Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports xxx (2018) xxx-xxx

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Approaching the early Greek Colonization in Southern Italy: Ceramic local production
and imports in the siritis area (Basilicata)
Giacomo Eramoa⁠ ,⁠ ⁎⁠ , Italo M. Muntonib⁠ , Savino Galloc⁠ , Antonio De Sienad⁠

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a
Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e Geoambientali, Università degli Studi “Aldo Moro”, via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
b
Soprintendenza Archeologia, Belle Arti e Paesaggio per le Province di Barletta - Andria - Trani e Foggia, Via Alberto Alvarez Valentini 8, 71121 Foggia, Italy
c
Polo Museale Regionale della Basilicata, Recinto II D'Addozio 15, 75100 Matera, , Italy
d
già Soprintendente Archeologo della Basilicata, via Andrea Serrao 1 - Palazzo Loffredo, 85100 Potenza, Italy

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Keywords:
Policoro
Magna Graecia
D The paper presents archaeometric analyses (OM, XRPD and XRF) of Greek imports, Greek-type pottery, local ref-
erence materials of Orientalising Period (7th century BC) from the modern city of Policoro (Basilicata), in the
area of ancient settlement of Siris/Polìeion along the Ionian Sea coast. The 34 potsherds can be divided into
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Corinthian ware
eight different fabrics for their composition and grain-size distribution. Fabrics IC, ICP, ICC and ICA (n = 27)
Greek-type ware
Oenotrians
can be ascribed to the use of a Ca-rich clay, while fabrics QA, IGC, Q and IA (n = 7) to the use of a Ca-poor
clay. Pottery made of calcareous clay can be associated with four clay samples from the local marine Plio-Pleis-
tocene clay and fluvial deposits, with significant elutriation as inferred from its very fine texture and chem-
ical variability. Pottery made of non-calcareous clays shows very different non-plastic inclusions (mudstones,
chert and quarzarenitic as well as calcareous clasts) which suggest non-local production, with different imports
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from Greece, such us Corinthian amphorae, Subgeometric pottery and surprisingly also firing pots (chytrai). The
Ca-poor samples show a general low to medium sintering (500 < Tmax < 800 °C), while Ca-rich show high sin-
tering (900 < Tmax < 1050 °C).

1) Local vs. import from Greece. We carried out archaeometric char-

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1. Introduction acterisation studies on pottery samples in order to establish the compo-

The purpose of this paper is to define the peculiarities of the
Greek-type pottery (also known as “colonial pottery”) produced by
groups of people of Greek origins settled on the Ionic coast of Basilicata
in the 7th century BC (mainly in the sites of Policoro and Incoronata).
Greek-type pottery was produced in loco and is characterised by higher
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sitional and technological aspects of this production, and to compare it
with clay outcrops available on site and likely extracted from the sub-
coastal area.
2) Use of local or proximal clay in the case of local production of
pottery. Another goal of this study is to analyze the retrievalstrategies
of the raw material used by the most likely allochthonous Greek potters,

quality of aesthetic and technological features compared with those of compared with the strategies of local populations (Chones) that knew
the indigenous populations. The understanding of these aspects of the the clay sources.
material culture, contributes to the current debate about intercultural
contact and cooperation, at various levels, between the new Greek set-
tlers and the indigenous Chones/Oenotrians (Denti and Villette, 2013; 2. Early Greek Colonization in the Ionian region
Osanna, 2012).
In this context we aim to study the sociocultural interaction between From the 10th century BC, in the central part of the Mediterranean
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the new Greek settlers and the Chones - mainly focusing on Greek im- Sea there was an intensification of trade that led, starting from the mid
ports, Greek-type pottery, typical matt painted pottery and local refer- 8th century BC, to the beginning of the vast and profound phenomenon
ence materials. In order to do this, the following two points were con- known with the conventional term of Greek colonization in the West,
sidered: defined as "a great episode of cultural transfer" (Torelli, 2011). The

⁎ Corresponding author.
Email address: giacomo.eramo@uniba.it (G. Eramo)

