks ns[ksa &
gksjk

tkrd ç'u o"kZ&Qy¼rkftd½

tUeyXu xkspj&yXu Loj yXu 'kdqu

216
tgka rd ç'u&dq.Myh dh ckr gS] ;fn dksbZ O;fä vkthfodk] nkEiR;] lUrfr
vFkok fdlh Hkh çdkj ds ykHk&gkfu&lEcUèkh ç'u fdlh T;ksfr"kh ls djrk gS rks
ml le; ¼ç'u djus ds le;½ ds yXu] ftls ^ç'u&yXu* dgrs gSa] ds vkèkkj ij
cukbZ x;h dq.Myh ^ç'u&dq.Myh* dgykrh gSA ç'u&dq.Myh ds dqN vU; Hkh
fo'ks"k fl)kUr gksrs gSa] ftuesa ^vk:< yXu*] ^ekfUn* ¼xqfyd½] Hkkoksa ls
fopkj.kh;&fo"k; vkfn fHkUu gksrs gSaA vk:<+ yXu ,oa ç'u&yXu ds fuèkkZj.k dh
Hkh cgqr fofèk;ka nf{k.k&Hkkjr] fo'ks"kdj dsjy esa gSaA ç'u&dq.Myh ds dqN LFkyksa
ij Loj'kkL= vkSj 'kdqu'kkL= ds fl)kUrksa dk Hkh vkJ; fy;k x;k gSA mnkgj.k
ds fy,] ç'udrkZ ds }kjk mPpfjr çFke Loj ds vkèkkj ij] nsork] iq"i] la[;k
vkfn ds vkèkkj ij ;k vax&Li'kZ ds vkèkkj ij vFkok fdlh 'kqHk ;k v'kqHk 'kdqu
ds vkèkkj ij Hkh T;ksfr"kh yXu ,oa Qy dk fuèkkZj.k djrk gSA

blh çdkj tUedky ds vkèkkj ij] vkxkeh o"kZ dk vkjEHk ftl le; gksrk gS ml
le; ds yXu dks ^o"kZ&yXu* dgrs gSaA ml yXu ds vkèkkj ij ftl dq.Myh dk
fuekZ.k fd;k tkrk gS mls ^o"kZ&dq.Myh* dgrs gSaA bl çdkj çR;sd o"kZ dh
vyx&vyx dq.Myh cukdj mlds vkèkkj ij okf"kZd&Qykns'k fd;k tkrk gSA ;g
foèkk rtkfdLrku ds Qfyr&'kkL= ls çHkkfor gksus ds dkj.k ^rkftd* dgykrh gSA
blesa ^bDdcky*] ^bUnqokj*] ^dEcwy*] ^bZljkQ* vkfn fo'ks"k ;ksx ds vkèkkj ij
Qykns'k fd;k tkrk gSA blesa n'kk,a Hkh foa'kksÙkjh ls fHkUu ^eqík*] ^ikR;k;kuh* vkfn
pyrh gSaA

T;ksfr"k&'kkL= dh çfr"Bk ds fo"k; esa igyh bdkbZ esa ppkZ gks pqdh gS fd osnks dh
çfr"Bk ds le; ls gh T;ksfr"k&'kkL= Hkh mlds v³~x ds :i esa çfrf"Br gS vkSj
mlh le; ls T;ksfr"k ds Qfyr LdUèk dh Hkh çfr"Bk le>uh pkfg,A
T;ksfr"k 'kkL= ds çorZd vkpk;ksZa dh ukekoyh fofoèk xzaFkksa vkSj iqjk.kksa esa feyrh
gSA

buesa lw;Z vkSj firkeg dks lukru ijEijk esa _f"k u ekudj nso ekuk x;k gS A
'ks"k _f"k gSaA ;s gSa O;kl] of'k"B] vf=] ijk'kj] d';i] ukjn] xxZ] ejhfp] euq]
vf³~xjk] ykse'k] ikSfy'k] P;ou] ;ou] Hk`xq vkSj 'kkSudA
lw;Z ls v#.k vkSj e;klqj] f'ko ls ikoZrh] firkeg czãk ls ukjn] ijk'kj ls eS=s;]
O;kl ls oS'kEik;u] blh çdkj iqyLR;] xxZ vkSj vf= ls muds f'k";ksa }kjk
xq#&f'k";&ijEijk ds }kjk 'kuS%&'kuS% bl 'kkL= dk fodkl gqvkA

217
 vFkoZ lafgrk esa u{k=ksa ds Lo:i] muds rkjksa dh la[;k] muds nsork vkSj Qy dk
o.kZu gS ftldk vkxs pydj czkã.k&xzaFkksa esa foLrkj gqvkA vFkoZ lafgrk ds bl
eU= dks nsf[k, &

