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010633113: Fundamental of Materials

Plastic deformation and Annealing

Assist. Prof. KRITTEE EIDHED (D.Eng.)

Department of Materials and Production Engineering

Faculty of Engineering,
King Monkut’s University of Technology North Bangkok
E-mail: krittee.eed@gmail.com

Assist. Prof. Dr. Krittee EIDHED 1

Mechanical Properties
Behavior of metal under applied force.
- Elastic
- Plastic deformation.
Measurements (Test):
• Hardness
• Strength & Ductility
• Impact
• Creep
• Fracture toughness
• Fatigue
• Wear
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Vocabulary:
Mechanical Properties of Materials
 The changes in materials dimensions in response to mechanical
forces is called Deformation.
 If upon removal of load the material reverts back to its initial size
is called Elastic deformation.
 If application and removal of the load results in a permanent
material’s shape change is called plastic deformation.
 Fracture occurs when a structural component separates into
two or more pieces.
 Material failure, i.e. an inability of a component to perform its
desired function, may occur prior to fracture.
 Materials behavior (e.g. failure) depends on load or
environmental conditions (e.g. temperature).
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Tensile Test
• Typical tensile
• Typical tensile specimen test machine

Adapted from Fig. 6.2,

Callister 6e.

Adapted from Fig. 6.3, Callister 6e.

(Fig. 6.3 is taken from H.W. Hayden,
W.G. Moffatt, and J. Wulff, The
Structure and Properties of
Materials, Vol. III, Mechanical
Behavior, p. 2, John Wiley and Sons,
New York, 1965.)
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Tensile test
1) Modulus of elasticity
2) Yield strength (0.2 off-set)
3) Ultimate tensile strength
4) Percent elongation
5) Percent reduction in area at fracture

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Yield strength Yield point Ultimate tensile strength

Fracture
Modulus of elasticity

stress

Plastic deformation

Elastic Assist. Prof. Dr. Krittee EIDHED

strain 10

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Engineering Stress
• Tensile stress, s: • Shear stress, t:

F
s t
Ao
original area
before loading
Stress has units: N/m2 or lb/in2

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1. ELASTIC DEFORMATION
1. Initial 2. Small load 3. Unload

bonds
stretch

return to
initial

F

Elastic means reversible!

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YOUNG’S MODULI:
Graphite
Metals Composites
Ceramics Polymers
Alloys /fibers
Semicond
1200
1000 Diamond
800
600
Si carbide
400 Tungsten Al oxide Carbon fibers only
Molybdenum Si nitride
E(GPa) 200
Steel, Ni
Tantalum <111>
Si crystal
CFRE(|| fibers)*
Platinum
Cu alloys <100> Aramid fibers only
100 Zinc, Ti
80 Silver, Gold Glass-soda AFRE(|| fibers)* Based on data in Table B2,
60 Aluminum Glass fibers only

40
Magnesium,
Tin GFRE(|| fibers)* Callister 6e.
Concrete Composite data based on
109 Pa 20 GFRE*
CFRE*
reinforced epoxy with 60 vol%
of aligned
Graphite GFRE( fibers)*
10 carbon (CFRE),
8 CFRE( fibers)*
6 AFRE( fibers)* aramid (AFRE), or
Polyester
4 PET
glass (GFRE)
PS fibers.
PC Epoxy only
2
PP
1 HDPE
0.8
0.6 Wood( grain)
PTFE
0.4

0.2 LDPE 12 13
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2. PLASTIC DEFORMATION
1. Initial 2. Small load 3. Unload

linear linear
Plastic means permanent! elastic elastic

plastic
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PLASTIC (PERMANENT) DEFORMATION

(at lower temperatures, T < Tmelt/3)

• Simple tension test:

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3. YIELD STRENGTH, sy
• Stress at which noticeable plastic deformation has
occurred.
when ep = 0.002
tensile stress, s
sy

engineering strain, e
ep = 0.002
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3. YIELD STRENGTH:

sy(ceramics)
>>sy(metals)
>> sy(polymers)

Room T values
Based on data in Table B4,
Callister 6e.
a = annealed
hr = hot rolled
ag = aged
cd = cold drawn
cw = cold worked
qt = quenched & tempered

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4. TENSILE STRENGTH, TS or UTS

• Maximum possible engineering stress in tension.

Adapted from Fig. 6.11,

Callister 6e.

• Metals: occurs when noticeable necking starts.

• Ceramics: occurs when crack propagation starts.
• Polymers: occurs when polymer backbones are
aligned and about to break.
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TENSILE STRENGTH:

TS(ceram)
~TS(met)
~ TS(comp)
>> TS(poly)
Room T values
Based on data in Table B4,
Callister 6e.
a = annealed
hr = hot rolled
ag = aged
cd = cold drawn
cw = cold worked
qt = quenched & tempered
AFRE, GFRE, & CFRE =
aramid, glass, & carbon
fiber-reinforced epoxy
composites, with 60 vol%
fibers.
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5. DUCTILITY, %Elongation
L f  Lo
• Plastic tensile strain at failure: %EL  x100
Lo

Adapted from Fig. 6.13,

Callister 6e.

Ao  A f
• Another ductility measure: %AR  x100
Ao
• Note: %AR and %EL are often comparable.
--Reason: crystal slip does not change material volume.
--%AR > %EL possible if internal voids form in neck.
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6. TOUGHNESS
Energy to break a unit volume of material
Approximate by the area under the stress-strain curve.

Engineering smaller toughness (ceramics)

tensile larger toughness
stress, s (metals, PMCs)

smaller toughness-
unreinforced
polymers

Engineering tensile strain, e

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FUNDAMENTALS OF
FRACTURE

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FUNDAMENTALS OF FRACTURE

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