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2018.01.021
Received 14 July 2016; Received in revised form 18 December 2017; Accepted 19 January 2018
Available online xxx
2352-409/ © 2017.
G. Eramo et al.
ones that started these sea transfers, which in the following centuries
involved a multitude of people, goods and knowledge, were at first the
Phoenicians, and shortly after the Euboeans, the inhabitants of the is-
land north of Attica. The latter, between the end of the 9th and the
beginning of the 8th century BCE controlled the maritime route to the
Tyrrhenian Sea for commercial purposes, in order to acquire raw metal
resources in exchange for exotic goods and finished products with the
local aristocracy. The first arrival of a group coming from Euboea took
place in the second quarter of the 8th century BC on the island of Is-
chia, the ancient Pithekoussai, with the creation of the first stable com-
munity with Greek language and Greek culture in the West. After a lim-
ited time the same Euboeans created, on the proximate coast, the city of
Cuma, remembered as the first Greek colony on mainland Italy (Str. V,
4, 4 = 243C).
In about two centuries (from the mid 8th to the mid 6th cen-
tury BCE) several colonial expeditions divided into homogeneous waves
of migration (Euboean, Peloponnesian, Rhodian-Cretan, Ionian) moved
from mother-cities (metropoleis) looking for creating a new homelands,
for economic, political, and social reasons.
In the Gulf of Taranto, Siritis occupied the marine and fluvial ter-
races of the Ionian belt, between the Sinni and Basento rivers, before the
Greek arrival in the late 8th and early 7th centuries BCE. The indige-
nous population, Chones/Oenotrians, inhabited the area with scattered
groups of huts and their own necropolises. Their most important known
D
settlements are S. Maria d'Anglona and Incoronata-S. Teodoro (Bianco,
1998). Between the late 9th and early 8th centuries BCE these small vil-
lages started to converge, becoming larger and more centralised settle-
ments. The two cemeteries containing cremation graves of Madonnelle
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and Cerchiarito-Schirone testify to the first arrival of Greek peoples in
Policoro, between the late 8th and early 7th centuries BCE (Berlingò,
2010).
We know from ancient sources that the Ionians of Colophon estab-
lished a colony named Siris (or alternatively Polìeion) at the mouth of the
homonymous river. In order to create this colony, the Ionians may had
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to overtake a pre-existing Trojan town named Sigeion, where was ven-
erated the simulacrum of Athena Ilias in the temple erected in her hon-
our, and violated by the Ionians at the time of the conquest (Lombardo,
2000; Pugliese Carratelli, 1999).
According to historical sources, the Ionian city of Siris rapidly
achieved as much power and wealth as the city of Sybaris, about a cen-
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tury after its foundation. It was conquered by a vast Achaean coalition
composed by Sybaris, Metaponto and Croton in the second quarter of
the 6th century BCE, reducing Siritis to a territory under the control of
Sybaris first and Metaponto later on.
Much more uncertain are the archaeological records. To date there is
no trace of Siris at the mouth of the river, while several orientalising pe-
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riod centers were identified on hilly and coastal sites, like Policoro, Ter-
mitito, Metaponto and Incoronata. This latter site, located on a plateau
on the orographic right side of the Basento River, while unknown in the
ancient sources, is not yet defined in its functional characteristics (em-
porion?, craft-working area?, an area designated for ritual practices?), is
a very important archaeological site for the presence of Greek-Western
arts and crafts (e.g. the deinos with Bellerophon and the relief decorated
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perirrhanterion) (Denti and Villette, 2013; De Siena, 2002; Orlandini,
1988).
In Policoro, besides the two cremation necropolises of 7th cen-
tury BCE already mentioned, were found several ditches that were
interpreted as bottoms of huts, a Greek pastas house (so called “of
Cospito-Caserta”) and other remains of structures with a cobble base
wall of proto-Archaic times, kilns, pieces of a mud-brick wall that sur-
rounds the Castle hill and the remains of houses of worship in the “valle
mediana” and always on the eastern tip of the Castle hill (Giardino,
2010; Tagliente, 1986, 1998; Verger, 2014).
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Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports xxx (2018) xxx-xxx
The large quantities of recovered pottery mainly comes from vases
produced locally following the shapes and the decorations derived from
several Greek regional pottery repertoire (Corinthian, Argive, Attic, Cy-
cladic, Ionian etc.). In addition to this main pottery group, there were
found Protocorinthian imports and their local imitations, imports from
Eastern Greece, and a relevant core of commercial amphoras mainly
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Corinthian and Attic, but also East Greek. Beyond the different interpre-
tative hypotheses proposed so far, the evidence in Policoro witnesses an
occupation that developed in the first half of the 7th century BCE in vil-
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lages of huts where Greeks and Chones/Oenotrians cooperated and co-
existed. This is the context where, around the middle of the 7th century
BCE, Colophonian refugees arrived and founded Siris, just on top the hill
of what is now Policoro, according to some scholars (e.g. Osanna, 2012;
Verger and Pace, 2017).
3. Geological setting and anthropisation
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The ancient Siris/Polìeion is located at a hilltop on the right of the
Agri River, in the Ionian belt of Basilicata (Fig. 1). The study area cor-
responds to the central-southern sector of the Bradanic Trough, which
is the south Apennine foredeep, evolved from the Pliocene onwards as
a consequence of westward subduction of the Adria Plate under the Eu-
ropean Plate (Doglioni et al., 1994; Pieri et al., 1996; Vezzani et al.,
2010). The sedimentary succession of the Bradanic Trough is charac-
terised by the presence of Mesozoic and Cenozoic thrust sheets piled
up on the Apulian foreland and combined with shallow-marine deposits
(Calcarenite di Gravina), marly clay hemipelagites (Argille subappen-
nine Formation) and coarse-grained regressive coastal deposits, which
filled the subsiding remnant basin (Tropeano et al., 2002).
Morphologically, the progressive Middle Pleistocene regional uplift
caused strong fluvial erosion of the highly erodible clayey substratum,
and brought to the surface about 600 m of the 3–4 km basin-fill suc-
cession, visible in the numerous fluvial valleys of Basilicata (Boenzi et
al., 2008; Tropeano et al., 2002). The erosion depth decreases from
the Sinni River to the Bradano River, going from the Apennine to the
Apulian foreland (Bozzano and Scarascia Mugnozza, 1994). Although
the human presence in Basilicata dates back at the Middle Pleistocene,
such incipient exploitation of the territory became much intense from
the Neolithic onward, when the agricultural practice and demographic
expansion increased the human pressure on the environment (Boenzi
et al., 2008). The key phase in the land exploitation of Basilicata was
the Greek colonization, which mainly involved the Ionian Belt (see
above). The marine and fluvial terraces were optimal areas for cultiva-
tion, where deforestation had higher impact on soil erosion and mor-
phology (Boenzi et al., 2008; Brückner, 1983; Neboit, 1977). An inverse
trend was documented (Piccarreta et al., 2011) after the Roman Age,
when the population decline was associated with reforestation, while
the hilly inland inhabited by native Italic peoples (Enotri and Chones),
was essentially uncultivated and still wooded (Castoldi, 2008).
Further evidence of rapid erosion of the terraced hilly areas due
to human pressure is the increase of silty-clay dominated sedimentts
in the Basilicata rivers, as consequence of gullying and erosion on the
slopes leading to the calanchi landform formation (Caputo et al., 2010;
Piccarreta et al., 2011). On one hand, the badland evolution at the ex-
pense of the Argille Subappenine Formation increased the surface ex-
posure of these marly clays and on the other hand the easily eroded
bedrock contributed to the river aggradation in Ionian Belt (Boenzi et
al., 2008). The consequent environmental changes probably affected
the quality and accessibility of clay sources for ceramic production in
the area. Although both the marine (i.e. Argille Subappennine) and flu-
vial clays are calcareous, some compositional differences in clay min-
erals and sand fractions lend them specific characteristics (Dondi et
al., 1992; Sauer et al., 2010), which would have oriented the ancient
potters for different types of production. Several archaeometric papers
G. Eramo et al. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports xxx (2018) xxx-xxx

Table 1
Archaeological features of pottery.

Thickness
Sample Archaeological site Chronology Ware Form/type Class (mm)

POL01 Ospedale - Pozzo n.1 VII century BC Greek-type Perirrantherion 21

pottery

F
POL02 Ospedale - Pozzo n.2 half of the VII century Greek-type Kylix or kantharos Linear decoration 8
BC pottery pottery
POL03 Ospedale - Pozzo n.1 VII century BC Greek-type Hydria Linear decoration 6

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pottery pottery
POL04 Ospedale - Pozzo n.1 VIII/VII century BC Local pottery Olla (?) 10
POL05 Ospedale - Capanna 2 VII century BC Varia Clay daub 27
POL06 Ospedale - Pozzo n.2 VII century BC Greek import Corinthian amphora 16
type A
POL07 Ospedale - Pozzo n.2 VII century BC Varia Loom weight 38
POL08 Ospedale - Pozzo n.2 VII century BC Greek-type Hydria (?) Linear decoration 7
pottery pottery
POL09 Ospedale - Pozzo n.2 VII century BC Greek-type FClosed shape - Linear decoration 5

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pottery medium size pottery
POL10 Ospedale - Pozzo n.2 VIII/VII century BC Local pottery Olla Matt-painted Ø 16
POL11 Ospedale - Pozzo n.2 VIII/VII century BC Local pottery Olla Matt-painted 5
POL12 Propr. Caserta second half of the VII Greek-type Kylix Filetti cup 3
century BC pottery
POL13 Ospedale - Pozzo n.2 VIII/VII century BC Local pottery Bowl 9
POL14 Ospedale - Pozzo n.1 VII century BC Greek-type Kylix Filetti cupfiletti cup 5
pottery
POL15 Ospedale - Pozzo n.1 VII century BC Greek-type Krater Linear decoration 10

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pottery pottery
POL16 Ospedale - Pozzo n.1 VII century BC Greek-type Small stamnos Linear decoration 7
pottery pottery
POL17 Ospedale - Pozzo n.1 VII century BC Greek-type Perirrantherion 19
pottery
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POL18 Propr. Caserta VII century BC Greek-type Kylix Filetti cupfiletti cup 4
pottery
POL19 Propr. Caserta first half of the VII Greek-type Kylix Filetti cupfiletti cup 6
century BC pottery
POL20 Ospedale - Pozzo n.1 VII century BC Varia Clay daub 12
POL21 Propr. Cospito-Caserta VII century BC Varia Overfired loom weight 37
POL22 Ufficio Postale VII/VI century BC Greek-type Overfired pottery Linear decoration 5
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pottery (hydrya?) pottery