¼vFkoZlafgrk ƒ‹@‰@„½

vFkoZosn ls T;ksfr"k ds lkjHkwr Lo:i dks ,d= djds ^vFkoZT;ksfr"k* vFkok

^vkFkoZ.k T;ksfr"k* uke ls vkpk;Z yxèk us ,d jpuk dh tks fd oLrqr%
^osnk³~x&T;ksfr"k* uked xzUFk ds … [k.Mksa esa ls ,d ekuk tkrk gS A bl xzUFk ds
vU; nks [k.M ^_DT;ksfr"k* ,oa ^;ktq"T;ksfr"k* gSa A oSfnd&lkfgR; esa u{k=ksa vkSj
eqgrw kZs dk vfèkd çpkj Fkk] tks fd Hkkjrh;&T;ksfr"k ds ewyHkwr rÙo jgs gSa A bUgha
dk iYYou vkpk;Z yxèk us vius xzUFk esa fd;k gSA
vFkoZ T;ksfr"k esa eqgwrksZa dh la[;k ƒ‡ crkbZ x;h gSA ckjg vaxqy ds 'kadq dh Nk;k
ds fHkUu&fHkUu ifjek.k gh bu eqgwrksZa dh vofèk gSaA ;fn 'kadq Nk;k ‹ˆ vaxqy ds
yxHkx gS rks og dky&[k.M ¼eqgwrZ½ ^jkSæ* dgykrk gSA ˆå vaxqy Nk;k tc gks
rc ^Üosr* uked eqgwrZ] ƒ„ vaxqy ifjek.k esa ^eS=* laKd eqgrw Z] ˆ vaxqy çek.k esa
^lkjHkV* eqgwrZ] ‡ vaxqy esa ^lkfo=*] † vaxqy esa ^oSjkt*] … vaxqy esa ^foÜokolq* eqgrw Z
gksrk gSA eè;kà ds ckn mi;Zqä Nk;k ds mRØe ls eqgwrksZa dk Kku fd;k tkrk gSA
eè;kà esa Nk;k dk eku 'kadqewy esa vkus ij ^vfHkftr~* uked 'kqHk eqgrw Z gksrk gSA
eqgrw ksZa ds vuq:i muds 'kqHkk'kqHk Qy le>uk pkfg,A tSls &

¼osnk³~x T;ksfr"k] eqgwrZ çdj.k] Hkkx „] ƒ&ƒƒ½

tSlk fd iwoZ esa gh eSaus dgk fd oSfnd T;ksfr"k vkSj osnksÙkj T;ksfr"k u{k=&çèkku
FkkA blfy, vkFkoZ.k T;ksfr"k esa ^u{k=&çdj.k* lcls cM+k gS] ftlesa foLrkj ls
muds y{k.k] nsork vkSj Qy dk o.kZu feyrk gSA blesa …&… u{k=ksa dk oxZ
cukdj mudh ^tUe*] ^lEir~*] ^foir~*] ^{ksE;*] ^çRoj*] ^lkèkd*] ^uSèku*] ^eS=*] ^
vfreS=* ;s laKk, i<h x;h gSa] ftudk Qy muds uke ds vuq:i crk;k x;k gS&

¼vkFkoZ.k T;ksfr"k] u{k=ç- ‹@† ½

blds vfrfjä tUe u{k= ls ƒåoka u{k= ^deZ*] ƒ‹oka ^xHkkZèkkud* dgk x;k gSA

218
egf"kZ&ikjk'kj T;ksfr"k dh _f"k&ijEijk ds vxz.kh T;ksfrfoZn jgs gSaA mudk eguh;
vonku T;ksfr"k&'kkL= esa fo'ks"kdj gksjk&LdUèk esa fu'p; gh ehy dk iRFkj gS vkSj
ijorÊ gksjk'kkL=h;&xzaFkksa ds fy, ekxZn'kZu çLrqr djrk jgk gSA gksjkLdUèk ij
mudh … —fr;ka ^c`gr~*] ^eè;* vkSj ^y?kq* ds uke ls [;kr gSaA

egkeqfu ijk'kjfojfpr c`gRikjk'kjgksjk'kkL= ¼c`gRikjk'kjh½ xzUFk T;ksfr"k'kkL= dk

vR;Ur çkS<+ rFkk fo'ks"k mi;ksxh xzUFk gS] f=LdUèkkRed T;ksfr"k esa ;g gksjkLdUèk
dk vçfre çfrfufèk xzUFk gSA blesa tkrd lEcUèkh lHkh ckrsa fu:fir gSaA ;g
iwokZèkZ rFkk mÙkjkèkZ nks Hkkxksa esa foHkä gSA orZeku esa miyCèk xzUFk esa ƒåå vè;k; gSa]
tks fd iwokZèkZ esa rFkk mÙkjkèkZ esa foHkä gSaA
çkjEHk esa gh eS=s; th }kjk T;ksfr"k 'kkL= dk mins'k nsus dh çkFkZuk djus ij
ijk'kj th us eaxykpj.k esa loZçFke xzgksa ds Lokeh rFkk leLr txr~ dh mRifÙk
ds dkj.k Lo:i Hkxoku~ lw;Z dks ç.kke djds dgk&eS=s; th ! osn ds u;u:i
bl 'kkL= dk mins'k eq>s czãk th ls çkIr gqvk gS vkSj mUgksaus eq>s tks mins'k
fn;k] og eSa ;Fkkor~ :i ls vkils dgw¡xk&

rnuUrj ijk'kj th us loZçFke igys vè;k; esa l`f"Vjpuk dk Øe crk;k vkSj ;g

fu:fir fd;k fd vO;äkRek fo".kq gh lÙokfn 'kfä;ksa dks èkkj.kdj bl txr~ ds
lz"Vk] ikyd rFkk lagrkZ gSaA os oklqnso] lad"kZ.k ç|qEu rFkk vfu#) uked
O;wgprq"V; dks èkkj.k djrs gSaA lHkh thoksa esa ijekRek fLFkr gSa vkSj ;g lEiw.kZ
txr~ ijekRek esa gh fLFkr gSA lHkh thoksa esa nks va'k jgrs gSa&ƒ&thoka'k rFkk
„&ijekReka'kA fdlh esa thoka'k vfèkd gksrk gS vkSj fdlh esa ijekReka'kA lw;Z&pUæ
vkfn xzgksa esa] czãk&f'ko vkfn nsorkvksa esa rFkk vU; vorkjksa esa ijekRek dk va'k
vfèkd gksrk gSA jke] —".k] ujflag rFkk okjkg&;s pkj iw.kZ vorkj gSa vkSj 'ks"k
vorkj thoka'k ls ;qä gSa&

¼c`g-ikjk-gks-'kk-] iwå ƒ A „†½

ijk'kj th ,d fo'ks"k ckr crkrs gq, dgrs gSa fd xzg:ih tuknZu gh thoksa ds
deZQy ds nsus okys gSa vkSj lw;kZfn xzg gh fofHkUu vorkjksa ds :i esa çdV gq, gSaA
lw;Z dk gh jkekorkj gqvk] pUæek dk —".k:i esa vorj.k gqvk eaxy u`flagkorkj
ds :i esa çdV gq, vkSj cqèk dk ckS)korkj gqvkA c`gLifr dk okeu] 'kqØ dk
ij'kqjke] 'kfu dk dweZ rFkk jkgq dk ojkgkorkj gqvkA dsrq dk eRL;korkj gqvk
vU; vorkj Hkh xzgksa ls gh gq,A ;s xzg çy; ds le; vO;ä ijekRek esa yhu gks
tkrs gSaA vO;ä ijekRe fo".kq gh dky:i tuknZu gSa] mu dky:i iq#"k ds vax
gh ckjg jkf'k;k¡ gSa A es"k] o`"k] feFkqu] ddZ] flag] dU;k] rqyk] o`f'pd] èkuq] edj]
dqEHk rFkk ehu&;s ckjg jkf'k;k¡ Øe ls dkyiq#"k ds flj] eq[k] nksuksa Hkqtk,¡] ân;]
isV] dfV] ofLr] xqáLFkku] Å:] nksuksa tkuq] ta?ks rFkk nksuksa pj.k gSaA
219
 ijk'kjth us vkxs jkf'k;ksa ds Lo:i dk o.kZu fd;k gSA rnuUrj xzgLo:ikè;k; esa
uoxzgksa esa lw;Z dks dkyiq#"k dh vkRek] pUæek dks eu] eaxy dks lÙo] cqèk dks
ok.kh] xq# dks Kku rFkk lq[k] 'kqØ dks cy rFkk 'kfu dks nq%[k dk çfrfufèk crk;k
gSA xzgksa esa lw;Z vkSj pUæek jktk] eaxy usrk] cqèk jktdqekj rFkk xq# vkSj 'kqØ dks
eU=h crk;k x;k gS] 'kfu dks nkl rFkk jkgq vkSj dsrq dks lsuk crk;k x;k gSA
rnuUrj xzgksa ds Lo:i dk fu:i.k rFkk xzgeS=h dk o.kZu gvk gSArnuUrj
tUe&dq.Myh ,oa gksjk&æs"dk.k&uoka'k vkfn ƒˆ dq.Mfy;ksa ds vku;u dh fofèk
fu:fir gSA
lUrku&lq[k ds fo"k; esa ijk'kj dgrs gSa fd lUrku dk u"V gksuk rFkk vuiR;rk
¼lUrkughu gksuk ;k lUrku gksus ij e`R;q gks tkuk½ nks"k 'kkitU; Hkh gksrk gSA
ijk'kjth dgrs gSa fd ukxnsork dqy dh o`f) djus okys gSa] ;fn dHkh iwoZtUe esa
ukxnso&lEcUèkh dksbZ vijkèk gks x;k gks rks muds nks"k ls lUrkulq[k ckfèkr gksrk
gSA blds fy;s xzg;ksxo'k liZ ds 'kki dks tkudj 'kkfUr djus ls ;g nks"k nwj gks
tkrk gSA lqo.kZ dk ukx cukdj mldk nku djus ls ukxnso çlUu gksdj dqy dh
o`f) djrs gS& ,sls gh fir` ,oa ekr`] Hkzkrk] czkã.k] çsr vkfn os lkFk fd;k x;k
vijkèk Hkh lUrku esa ckèkk mRiUu djrk gSA
rnuUrj foa'kksÙkjh] "kksM'kksÙkjh] v"VksÙkjh] ;ksfxuh vkfn n'kkvksa dk o.kZu fd;k gSA
foa'kksÙkjhn'kk u{k= ds Åij vkèkkfjr gSA blesa egkn'kk] vUrjn'kk] çR;Urjn'kk]
lw{en'kk] çk.kn'kk vkfn foHksn gSaA lw;Z] pUæek] eaxy] jkgq] c`gLifr] 'kfu] cqèk]
dsrq] 'kqØ&bu xzgksa ds Øels foa'kksÙkjh n'kk gksrh gSA