POL23 Propr. Cospito-Caserta VII century BC Greek-type Overfired kylix Filetti cup 10
pottery
POL24 Ufficio Postale-Fornace VII/VI century BC Greek-type Overfired pottery Linear decoration 5
arcaica pottery (hydrya?) pottery
POL25 Propr. Cospito-Caserta half of the VII century Greek-type Deinos Orientalising pottery 10
BC pottery
POL26 Giardini Murati half of the VII century Greek-type Krater Orientalising pottery 9
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BC pottery
POL27 Ospedale - Pozzo n.2 VII century BC Greek-type Hydria Linear decoration 7
pottery pottery
POL28 Ospedale - Pozzo n.2 VII century BC Greek-type Kylix Rosso-bruna decoration Ø 12
pottery pottery
POL29 Ospedale - Pozzo n.2 VII century BC Greek-type Chytra 9
pottery
POL30 Ospedale - Pozzo n.2 VII/VI century BC Greek import Corinthian amphora 14
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POL31 Ospedale - Pozzo n.2 VII/VI century BC Greek import Corinthian amphora 18
type A
POL32 Ospedale - Pozzo n.2 half of the VII century Greek import Aryballos Subgeometric pottery 4
BC
POL33 Ospedale - Pozzo n.1 VII century BC Greek-type Kylix Filetti cup 5
pottery
POL34 Ospedale - Pozzo n.1 VII century BC Greek-type Chytra 6
pottery
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have demonstrated the use of marine and fluvial clays for ceramic
production from the Neolithic onward (Laviano and Muntoni, 2007:
Muntoni et al., 2009).
4. Sampling strategy
The 34 samples came from six archaeological excavation sites (Fig.
1) in the urban area of Policoro (MT), in which the ancient liter-
ary sources positioned the foundations of Siris/Polìeion (Moscati
Castelnuovo, 2005). All archaeological sites are located on the so-called
“Terrazza meridionale”; three of them, unpublished, in the area of the
city hospital “Giovanni Paolo II” and the others corresponding with the
well-known archaeological contexts of Ufficio Postale, Cospito-Caserta
and Giardini Murati (Tagliente, 1986). The samples belong to the four
main ceramic categories widespread in the Siritide between 7th and
first half of 6th century BCE: Greek-type pottery (n = 22), supposed
local pottery (n = 4) (two of them can be related to

3
G. Eramo et al.
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Fig. 1. Schematic geological map of the Gulf of Taranto and of the Policoro area. The sampling sites of the ceramics are shown with white stars. The black circles indicate the local clays
here analysed. Map key: ASP = Argille subappennine; gn1⁠ –7 = marine terraces; bb⁠ -n = Ancient and recent fluvial terraces; ba⁠ = Modern fluvial deposits; dl = Modern littoral deposits.
matt-painted pottery), Greek imports (n = 4), hut clay daubs (n = 2) and
loom-weights (n = 2). The clay daubs (POL5, 20) as well as the overfired
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samples of Greek-type pottery (POL22–24) and loom-weights (POL21)
can be considered as proxies of the local clays used. It is worth to note
that among the Greek-type pottery were sampled two potsherds, that
can be credited to a figured deinos and perhaps a krater, attributed to
the workshop of the “deinoi con i cavalli affrontati” (Panzeri, 1980).
Some of those vessels were attributed to the Analatos Painter, one of the
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most important Protoattic painters during the first half of 7th century
BC (Denoyelle, 1996). Among Greek-type pottery we can distinguish the
following ceramic classes: pottery with linear decoration, filetti cups, ori-
entalising pottery, pottery with rosso-bruna decoration, perirrantheria (a
large basin on a tall stand used for ritual purification). In Fig. 2 is shown
a selection of the ceramic materials here analysed.
In order to check the available petrofacies in the environs of
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Policoro, nine local clays were sampled from marine Plio-Pleistocene
clays (PC3, 13–15) and fluvial terraces (PC1, 4–6). About 1 kg of each
sample was taken from vertical outcrops. In three cases (PC2, 4 and 6),
the same quantity of sample was collected at 50 cm below the ground
level. A schematic view of the geological substratum of the studied area
and the positions of the clays are shown in Fig. 1 and listed in Table 2.
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5. Analytical methods
Pottery fabric analysis was conducted on thin sections under a Carl
Zeiss Axioskop 40 pol polarising microscope. Petrographic description
took into account the non-plastic inclusions (NPIs), the matrix and the
porosity. The boundary between matrix and NPIs is 16 μm according to
Maggetti (1982). Other than the percentage of NPIs, the grain size dis-
tribution (texture, mode(s)) and the nature of inclusions were consid
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Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports xxx (2018) xxx-xxx
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ered. The compositional features (e.g. calcareous, ferruginous, etc.) of
the matrix, as well as the structure (e.g. homogeneous, zoned, etc.)
and the brifringence (e.g. high, medium, low, etc.) were noted. As for
the porosity, primary (i.e. pre-firing) and secondary (i.e. firing-induced)
pores were distinguished in addition to the estimation (%) of the pores
in the thin section. The abundance of the NPIs and macro-porosity was
visually estimated using comparison charts (Matthew et al., 1991).
The clayey samples were crushed and quartered to reach about 20 g
necessary for laboratory analyses. These fractions were put in deminer-
alised water for complete hydration and to avoid clay aggregates.
Four briquettes of the local clays (2 × 3 × 1 cm) were hardened at
400 °C for 1 h in an electric kiln to ease the preparation the thin sec-
tions, without important mineralogical alterations. Their petrographic
description followed the above mentioned criteria, except for porosity.
The portion of ceramic samples used for bulk mineralogical and
chemical analyses was cleaned of surface decorations and encrustations.
About 1 g of powder from each sample was investigated by means of
X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) the region of 2θ = 2°–65° using a PAN-
alytical X'Pert MRD diffractometer using CuKα radiation, with a PANa-
lytical X'Celerator detector. The X-ray tube was operated at 40 kV and
40 mA. All XRPD spectra were processed with the X-Pert Highscore soft-
ware (PANalytical, version 3.0), with a PDF-2 reference database (ICDD)
for identification of inorganic phases.
The bulk chemical analysis of the potsherds and local clays was
performed by an automatic spectrometer Panalytical AXIOS-Advanced,
equipped with an X-ray tube X SST-mAX (Rh anode).
Major oxides and trace element concentrations were determined af-
ter the analytical techniques outlined by Franzini et al. (1972, 1975)
and Leoni and Saitta (1976). The detection limit for major element
oxides was 0.01 wt% and for trace elements about 10 ppm. The accu-
racy was checked two international standards (AGV-1 of USGS-USA and
NIM-G of NIM-South Africa). Loss on ignition (LOI) was determined by
G. Eramo et al. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports xxx (2018) xxx-xxx

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Fig. 2. A selection of potsherds here analysed. See Table 1 for details.

heating the samples at 1000 °C for 12 h. A principal component analysis

(PCA) and a linear discriminant analysis (LDA) were run on standard-
ised chemical data. The LDA was applied using the fabric classification
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obtained by petrographic analysis as reference groups (2).

Table 2
Position and geological features of the local clays samples. Formation acronyms after Carbone and Lentini (2014).

Sample formation Texture locality Zone mE mN m a.s.l.

PC1 Ancient fluvial terrace (bn) Clayey sand Cerchiarito 33 T 640,674.00 4,454,093.00 21
UN

PC2 Argille subappennine (ASP) Clayey silt Masseria Mostazzo 33 T 640,184.34 4,454,093.72 52
PC3 Argille subappennine (ASP) Silty clay Masseria Mazzei 33 T 637,359.12 4,455,478.85 34
PC4 Modern fluvial deposits (ba) Clayey silt Golfo 33 T 637,307.15 4,455,875.90 23
PC5 Recent fluvial terrace (bb) Clayey sand Rivolta 33 T 642,838.28 4,455,229.69 9
PC6 Recent fluvial terrace (bb) Clayey sand Rivolta 33 T 642,982.35 4,455,064.35 10
PC13 Argille subappennine (ASP) Silty clay Recoleta 33 T 637,417.69 4,457,888.23 90
PC14 Argille subappennine (ASP) Silty clay Masseria Giordano 33 T 634,831.95 4,459,269.98 132
PC15 Argille subappennine (ASP) Silty clay S. Maria di Anglona 33 T 633,547.76 4,456,559.07 54