y?kqikjk'kjh dk vij uke ^mMqnk;çnhi* Hkh gSA mMq dk vFkZ gS u{k= vkSj nk;
vFkkZr~ vk;q] bl çdkj mä nksuksa xzUFk u{k=ksa ¼n'kkQy½&ds vkèkkj ij Qykns'k
crkus okys gSaA y?kqikjk'kjh esa laKkè;k;] Qyfu.kZ;kè;k;] jkt;ksxkè;k;]
vk;qnkZ;kè;k;] n'kkQykè;k; rFkk feJQykè;k; ukeokys N% vè;k; gSa vkSj bldh
iw.kZ 'yksdla[;k †„ gSA ;g xzUFk ;|fi laf{kIr gS] fdarq fo"k;xr xkEHkh;Z gksus ds
dkj.k Qykns'k esa ;g lokZfèkd çkekf.kd rFkk vR;Ur foy{k.k gSA blesa xzgksa ds
ijLij lEcUèk ls gh xzgksa dk 'kqHkk'kqHkRo ,oa ;ksx dkjdRo crk;k x;k gSA vU;
xzUFkksa us iw.kZpUæ] cqèk] xq#] 'kqØ dks 'kqHkxzg rFkk 'kqHkQyçn ekuk gS vkSj lw;Z]eaxy]
'kfu] jkgq&dsrq] ikixzg ;qä cqèk rFkk {kh.k pUæ dks v'kqHk xzg ,oa v'kqHk Qyçn
ekuk gS] ijarq bl xzUFk ds vuqlkj n'kk ds Qyksa ds fy;s xzgksa dk 'kqHkk'kqHkRo
mi;Zqä uSlfxZd 'kqHkk'kqHkRo ij ugha] vfirq Hkko ds 'kqHkk'kqHkRo ij voyfEcr gSA
eè;ikjk'kjh xzUFk vkB ifjPNsnksa esa foHkä gSA blesa dkjd] ekjd xzgksa dk fopkj
djds foa'kksÙkjhn'kk] vUrnZ'kk ls Qy&dFku dk o.kZu gS A

lw;Z] firkeg] ofl"B] vf=] ikjk'kj vkfn ds T;ksfr"k&'kkL=h; opuksa dks çlaxo'kkr
O;kl th us fofHkUu iqjk.kksa esa ;=&r= miLFkkfir fd;kA ;gh dkj.k gS fd
^eRL;iqjk.k*] ^vfXuiqjk.k] ^czãoSorZiqjk.k*] ^LdUniqjk.k*] ^x#M+ iqjk.k*] ^ok;q iqjk.k*]
^ukjniqjk.k* vkfn esa Qfyr&T;ksfr"k ds fl)kUr vR;fèkd ek=k esa feyrs gSa A ;gka
foLrkj&Hk; ls dsoy ukeksYys[k djuk gh i;kZIr gksxk] fo'ks"k Kku&gsrq mu iqjk.kksa
220 dk vè;;u ftKklq dj ldrs gSaA
bu iqjk.kksa ds vfrfjä dqN lafgrk&xzUFk ;Fkk ^ukjnlafgrk*] ^xxZlafgrk*]
^ykse'klafgrk*] ^f'kolafgrk* vkfn Hkh feyrs gSa] ftuesa T;ksfr"k ds xaHkhj fo"k;ksa dk
o.kZu gSA

;g † vè;k;ksa dk lw=kRed xzUFk gSA ikjk'kj ds tkrd&i)fr ls fHkUu tSfeuh dh

i)fr esa ^vk:<yXu*] ^inyXu*] ^dkjdka'k yXu* dk ç;ksx gS vkSj ^vkRedkjd*]
^vekR;dkjd* vkfn dkjdksa dks Qy dk vkèkkj cuk;k x;k gSA blesa n'kk,a Hkh
^fLFkj*] ^pj*] ^ek.MwD;* vkfn yh x;h gSaA ;|fi ojkgfefgj us bldk mYys[k ugha
fd;k gS rFkkfi ;g vk"kZ&ekuk tkrk gS vkSj bldk nf{k.k Hkkjr esa vfèkd çpkj gSA
blesa Hkh ^dV i;kfn lw=ksa dk ç;ksx fd;k x;k gS ftldk çpyu nf{k.k Hkkjr esa
vfèkd gSA bl ij vusdksa Vhdk,a miyCèk gSaA

ojkgfefgj dk çfl) xzUFk ^c`gTtkrd* bl LdUèk&lEcUèkh&lkfgR; esa ,d

egÙoiw.kZ LFkku j[krk gSA dkykarj esa bl xzUFk ds vkèkkj ij dbZ LorU= xzaFkksa dk
fuekZ.k gqvkA bl xzUFk esa „Š vè;k; gSa]tks bl çdkj gSa & ƒ- jkf'kçHksn] „-
xzg;ksfu] …- fo;ksfutUe] †- fu"ksd] ‡- tUefofèk] ˆ- vfj"V] ‰- vk;qnkZ;] Š-
n'kkUrnZ'kk] ‹- v"VdoxZ] ƒå- dekZthokè;k;] ƒƒ- jkt;ksx] ƒ„- ukHkl;ksx] ƒ…-
pUæ;ksx] ƒ†- f}xzg;ksx] ƒ‡- çozT;k;ksx] ƒˆ- _{k'khy] ƒ‰- pUæjkf'k'khykè;k;] ƒŠ-
jkf'k'khykè;k;] ƒ‹- –f"Vikrkè;k;] „å- Hkkokè;k;] „ƒ- vkJ;;ksxkè;k;] „„-
çdh.kkZè;k;] „…- vfu"V;ksxkè;k;] „†- L=htkrdkè;k;] „‡- uS;kZf.kdfopkjkè;k;]
„ˆ- u"Vtkrdkè;k;] „‰- æs"dk.kkè;k; vkSj „Š- milagkjkè;k; A bl xzUFk dh
fo'ks"krk bldk vk;qnkZ;kè;k; vkSj n'kkUrnZ'kkè;k; gS ftlesa vkpk;Z us foa'kksÙkjh
n'kk&lkèku dh vis{kk lR;kpk;Z uked ;ou vkpk;Z dh n'kk&lkèku dks Lohdkjk
gS A gkykafd budk ;s n'kk&lkèku O;ogkj esa ugha fy;k tkrk gS A bUgksaus xzgksa ds
Qyksa esa Hkh jkgq&dsrq ds Qy ij fopkj ugha fd;k gS] blls ;ou&T;ksfr"k dk
vfèkd çHkko buds Qfyr&'kkL=h;&ekU;rkvksa ij Li"V ifjyf{kr gksrk gS A
lkfgR; dh –f"V ls fopkj djsa rks vius vU; xzUFkksa dh vis{kk bl xzUFk esa fofoèk
xs; Nanksa dk vfèkd ç;ksx vkpk;Z us fd;k gS A bl xzUFk ij loZekU; ,oa loZJs"B
Vhdk HkêksRiy ¼ŠŠŠ 'kd½ dh ^HkêksRiyh* gS] tks fd dsnkjnÙk tks'kh—r fgUnh
O;k[;k ds lkFk eksrhyky cukjlhnkl çsl ls Nkih gS A blds vfrfjä #ænso dh
n'kkè;k;h Vhdk xzUFk ds ƒå vè;k;ksa ij fy[kh feyrh gS A
lkjkoyh ‹oha 'krkCnh dk dY;k.koekZ dk jfpr gksjk&LdUèk dk çeq[k xzUFk gS]
ftlesa †„ vè;k; gSaA blds vfrfjä ƒ„oha ls ƒ‡oha 'krkCnh ds eè; Jhifr dh
^tkrdi)fr*] ds'ko dk ^ds'koh; tkrdi)fr*] vuUr—r ^tkrdi)fr*
<qf.<+jktÑr ^tkrdkHkj.k*] ohjflag—r ^ohjflagkoyksd* vkfn çfl) tkrd&xzUFk
jgsA ƒˆoha 'krkCnh esa x.ks'k jfpr ^tkrdkyadkj* vR;ar çeq[k o çfl) jpuk FkhA
;g xzUFk ˆ vè;k;ksa esa foHkä gS ftlesa ƒåå ls vfèkd 'yksd gSaA ;|fi ;g xzUFk
NksVk gS fdUrq ^y?kqikjk'kjh ds leku vkt Hkh vR;ar lek–r gSA blds vykok
fnokdj —r ^in~etkrd* ƒå† 'yksdksa dk xzUFk gSA ƒ‰oha 'krkCnh ds çfl) xzaFkksa esa
xksfoUn dk ^gksjkdkSLrqHk*] ukjk;.k dh ^gksjklqèkkfufèk*] cyHkæ dk ^gksjkjRu* vkfn Hkh
izfl) gSaA