5
G. Eramo et al.
6. Results
6.1. Petrography
6.1.1. Ceramics
The 34 potsherds are almost petrographically inhomogeneous and
nine different fabrics can be distinguished from their composition and
grain-size distribution. Fabrics IC, ICP, ICC, ICA, and ICX can be as-
cribed to the use of a Ca-rich clay, while fabrics Q, QA, IA and IGC to
the use of a Ca-poor clay. An overview of the petrographical features of
each sample is reported in Table 3.
The largest group of samples is that of fabric IC, with 18 items,
mainly Greek-type pottery. The matrix is calcareous and generally ho-
mogeneous or slightly zoned. The birefringence is medium to low, ac-
cording to the sinterisation level (Table 4). The NPIs are fine-grained
(32–63 μm) and essentially constituted by monocrystalline quartz. In
POL10, 11, 33 rare planktonic foraminifers were detected. The porosity
observed in thin section is quite low (5–20%), although some millimet-
ric primary pores were detected. The variants of the IC fabric feature
clinopyroxene (ICP) and chert (ICC). In the first case, few fine crystals
of volcanic clinopyroxes were observed and one of the three potsherds
(POL18) has bimodal texture. In the second case, POL5 (Fig. 3b) has
a coarser texture than POL20. Further, a diffuse presence of partially
D
or totally burnt vegetal inclusions is characteristic of fabric ICC. The
three samples with fabric ICA (POL01, 7, 17) show coarser NPIs due to
calcareous rock fragments and reddish mudstone fragments, with few
foraminifers (Fig. 3c). In ICX an extra microcristalline calcite in matrix
TE
was observed, other than a very fine texture (16–32 μm), the only Sub-
geometric pottery (POL32).
The two cooking pots analysed (chytrai) have a noncalcareous ma-
trix, relatively rich in Fe-oxyhydroxides. The grain size distribution
of the NPIs is bimodal, characterised by the presence of mono- and
poly-crystalline quartz, namely quartzarenite and chert. POL29 (QA)
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differs from POL34 (Q) in the coarser texture and the presence of the
same composition of the matrix (Fig. 3d). The fabric IGC has grog of
the same composition of the matrix, together with calcareous rock frag-
ments, in different amounts (Fig. 3e). The fabric IA is characteristic of
the three samples of Corinthian amphorae and contains mudstone clasts,
more or less sandy, non-compatible with the matrix (Fig. 3f). The ma-
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trix is non calcareous and zoned. Secondary porosity is evident through-
out the samples. Almost all the samples show calcite encrustation on the
surfaces.
6.1.2. Local clays
The four thin sections of local clays analysed under the microscope
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revealed a calcareous clay matrix and variable grain size distribution
(Fig. 4). The sample PC3 collected from the Argille Subappennine (ASP)
has the finer texture (coarse silt). On the contrary, the samples from the
fluvial terraces have a prevalent sand fraction. PC4 is texturally similar
to PC3, but more rich in organic matter, as evidenced by the brownish
colour of matrix and the higher values of LOI (see further). While in PC3
only monocrystalline quartz, rare feldspars and muscovite were identi-
UN
fied, in samples PC1 were further observed polycrystalline quartz, chert,
calcareous inclusions and rare clinopyroxenes. In analogy with the pet-
rographic classification of ceramics, PC1 and PC5 were associated with
fabric ICC, and PC3 and PC4 with the fabric IC.
6.2. XRPD
6.2.1. Ceramics
In Table 4 are reported the semiquantitative amounts of crystalline
phases detected in the ceramic samples after XRPD analysis. The sam
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Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports xxx (2018) xxx-xxx
ples with Ca-rich matrix show the highest degrees of sintering. A com-
bination of relic minerals, such as quartz, calcite and K-feldspar and
phyllosilicates, and new formed phases (i.e. diopside, anorthite, gehlen-
ite, hematite and amorphous phase) was found. In POL22–24 the amor-
phous phase is prevalent, as identified by the high background in the
spectra. The potsherds of fabric ICC and ICA still show some calcite and
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illite/muscovite, other than traces of moganite. Phyllosilicates are quite
stable in ceramics with Ca-poor matrix, except for POL34 (fabric Q).
Due to the presence of grog in IGC potsherds, detected hematite could
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not only be formed after firing, but also present in the grog.
6.2.2. Local clays
XRPD analyses on bulk samples determined their mineralogical com-
position (Table 5). Other than quartz, minor amounts of calcite,
feldspars, moganite and dolomite were identified among non-clay min-
erals. The high content of illite/muscovite characterises the clay mineral
fraction, followed by chlorite, smectite and kaolinite.
PR
6.3. XRF
6.3.1. Ceramics
The bulk chemical composition of the archaeological ceramics are
characterised by the relative abundance of SiO2⁠ , Al2⁠ O3⁠ , CaO, Fe2⁠ O3⁠ ,
MgO and K2⁠ O (Table 6). Except LOI (lost on ignition), the the most dis-
persed variables are P2⁠ O5⁠ , Na2⁠ O and CaO. The samples of fabrics with
calcareous matrix (IC, ICC, ICP, ICA and ICX) are essentially classified
as Ca-rich, while those with non-calcareous matrix are classifiable as
Ca-poor. Among trace elements, Sr, Zr and Rb have higher concentra-
tions and coefficients of variation.
6.3.2. Local clays
All the analysed samples can be classified as marly clays (Table 6),
since their bulk CaO content ranges between 11.93 and 14.46 wt%. The
amounts of Fe2⁠ O3⁠ decrease from Argille Subappennine to the fluvial de-
posits, as well the concentration of MgO. The amounts of Sr are rela-
tively high and constant among samples compared with those of Zr, Rb,
Y and Nb. The LOI percentages are between 8.12% (PC6) and 16.47%
(PC4).
7. Discussion
The issue of provenance of the ceramic materials presents differ-
ent aspects, as a consequence of the presence of both local production
indicators (pottery wasters: POL21–24) and hut daubs from Ospedale
(POL5, 20). The archaeological hypothesis of Corinthian provenance
for the three amphora fragments (POL6, 30, 31) and for the arybal-
los (POL32) was tested by comparing petrographical, mineralogical and
chemical data with those obtained on local clays.
The comparison between pottery and clay briquettes showed that
PC4 is compatible with POL5 (ICC), whereas the samples of fabric IC
are compatible with PC3, but chemically different (Fig. 5). In POL5 the
petrofacies is clearly expressed, with clastic contributions of Appennine
origin (e.g. chert, quartzarenites, etc.) and clinopyroxenes from the Qua-
ternary volcanism of the Roman Magmatic Province (Peccerillo, 2005).
The vegetal inclusions observed in both POL5 and POL20 point to the
use of unprocessed fluvial clays, with different texture, as clay daub.
A different situation is indicated by the results on Greek-type pottery,
which show very fine texture, but relatively dispersed chemical data and
distant from the local clay samples. Most of them are classified as fab-
ric IC (n = 18), characterised by a very fine texture (grain size mode of
NPIs = coarse silt) and calcareous clay matrix. The petrofacies shows an
evolved maturity for the nonclay fraction, where only monocrystalline
quartz was prevalent.
Table 3
Petrographic outline of the ceramics and of the unprocessed clays. Abbreviation key: Qm = monocrystalline quartz; Qp = polycrystalline quartz; Ch = chert; Pl = plagioclase; Kfs = K-feldspars; Cpx = clinopyroxene; Ms. = muscovite; Cal = calcite;
ARF = argillaceous rock fragments; Fe-agg = ferruginous aggregates; Ca-agg = calcareous aggregates; * = altered; I and II = primary and secondary porosity; c = calcareous; nc = non calcareous; f = ferruginous; l = low; m = medium; h = high; v = vitrified;
h = homogeneous; z = zoned; tr = traces; x-xx = relative amounts.