221
 ;g ƒ†oha 'krkCnh dk vR;Ur çfl) tkrd&xzUFk nf{k.k&Hkkjrh; T;ksfr"kh oS|ukFk
}kjk jfpr gS] tks fd tkrdkyadkj ds jpf;rk x.ks'k ds firk vkSj tkrdi)fr ds
ç.ksrk ds'ko ds xq# FksA vR;Ur gh lqanj Nanksa esa fuc) bl xzUFk ij c`gTtkrd]
lokZFkZfpUrkef.k vkfn çkphu xzaFkksa dk çHkko gSA blesa nkf{k.kkR;&T;ksfr"k esa
çpfyr dbZ fo'ks"k fl)kUr feyrs gSa] ftudk iYyou dkykarj esa ogka ds
ç'u&'kkL=h; xzUFkksa esa gqvkA
blds vfrfjä eU=sÜoj dh ^Qynhfidk* Hkh vR;Ur çfl) xzUFk gSA ;g
xkspj&dq.Myh ds fy, vR;Ur gh çkekf.kd xzUFk ekuk tkrk gS A blesa „Š vè;k;
gSa A

;g dsjy ds fo}ku~ uEcwnjh czkg~e.k }kjk ƒ‰oha 'krkCnh esa jfpr ç'u&i)fr ij
vkèkkfjr …„ vè;k;ksa dk ,d fo'kky xzUFk gSA ;g „ Hkkxksa esa foHkä gSA blds
çFke Hkkx ij uhydaB 'kekZ dh laL—r Vhdk feyrh gSA ;g ^ç'u&miLdUèk* dk
vR;ar gh çkekf.kd vkSj lek–r xzUFk gSA blesa vusdksa peRdkjksRiknd fo"k;ksa dk
lekos'k gSA ^ç'u* ij dsjy esa ftruk fodkl gqvk mruk vU;= dgha ugha gqvkA
ç'u&yXu ds fuèkkZj.k dh vusdksa fofèk;ka tks dsjy ,oa vU; nf{k.k&Hkkjrh;&çns'kksa
esa pyrh gSa dk lekos'k bl xzUFk esa gqvk gSA ^ç'u* miLdaèk ds fo"k; esa vè;;u
dh bPNk j[kus okys O;fä dks bl xzUFk dk vo'; gh vè;;u djuk pkfg,A

^rkftd&miLdUèk* dk ;g ,d çfl) xzUFk gS] ftldh jpuk ƒˆoha 'krkCnh esa gqbZA
blds ç.ksrk vuardky nSoK ds iq= uhydaB us dhA blds vuqlkj o"kZ&dq.Myh
dk lkèku djds o"kZHkj dk Qykns'k fd;k tkrk gSA blds cgqr fl)kUr ^tkrd*
ls fHkUu gSaA blesa ikjlh vkSj vjch Hkk"kk ds 'kCnksa ds ekè;e ls ^bDdcky*]
^bUnqokj*] ^bljkQ* vkfn fofoèk ;ksxksa dk mYys[k fd;k x;k gSA rkftd esa
o"kZ&dq.Myh dk ewy o"kZços'k dkfyd&yXu vkSj ^eqUFkk* ¼bURFkk½ gSA tUe le; esa
eqUFkk tUe&yXu esa jgrh gSA blds i'pkr~ nwljs o"kZ esa tUe&yXu ls nwljs Hkko esa]
rhljs o"kZ esa tUe&yXu ls rhljs Hkko esa blh Øe esa ƒ„ o"kksZa esa tUe&yXu ls ƒ„
Hkkoksa esa fopj.k djds ƒ…osa o"kZ esa eqUFkk iqu% tUe yXu esa vk tkrh gSA la{ksi esa ƒ
o"kZ esa eqUFkk ,d&,d jkf'k dk Hkze.k djrh gS] ftlls Qy cnyrs gSaA xzgksa dh –
f"V esa Hkh † çdkj dk oxÊdj.k fd;k tkrk gS & ƒ- çR;{kLusgk] „- xqIrLusgk] …-
çR;{koSjk vkSj †- xqIroSjkA blds vfrfjä gík] iapoxÊcy] lge vkfn fo'ks"k ;ksx
gSaA blesa dky&fuèkkZj.k gsrq foa'kksÙkjh&n'kk dk ç;ksx ugha fd;k x;k gS vfirq
ikR;k;uh n'kk] eqík n'kk vkfn n'kkvksa dk ç;ksx fd;k x;k gSA bl çdkj
rkftd&i)fr vkèkkfjr bl xzUFk esa vusdksa fo"k; u, gSa] ftudk ç;ksx ikjaifjd
Hkkjrh;&tkrd&i)fr esa ugha gqvk gSA iwjk xzUFk eq[;r% & ƒ- laKk ra=] „- o"kZ
ra= vkSj …- ç'u ra= bu … Hkkxksa esa caVk gSaA blesa dqy ƒ‡ vè;k; gSaA
rkftd&T;ksfr"k ds vkèkkjHkwr fu;eksa dk blesa foLrkj ls o.kZu gSA o"kZ&Qy gsrq
;g vkt Hkh lokZfèkd çfl) ,oa loZekU; xzUFk ekuk tkrk gSA