Matrix Porosity Non plastic inclusions

Mode(s)

F
(mm)Mode(s)
Voids NPIs (mm)Mode(s)
Sample Fabric Composition Birefringence Structure (%) Type (%) Texture (mm) Qm Qp Ch Pl Kfs Cpx Ms Cal AR

O
POL2 IC c l z 20 I 10 Unimodal 32–63 x / / / / / tr / /
POL3 IC c m z 20 I 10 Unimodal 32–63 x tr / / / / tr / /

O
POL8 IC c m h 20 I 20 Unimodal 32–63 xx / / / / / x / /
POL9 IC c l h 15 I 10 Unimodal 32–63 x / / / / / tr / /

R
POL10 IC c m z 20 I 20 Unimodal 32–63 xx / / / / / x / /
POL11 IC c m h 20 I 20 Unimodal 32–63 xx / / / / / tr / /

POL12 IC c l z 15 I 15 Unimodal 32–63

P xx / / / / / tr / /

D
POL14 IC c m h 20 I 20 Unimodal 32–63 xx / / tr / / x / /
POL15 IC c l z 25 I 10 Unimodal 32–63 x tr / / / / tr / /

E
POL16 IC c m z 25 I 15 Unimodal 32–63 xx / / / / / x tr /
POL18 IC c l h 10 I 10 Bimodal 16–32; x / / / / x tr tr /

T
125–250
POL19 IC c l h 20 I 25 Unimodal 32–63 xx / / / / / x / /
POL21 IC c l-v z 10–50 I, II 20 Unimodal 32–63 xx / / / / / tr / /

C
POL22 IC c l h 5 I* 10 Unimodal 32–63* tr / / / / / / / /
POL23 IC c v h 30 II ? Unimodal 32–63* tr / / / / / / tr* /

E
POL24 IC c l h 5 I* 10 Unimodal 32–63* tr / / / / / / / /
POL27 IC c l h 20 I 10 Unimodal 32–63 x / / / / / x / /

R
POL28 IC c l z 20 I 10 Unimodal 32–63 x / / / / / tr / /
POL33 IC c l h 20 I 20 Unimodal 32–63 xx / / / / / x / /

R
POL25 ICP c l h 15 I 10 Unimodal 32–63 x / / / / tr tr / /
POL26 ICP c l h 15 I 20 Unimodal 32–63 xx / / / / tr tr / /

O
POL1 ICA c m z 20 I, II 40 Bimodal 63–125; xx tr tr / / / x x xx
2000–4000

C
POL7 ICA c m z 20 I, II 20 Bimodal 63–125; x tr x / / tr x x x

N
2000–4000
POL17 ICA c m-v z 20 I, II 25 Bimodal 63–125; xx / tr / / / x x x
2000–4000

U
POL5 ICC c m-h z 30 I, II 40 Unimodal 125–250 xx x x tr tr tr x xx /

POL20 ICC c l-h z 30 I, II 15 Unimodal 32–63 x / / / tr / x / /

POL32 ICX c l h 10 I <5 Unimodal 16–32 tr / / / / / x / /

POL34 Q f m h 20 I, II 30 Bimodal 63–125; x xx x / / tr tr / /
500–1000
POL29 QA nc m z 20 I, II 40 Bimodal 63–125; x xx x / tr tr tr / x
1000–2000
POL6 IA nc m z 30 I, II 25 Unimodal 2000–4000 tr / / / / / / tr xx
 OF
POL30

RO
P
IA nc m z 30 I, II 30 Bimodal 63–125; x / / / / / x / x
2000–4000
POL31 IA nc m z 20 I, II 40 Unimodal 2000–4000 tr / tr / / / / tr xx

D
Table 3 (Continued)

E
Matrix Porosity Non plastic inclusions

T
Mode(s)
(mm)Mode(s)

C
Voids NPIs (mm)Mode(s)
Sample Fabric Composition Birefringence Structure (%) Type (%) Texture (mm) Qm Qp Ch Pl Kfs Cpx Ms Cal AR

E
POL4 IGC nc m z 25 I, II 25 Bimodal 63–125; x x tr tr / / x x /

R
2000–4000
POL13 IGC f m-l z 30 I, II 40 Bimodal 63–125; x tr tr / / / tr x /

R
2000–4000

PC1 ICC c / / / / 40 Unimodal 250–500 xx x x tr tr tr tr x /

O
PC3 IC c / / / / 10 Unimodal 16–32 x / / / / / / / /
PC4 IC c / / / / 50 Unimodal 32–63 xx / / / / / x / /

C
PC5 ICC c / / / / 50 Unimodal 500–1000 xx x x tr / tr tr x /

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G. Eramo et al. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports xxx (2018) xxx-xxx

Table 4
Semiquantitative mineralogical composition of the ceramics (XRPD). Mineral abbreviations after Whitney and Evans (2010).

Sample Qz Mog Cal Ilt/Ms Sme Pl Kfs Hem Di Gh Sintering

POL1 xxx tr x xx x x M
POL2 xxx tr x xxx x xx M
POL3 xxx xxx x xxx H

F
POL4 xxxx x x x x tr L
POL5 xxxx x xx xx x tr tr L
POL6 xxx tr xx tr tr L

OO
POL7 xxxx tr tr x x tr tr M
POL8 xxx tr x xx tr tr x M
POL9 xxx xxx x xxx H
POL10 xxxx x x xx tr x tr M
POL11 xxxx tr xxx x xx MH
POL12 xxx xxx x xxx H
POL13 xxxx x tr x x x x L
POL14 xxxx x xxx x xx x MH
POL15 xxx xxx x xxx H

PR
POL16 xxx xxx x x xxx H
POL17 xxx tr x xxx x xxx H
POL18 xxxx tr xxx x xx M
POL19 xxx tr xx tr x MH
POL20 xxxx tr x xx x x x L
POL21 xxx tr xxx x xxx tr H
POL22 xx xxx xxx V
POL23 xx xxx xxx V
POL24 xx xxx xxx V
POL25 xxx tr xxx x x x MH

D
POL26 xxx tr tr xx tr x x MH
POL27 xxx tr tr x x x x M
POL28 xxx xxx x xxx H
POL29 xxxx x x x tr tr L
TE
POL30 xxx tr xx x tr tr L
POL31 xxx tr x xx x tr tr L
POL32 xxx xx tr tr xxx x MH
POL33 xxx xx x tr x MH
POL34 xxxx x tr x tr M
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The output of the PCA is shown in the biplots of Fig. 5. The first two
components of the PCA account for the 62.20% of the total variance.
They essentially discriminate almost all the archaeological samples (PC1
positive loadings) from the clayey sediments (PC1 negative loadings).
The ceramics relatively rich in CaO (i.e. POL3, 5, 16, 31, 32) have a neg-
ative abscissa (Fig. 5a).
Except for the samples of the fabrics Q, QA, IGC and IA (quadrant
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ceramics. The moderate positive correlation (r2⁠ = 0.44) between MgO/
CaO and Al2⁠ O3⁠ /SiO2⁠ ratios (Fig. 7) points to elutriation of Argille Subap-
pennine and fluvial clays (i.e. IC, ICC, ICP). Why levigate fine clays? A
probable answer to this question may come from the tendency to over-
fire particularly Ca-rich unprocessed clays. With this procedure the CaO
content decreases and the major oxides and trace elements related to
the clay fraction increase, as shown by the very high correlation be-

IV), poor chemical discrimination is observable between IC, ICP and
ICA fabrics (Fig. 5a). The compositional difference between ICX (POL32,
aryballos), IA (Corinthian amphorae) and IC samples is clearer in PC1 vs.
PC3 biplot (Fig. 5b). PC2 allows the separation between marine (ASP)
and fluvial clays, more rich in calcite (CaO positive loadings) or quartz
(CaO negative loadings), respectively.
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tween Al2⁠ O3⁠ , TiO2⁠ , Fe2⁠ O3⁠ , Y and Nb (Table 6) which characterises the
distribution of the IC samples. These results are in accordance with the
chemical trends observed by Eramo et al. (2004) for the analogous clays
used to make Late Roman pottery in the Tavoliere area (northern Apu-
lia). The samples of fabric ICP are the closest to those of fabric IC and
are typical of Orientalising pottery. The petrofacies of ICP and ICC are

The LDA on the same chemical variables and supervised with the
fabrics identified under the microscope in the ceramic and clay samples,
basically confirmed the petrographic classification (Fig. 6). Each point
was classified by minimising within-group Mahalanobis distances to the
group mean. The estimated classification underwent to a leave-one-out
cross-validation procedure. The confusion matrix shows that 76.74% of
samples were correctly classified and wrong classification concerns the
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compatible with that of local fluvial clays, while the fabric ICA (perir-
rantheria and loom weight) show the presence of ferruginous mudstone
with angular shapes up to few millimetres long (Fig. 3c), which could
be interpreted as fluvial clays tempered with crushed mudstones, proba-
bly from the allochthonus units of the Southern Apennines, about 20 km
NW from Policoro (Carbone and Lentini, 2014). After the petrographi-
cal and chemical differences between ICA and IA samples and the data

fabrics IC, ICC, ICP, ICA, IGC, Q and QA (Table 7). Such misclassifica-
tion is due to a fabric grouping more subtle than chemical grouping. The
chemical similitude between the fabrics IC, ICC, ICP, ICA, IGC and the
local clays here analysed is also supported by LDA, as well as the.
similitude between Q and QA. The rare presence of clino-pyroxenes
in ICP samples does not produce significant chemical differences form
IC and ICC samples.
Among them, the four pottery wasters (POL21–24) are certainly lo-
cal, but the chemical composition is different from the rest of Ca-rich
reported by Whitbread (1995, 300), a Corinthian provenance can be ex-
cluded.
A comparison between our data with those in literature on
Greek-type pottery is not straightforward, since the analytical methods
are different and no data on available local clays are reported. Although
the mineralogical and chemical data on Ionic cups from Torre di Sa-
triano (Tito, PZ) and Metaponto (MT) analysed by Giammatteo et al.
(2012) seem to be similar to our data, nothing can be said about pot-
tery fabric. Since their chemical data were obtained by SEM/EDS on

9
G. Eramo et al.
D
TE
EC
Fig. 3. Thin section overview and fabric of the ceramics: a) fabric IC (POL3, 2.5×, XP); b); fabric ICC (POL5, 2.5×, XP); c) fabric ICA (POL1, 2.5×, XP); d) fabric QA (POL29, 2.5×, XP); e)
fabric IGC (POL13, 2.5×, XP); f) fabric IA (POL30, 2.5×, XP).
thin section in a non-specified way, it was not possible to make a sound
comparison with our data.
Robinson's (2014) paper on red-figure pottery from Apulia and Lu-
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cania provides neither petrographic data about the analysed pottery
nor any analytical data about the local available clays, but reports use-
ful plots of principal component analysis and canonical variate analy-
sis applied on bulk chemical data which distinguish chemical groups of
red-figure pottery. The Apulian Group 1 and Lucanian red-figure pottery
are characterised by relatively high concentrations of Fe, Al, Ti and low
Ca and Sr, comapared to Group 2, as is the case of the Greek-type pot-
CO
tery analysed here. The data reported by Giannossa et al. (2017) for ce-
ramic samples from a pottery workshop in Taranto (i.e. firing testers and
pottery wasters) shows similar chemical trends as in the Apulian Group
1 (Robinson, 2014). ASP formation crops out extensively in northern
Apulia and in Basilicata and principal mineralogical and geochemical
differences are observable according to the distance from the Appen-
nine Belt or Murge Plateau (Dell'Anna & Laviano, 1986; Dondi et al.,
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1992).However, the chemical features among the Apulian and Lucanian
red-figure pottery cannot be only ascribed to compositional differences
in raw materials. As discussed above, the clay processing can signifi-
cantly affect the original composition.
The sample POL32 (fabric ICX) is clearly distinguishable from the
local Ca-rich pottery using petrographical and chemical composition
(Figs. 5, 6) and the supposed Corinthian origin can be confirmed, using
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Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports xxx (2018) xxx-xxx
F
OO
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the white clay of the Corinthian plain (Farnsworth, 1970; Whitbread,
2003).
The petrographic data on amphorae from Pantanello Necropolis and
one from Incoronata Greca (Metaponto) by Morter and Leonard (1998)
were useful to compare the fabric of three Corinthian amphorae stud-
ied here (POL6, 30, 31). Our samples (fabric IA) are characterised by
mudstone with different texture (i.e. radiolarian mudstone, calc-mud-
stone and mudstone breccia) (Fig. 3f). This mudstone correspond to that
of Corinthian amphorae A and A’ type observed by Farnsworth (1970),
Morter and Leonard (1998) and Whitbread (1995, 269, 271; 2003).
As explained before, the local clays of Policoro are all calcareous
and are incompatible with fabric IA, Q, QA and IGC (Fig. 5). The dif-
fused presence of polycrystalline quartz, chert and mudstone in fab-
rics Q and QA in a non-calcareous matrix points to foreign provenance
of this coarse pottery. Also in this case, a probable provenance from
Corinth is proposed, after the petrographical analogies (i.e. mono- and
polycrystalline quartz, chert and mudstone) observed with the fabric
“quartz and chert” and “QMC” identified by Joyner (2007) in Byzantine
and Frankish cooking pots.
The grog in the fabric IGC has the same composition as the includ-
ing ceramic body (Fig. 3e) and the bulk composition of the potsherds is
less rich in CaO then the local fabrics (Table 6). The use of grog as tem-
per may suggest the local unavailability of coarse sand. Although the Sr
content is similar to that of local clays (Fig. 5), the Ca-poor matrix and
the petrographic differences, exclude a local provenance for this fabric.
G. Eramo et al.
D
TE
EC
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Fig. 4. Local clays under the microscope: a) Argille subappennine (PC3, 2.5×, XP); b)
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Modern fluvial deposits (PC4, 2.5×, XP); c) Ancient fluvial terrace (PC1, 2.5×, XP).
Finally, some considerations can be made about the maximum tem-
peratures achieved during firing. The high values of LOI for the clay
daubs (POL5, 20) show only moderate firing, deliberate or accidental. In
Table 5 are shown the sintering levels of the ceramics according to the
XRPD data and the optical features observed under the microscope. The
Ca-poor samples show a general low sintering (500 < Tmax < 800 °C),
while Ca-rich shows high sintering (900 < Tmax < 1050 °C), with
neoformed gehlenite, diopside and anorthite.
11
Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports xxx (2018) xxx-xxx
The calcareous fabrics have lower eutectic temperature and are finer
textured than the non-calcareous ones (Eramo et al., 2014; Heimann,
1989; Maggetti, 1982; Riccardi et al., 1999). This eases the sintering
of the ceramic body compared with the other fabrics (Allegretta et al.,
2016). Further, the ceramic wasters vitrified because of their high CaO
content (Fig. 6).
F
8. Conclusions and perspectives
OO
The documentation acquired with the analytical techniques de-
scribed above has made it possible to verify our initial hypotheses and
offer new considerations on the provenance of the raw materials used.
As expected, we achieved the objectives established at the start of this
project: to obtain an initial definition of the typical features of the
Greek-type pottery produced in the Siritis, to distinguish local pottery
from that produced elsewhere and to determine whether the provenance
PR
of the raw material used to produce Greek-type pottery was local or
proximal.
The archaeometric study of the ceramics from Policoro helped to
identify fabrics confirming that most of the samples analysed were lo-
cally made, as well as the presence of different types of imports such
as Corinthian amphorae, Subgeometric pottery and also firing pots. We
were able to define the local characteristics of the Greek-style pottery by
selecting six production indicators (the fragments of clay daub POL05,
20 and the pottery wasters POL21–24). Such overfired pottery sug-
gests the presence of some pottery workshops in the so-called “Terrazza
meridionale” (Fig. 1).
Pottery made of calcareous clay (IC) can be associated with the lo-
cal marine Plio-Pleistocene silty clay (Argille Subappennine) that crops
out in the area, while the presence of different NPIs (pyroxenes, chert
and iron oxides) in fabrics ICP, ICC and ICA suggest the use of fluvial
deposits as a raw material with probable elutriation as inferred from
its very fine texture. Pottery made of non-calcareous clays presents very
different NPIs (e.g. grog, mudstones, chert, quarzarenitic and calcareous
clasts) indicating a non-local production.
The analyses conducted allow us to make some prudent evaluations
on the presence of Greek or Greek-trained potters working during the
first generations of the colonies. In this context, an interesting find-
ing comes from the analysis of the fragments of Orientalising pottery
POL25–26, respectively a dinos from the series with facing horses, and
a krater that during the phase of naked eye analysis presented stylistic
details attributable to the same hand as the deinos potter. These analy-
ses made it possible to ascribe the krater and the dinos from a compo-
sitional point of view to a single fabric; combined with the decorative
features the technological features allow us to assume that they were
made in a single workshop. Denoyelle (1996) has proposed that some
of these pieces were made by the Analatos painter. The scholar sug-
gests two possible scenarios: either the potter made this pottery in At-
tica on commission, or he moved to the Siritis where he worked during
the second quarter of the 7th century BCE. The new studies conducted
on these samples have shown that these containers, the high point of
Greek artistic craftsmanship during the Orientalising period, were lo-
cally made (Orlandini, 1988, 6–14).
Regardless of whether they were made by the Analatos Painter, this
fact allows us to state that the first generations of colonists in the Siri-
tis included very highly skilled potters trained in Greece, whose activ-
ity contributed to the creation of a new local pottery style. Similarly,
the determination of the local nature of the clay used for the two frag-
ments of perirrhanterion POL01 and POL17 (fabric ICA) again confirms
the plausible presence of specialized Greek artisans working in the Ion-
ian area. The loom weight POL07 share the same pottery fabric. In this
case, the petrofacies observed points to proximal fluvial clays in the
inlands NW from Policoro. These results about the provenance of clay
G. Eramo et al. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports xxx (2018) xxx-xxx