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foèkkrk ds fy[ks gq, HkkX; ds vuqlkj lHkh lkalkfjd tu tulq[k&nq%[k]
ykHk&gkfu] vkfèk&O;kfèk esa iM+s gq, gSa vkSj ;g lq[k&nq%[k :ih Hkksx lalkj esa vk,
lHkh dks Hkksxuk iM+rk gS] pkgs og Lo;a lk{kkr lw;Z gh D;ksa u gks!

bu lHkh lq[k&nq%[kkRed Hkksx&:ih Qy dk dksbZ u dksbZ dkj.k&:ih cht rks

vo'; gh gksxk] fdUrq bldk dkj.k D;k gS\ rks mÙkj gS] og dkj.k iwoZ&tUeksa esa
fd, x;s deZ gSaA vc ;fn dkj.k gS rks dk;Z Hkh vo'; gh gksxk] bl fu;e ds
vkèkkj ij deZ&:ih dkj.k dk dk;Z rks ^Qy* gh gks ldrk gSA ;g Qy 'kqHk gksxk
;k v'kqHk ;g bl ckr ij fuHkZj djrk gS fd deZ 'kqHk gSa vFkok v'kqHkA ,d fofp=
vk'p;Z lalkj dk ;g gS fd bl l`f"V dk fu;e çHkq us ,slk cuk;k gS fd fcuk
Qy&Hkksxs NqVdkjk ugha feysxk] eqfä ugha gksxhA Hkxoku~ Lo;a dgrs gSa&

vFkkZr~ 'kqHk vFkok v'kqHk deksZa dk Qy rks Hkqxruk gh iM+rk gSA djksM+ksa tUe chr
tk,a rks D;k tc rd lEiw.kZ deksZa dk Hkksx ugha gksxk mudk {k; ugha gks ldrk gS]
Qyr% eqfä Hkh ugha gksxhA
vc ,sls esa 'kqHk vFkok v'kqHk Qy dks Hkksxus esa lgk;rk çHkq ds vkns'k ij xzg djrs
gSa nwljs 'kCnksa esa dgwa rks ijekRek gh xzgksa ds :i esa lq[k&nq%[k dk fu;U=.k djrs
gSa &

bl dkj.k dks dsoy T;ksfr"k&fo|k ds vkèkkj ij gh tkuk tk ldrk gS] u dbZ

fdlh vU; 'kkL= ds ekè;e ls] ;gh dkj.k gS fd T;ksfr"k&'kkL= vU; 'kkL=ksa dh
vis{kk Js"B gSA ns[kus dk dk;Z rks us= gh djrk gS] pwafd Hkfo"; ;k foèkkrk ds }kjk
fyf[kr nSo dks ns[kus dk dk;Z T;ksfr"k djrk gS blfy, bls ^us=* dgk x;kA
;Fkk&

vr% ;g T;ksfr"k 'kkL= osn dk gh ugha vfirq yksd dk Hkh us= gS] ftlds vHkko esa
euq"; vfdapu gks tkrk gSA blds egÙo dks LFkkfir djrs gq, HkkLdjkpk;Z dgrs gSa &

% AA
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 vFkkZr~ osn dk us= gksus ds dkj.k ;g T;ksfr"k&'kkL= lHkh osnk³~xksa esa çèkku vkSj
Js"B gS D;ksafd ftl çdkj dku] ukd vkfn v³~xksa ds gksus ds ckotwn us= u gksus
ls euq"; vleFkZ gksrk gS] Bhd mlh çdkj O;kdj.k] f'k{kk vkfn osnkaxksa ds gksus ds
ckotwn ;fn T;ksfr"k&:ih osn&p{kq u gks rks ;g osn&iq#"k viw.kZ ,oa vleFkZ gksrk
gSA

vkèkku&dq.Myh vkSj tUe&dq.Myh] ds vkèkkj ij fufeZr æs"dk.k&dq.Myh ,oa

f=a'kka'k dq.Myh dk ;fn xgurk ls vè;;u fd;k tk, rks tkrd ds vkthou gksus
okys 'kkjhfjd &d"Vksa dh lwpuk fey ldrh gSA ,sls esa ;fn dqaMyh dk xaHkhjrk ls
v/;;u djsa rks dkj.kksa dks vfHkO;ä fd;k tk ldrk gS vkSj ;g Hkh crk;k ldrk
gS fd mä jksx dc mRiUu gqvk\ dc rhoz gqvk\ vkSj dc lekIr gksxk vFkok ugha
gksxk] vkfn&vkfnA
O;fDr dh :fp] ;ksX;rk] dkS'ky ,oa riL;k dh {kerk dq.Myh ds ekDè; ls
tkudj f'k{kk&{ks= vFkok vU; visf{kr {ks= esa p;u esa lgk;rk dh tk ldrh gS]
ftlls u dsoy thou [kjkc gksus ls cp tk, vfirq mldh çfrHkk o :fp ds
vuq:i vè;;u djus ls ;g 'kkL= ml {ks= esa u, vuqlaèkku dks tUe ns ldrk
gSA ;fn f'k{kk ds {ks= esa mfpr T;ksfr"kh; ekxZn'kZu fey tk, rks vkthfodk dh
leL;k dk Lor% gh lekèkku gks tk,xkA blds vfrfjä vkthfodk ds {ks= esa Hkh
çfrfnu ubZ pqukSfr;ksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gSA ,sls esa lgh&le; ij lgh
T;ksfr"kh; ekxZn'kZu] deZ&{ks= esa vçR;kf'kr lQyrk Hkh fnyk ldrk gSA
bl çdkj ;g gksjk LdUèk ekuo&ek= ds loZ&foèk dY;k.k gsrq lnSo lUu) gS]
ek= vko';drk bl ckr dh gS fd bldk xEHkhjrk ,oa iwjh fu"Bk ls vè;;u
fd;k tk, A
lw;Z] pUæ] eaxy vkfn lHkh xzg ds lkFk&lkFk ç—fr ds mRifÙk o lekfIr :ih
jgL; Hkh T;ksfr"k ds Kku&iqat ls gh mn~?kkfVr gks ldrs gSa fdUrq blds fy,
_f"krqY; v/;;u ,oa ri dh vko';drk gksxhA ;Fkk&

vFkkZr~ rSjrk gqvk euq"; dnkfpr~ ok;q ds osx ls euq"; leqæ dks ikj dj tk,
fdUrq dkyiq#"k laKd T;ksfr"k 'kkL= :ih egk.kZo dks _f"k;ksa ds vfrfjä lkekU;
euq"; eu ls Hkh ikj ugha dj ldrk gSA

vkèkku&dky] tUe&dky vFkok ç'u&dky ds vkèkkj ij fufeZr dq.Myh }kjk

O;fä ds ;koTthou 'kqHkk'kqHk Qy dk funZs'k ;g gksjk LdUèk djrk gS A vFkoZ
lafgrk] rSfÙkjh; lafgrk vkfn esa Qfyr ds cht feyrs gSa ftudk iYyou dkykarj
esa ikjk'kj] xxZ] tSfeuh vkfn _f"k;ksa us vkSj fodkl ojkgfefgj] oS|ukFk] uhydaB
vkfn vkpk;ksZa us fd;kA Qyr% dkyØeo'kkr~ xaHkhj 'kksèk vkSj vè;;u gksus ds
dkj.k gksjk LdUèk dh çxfr esa vusd xzUFk fy[ks x,A
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gksjk & ?kaVk] ,d vkgksjk= dk 24oka Hkkx
ifäe~ & ikd ¼Qy½
O;¥~t;fr & çdV djrk gS
lgksRFk & lgksnj ¼lxs HkkbZ&cgu½
cUèkq & fe=
tk;kHkko & lIre Hkko
vèoç;k.ke~ & ;k=k] çokl
u"Voh{k.ke~ & O;kikj esa gkfu
xR;uwdkfnde~ & iwoZtUeksa dh Le`fr] e`R;q ds ckn dh fLFkfrA
jUèkzkn~ & v"Ve Hkko ls
O;kseLFkkukr~ & n'ke Hkko ls
HkoLFkkukr~ & ckjgosa LFkku ls
fj"Q & ckjgoka Hkko
i`PNrks & ç'uyXu ls
xxufogkjh & vkdk'k esa fopj.k djus okyk ¼xzg½
dYe"kèoaldkjh & nks"k ,oa vUèkdkj dk uk'k djus okyk
n'k'krdjèkkjh & gt+kjksa fdj.kksa okyk
T;ksfr"kka eè;pkjh & u{k=ksa o xzgksa ds eè; ¼dsaæ½ esa jgus okyk
vI;.kZoL; & leqæ dk Hkh
çrju~ & rSjrk gqvk
vklkn;sr~ & çkIr djs

1- gksjk T;ksfr"k ds fo"k; dk foLrkj ls o.kZu dhft,A

2- gksjk&LdUèk ds çfr"Bk&dky ij çdk'k Mkfy,A
3- gksjk Ldaèk ds bfrgkl esa ikjk'kj dh Hkwfedk dks Li"V dhft,A
4- rkftd&uhydaBh xzUFk dh fo'ks"krk crkb,A
5- gksjk LdUèk dh lEHkkoukvksa ij çdk'k Mkfy,A

1- Hkkjrh; T;ksfr"k ¼ewy ys[kd & 'kadj cky—".k nhf{kr½] vuqoknd >kj[kaMh
f'koukFk ¼ƒ‹‹å½mÙkj çns'k fgUnh laLFkku] y[kuÅ ¼f}rh; laLdj.k½A
2- Hkkjrh; T;ksfr"k]usehpUæ 'kkL=h ¼„僆½] Hkkjrh; KkuihB çdk'ku] fnYyhA
3- c`gRikjk'kjgksjk'kkL=] Vhdk & lqjs'k pUæ 'kekZ] jatu ifCyds'ku] fnYyhA
4- y?kqikjk'kjh] Vhdk & nhoku pUæ diwj] eksVh yky cukjlh nkl] ubZ fnYyhA
5- rkftduhydaBh] Vhdk & dsnkjnÙk tks'kh] eksrhyky cukjlhnkl] ubZ fnYyhA
225