Table 5
Semiquantitative mineralogical composition of the unprocessed clays (XRPD).

Sample Qz Pl Kfs Cal Dol Ilt/Ms Sme Chl Kln

PC1 xxxx x x x x xx x x tr
PC2 xxx x tr x tr xxx x x x
PC3 xxx x tr x tr xxx x xx x

F
PC4 xxx x tr x x xxx x xx x
PC5 xxxx x x x x tr / / /
PC6 xxxx x x x x x x / /

OO
PC13 xxx x tr x tr xxx x xx x
PC14 xxx x tr x tr xxx x x x
PC15 xxx x tr x tr xxx x xx x

used for pottery stimulate some consideration on the sourcing strate- rived in these areas from eastern Greece in the early or mid-7th cen-
gies in the past. In the framework of Greek colonization, the possible tury BCE. However, the absence of typical metamorphic minerals and/
use of clays from the coastal belt or from inland implies different sce- or rock fragments of the territory of the ancient Ionia (van Hinsbergen,
narios of interaction between colonizer and native populations. Some 2010; Okay, 2008) in the two chytrai potsherds makes more puzzling

examples of Greek potters working at Italic sites in the inland of Basili-
cata in 6th century BCE are archaeologically known (Giammatteo et al.,
2012; Robinson, 2014 and literature therein). Our data gives material
evidences of ceramic fabrics, far from the colonial sites, which should be
confirmed with further analyses on available clays in the region. More-
over, the diffused presence of badlands in the interior of Basilicata (§
3) which could have push the Greek colonists to move inland to easily
PR
the issue of provenance of these cooking pots. The next step will be to
define the ceramic repertoire to which the cooking pots are ascribed.
The comprehension of that aspect can certainly help us figure out the
structure of the first colonial contingents and the social dynamics of the
Greek migrants during the first moments of their presence on foreign
soil.
The research hitherto carried out has produced very interesting re-

D
identify and exploit fine and calcareous clays, should be not underesti-
mated.
For the samples attributable on a macroscopic basis to at least two
Corinthian transport amphorae of type A Koheler (POL06, 30, 31) and
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to a Subgeometric aryballos (POL32), the analyses confirmed the prove-
nance from the Corinth area, thanks also to an ample reference bib-
liography (Farnsworth, 1964, 1970; Whitbread, 2003, 6–11). Though
similar to the locally-made group, the Protocorinthian aryballos POL32
(ICX) cannot be produced by elutriation of Argille Subappennine, as in-
dicated by trace element concentrations.
EC
sults that deserve further in-depth study and careful verification. The
study of pottery production in this area is still in its infancy and requires
a large-scale research project aimed at identifying the workshops and
the places where local clay was extracted (Giammatteo et al., 2012). It
is to be hoped that the sample will be enlarged and that further analyti-
cal will be done.
Uncited references
Cultrone et al., 2001

It is worth offering a final consideration regarding the two samples Hayward, 2003
belonging to chytrai POL29 and 34 (cooking-pot with rounded body) of Lazzari, 2008
fabric QA, that during the macroscopic observation phase were thought
to be locally made. However, the analyses showed the non-calcareous Acknowledgement
composition of the clay, with the presence of quartzarenite and chert in
the fabric, of certain outside origin. This paper is part of the PhD thesis of one of the authors (SG).
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This fact is very interesting and provides food for thought. From an
archaeological point of view it is interesting to note that in the same
area around Policoro some eastern Greek and Rhodian chytrai were
used as cinerary urns in the archaic necropolis of Schirone (Berlingò,
2004–2005, p. 377). Why is imported cookware attested at Policoro, for
both domestic and funerary purposes?
CO
Paola Palmentola is kindly acknowledged for supporting the research.
We thank Nicola Mongelli, Mauro Pallara and Rossana Vittoria, who
contributed to this study with their technical support. This study ben-
efited from instrumental upgrades of Potenziamento Strutturale PON-
a3_00369 dell'Università degli Studi di Bari “A. Moro” dal titolo “Lab-
oratorio per lo Sviluppo Integrato delle Scienze e delle TEcnologie dei
Materiali Avanzati e per dispositivi innovativi (SISTEMA)”. We are also

Though we cannot rule out the existence during the proto-archaic

period of trade circuits for coarseware as well, a hypothesis worth con- indebted to two anonymous referees for their fruitful comments and
sidering is that these vessels were brought by the first colonists who ar suggestions.
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12
Table 6
Major oxides (wt%) and trace elements (mg/g) concentrations determined by XRF of ceramics and the unprocessed clays.

Ceramic SiO2 TiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 MnO MgO CaO Na2O K2O P2O5 LOI Rb Sr Y Zr Nb

POL1 51.58 0.91 17.78 7.96 0.27 2.72 8.41 0.62 2.44 0.17 7.13 114 302 30 192 25

F
POL2 51.93 0.91 18.59 8.14 0.15 3.47 9.85 0.95 2.99 0.34 2.68 145 341 31 162 23
POL3 51.21 0.82 17.29 7.46 0.16 4.30 13.94 1.98 1.25 0.13 1.46 74 546 28 164 21

O
POL4 55.99 0.83 17.24 7.14 0.15 2.62 6.63 0.78 2.58 0.20 5.85 116 282 32 215 25
POL5 48.29 0.63 13.40 5.80 0.16 2.47 13.48 0.61 2.16 0.12 12.88 92 267 24 202 16
POL6 58.87 0.92 20.05 9.05 0.07 3.94 1.17 0.60 3.96 0.06 1.31 208 156 27 127 15

O
POL7 54.48 0.85 16.88 7.47 0.18 3.23 9.09 0.92 2.50 0.24 4.16 124 273 30 183 20
POL8 53.04 0.85 17.85 7.57 0.16 3.34 9.84 0.99 2.95 0.45 2.97 142 489 29 165 22

R
POL9 51.90 0.84 16.40 7.54 0.14 3.95 14.05 1.38 2.28 0.10 1.41 116 418 29 168 19
POL10 50.30 0.80 16.14 7.15 0.13 3.25 11.87 0.72 2.43 0.38 6.82 124 386 29 169 21
POL11 54.29 0.87 17.56 7.27 0.12 3.13 10.54 1.26 2.53 0.27 2.16 125 364 28 193 24

P
POL12 51.73 0.85 17.39 7.75 0.17 3.85 13.40 1.54 2.04 0.12 1.17 99 423 27 165 20
POL13 57.82 0.88 17.88 7.66 0.16 2.78 5.22 0.93 3.05 0.22 3.39 133 230 33 214 26
POL14 52.83 0.87 18.13 7.82 0.17 3.20 9.74 1.20 2.75 0.25 3.05 130 379 31 169 23

D
POL15 52.97 0.85 17.69 7.70 0.17 3.63 12.04 2.02 1.57 0.15 1.21 97 374 30 180 23
POL16 51.52 0.85 17.81 7.72 0.16 4.00 13.21 1.98 1.13 0.14 1.48 65 455 29 167 21

E
POL17 53.93 0.89 16.52 7.90 0.18 3.41 12.07 0.96 2.52 0.13 1.47 130 312 31 193 21
POL18 52.48 0.86 17.41 7.66 0.16 4.18 11.70 1.45 2.00 0.14 1.97 106 429 28 173 21
POL19 52.89 0.86 17.81 7.62 0.15 3.88 9.96 1.09 2.49 0.22 3.04 117 375 30 179 20

T
POL20 50.09 0.78 16.88 6.83 0.14 2.35 7.23 0.62 2.08 0.20 12.81 100 227 29 178 22
POL21 54.56 0.87 15.43 7.72 0.14 3.03 13.76 0.91 2.64 0.10 0.82 129 316 30 184 20

C
POL22 52.63 0.95 17.19 8.31 0.14 3.20 13.67 0.77 3.04 0.10 0.01 145 328 30 165 21
POL23 53.18 0.92 16.67 8.21 0.17 2.99 13.45 1.22 3.08 0.11 0.01 143 365 29 173 21

E
POL24 52.97 0.94 17.01 8.18 0.14 3.23 13.67 0.77 3.01 0.10 0.01 143 327 31 164 21
POL25 53.96 0.90 18.48 7.97 0.14 3.03 7.97 0.92 2.46 0.18 3.99 115 279 30 188 21
POL26 52.04 0.85 17.61 7.52 0.14 2.80 10.43 0.86 2.73 0.23 4.79 125 292 30 182 21

R
POL27 51.19 0.84 17.80 7.59 0.16 3.38 10.27 0.81 2.82 0.21 4.91 138 517 28 157 21
POL28 54.04 0.85 16.62 7.54 0.14 3.32 11.77 1.04 2.56 0.33 1.79 131 338 30 181 20

R
POL29 64.91 0.83 17.23 7.93 0.19 2.38 2.11 0.94 2.63 0.10 0.75 119 118 33 262 25
POL30 51.93 0.76 17.22 8.90 0.15 3.46 6.15 0.45 2.65 0.24 8.09 142 277 24 113 13
POL31 51.18 0.77 17.98 8.43 0.10 2.51 4.69 0.31 2.56 0.14 11.33 138 225 23 113 13

O
POL32 48.80 0.89 15.84 9.00 0.13 4.11 14.39 1.12 2.16 0.23 3.33 112 372 25 120 14
POL33 54.17 0.87 17.31 7.66 0.14 3.29 9.70 1.03 2.69 0.34 2.79 130 312 30 181 20

C
POL34 67.28 0.80 16.43 7.79 0.18 1.82 1.12 1.16 2.82 0.05 0.55 131 85 32 302 26
mean 53.56 0.85 17.22 7.76 0.15 3.24 9.90 1.03 2.52 0.19 3.58 123.42 328.80 29.03 177.69 20.63
stdv 3.85 0.06 1.09 0.60 0.03 0.59 3.77 0.41 0.53 0.10 3.45 24.46 102.61 2.38 36.17 3.30

N
cv 0.07 0.07 0.06 0.08 0.20 0.18 0.38 0.40 0.21 0.50 0.96 0.20 0.31 0.08 0.20 0.16
Clays

U
PC1 51.28 0.50 11.27 5.17 0.07 2.37 14.46 0.89 1.87 0.05 12.07 75 248 21 209 13
PC2 46.90 0.68 14.99 5.57 0.11 3.12 12.17 1.11 2.37 0.10 13.02 146 280 22 140 14
PC3 45.12 0.72 14.94 6.43 0.13 2.87 12.72 0.83 2.24 0.09 13.92 109 272 25 152 16
PC4 47.76 0.65 14.21 5.41 0.12 2.75 11.93 0.75 2.14 0.11 14.17 93 251 24 160 14
PC5 62.52 0.21 7.32 2.41 0.10 1.45 13.23 1.21 2.00 0.02 9.52 69 223 13 109 5
PC6 63.15 0.17 8.42 2.72 0.09 1.50 12.97 1.08 1.70 0.08 8.12 63 229 15 132 11
PC13 48.06 0.63 13.31 4.84 0.08 2.86 11.55 0.78 1.91 0.11 15.90 102 280 22 161 13
PC14 43.49 0.67 14.43 5.66 0.10 3.17 12.11 2.46 2.20 0.08 15.67 134 289 23 159 10
PC15 42.21 0.64 13.90 5.45 0.09 3.02 13.99 2.01 2.13 0.08 16.47 145 267 24 148 11
mean 50.05 0.54 12.31 4.85 0.10 2.57 12.79 1.23 2.06 0.08 13.43 103.99 259.79 20.94 152.28 11.85
stdv 7.72 0.21 3.29 1.37 0.02 0.66 0.97 0.60 0.21 0.03 2.49 31.99 23.33 4.05 27.10 3.24
cv 0.15 0.38 0.27 0.28 0.19 0.26 0.08 0.48 0.10 0.37 0.19 0.31 0.09 0.19 0.18 0.27
G. Eramo et al. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports xxx (2018) xxx-xxx

F
OO
PR
D
TE
EC
RR
CO
UN

Fig. 5. Principal component analysis of the bulk chemical data: a) biplot of PC1 vs PC2; b) biplot of PC1 vs PC3.

14
G. Eramo et al. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports xxx (2018) xxx-xxx

F
OO
PR
D Fig. 6. Linear discriminant analysis: biplot of the first two discriminant components.
TE
Table 7
Confusion matrix of the leave-one-out cross-validation (LDA). Percentage of correct classification equals 76.74.

ICA IC IGC ICC IA ICP QA ICX Q Total

ICA 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3
IC 1 21 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 25
IGC 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
EC

ICC 1 1 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 5
IA 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 3
ICP 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 2
QA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
ICX 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
Q 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
Total 5 23 3 2 3 4 1 1 1 43
RR
CO
UN

15
G. Eramo et al.
Fig. 7. Scatter plot showing the positive correlation of MgO/CaO vs Al2⁠ O3⁠ /SiO2⁠ ratios, as an index of elutriation processing for Ca-rich samples.
D
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