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3.Forces and motion
3.1 We have lift-off
3.2 Mass, weight and gravity
3.3 Falling and turning
3.4 Force, mass and acceleration
3.5 Momentum
3.6 More about scalars and vectors
1. Force(力)

(1)Definition
Force is the action of one body on a second body.
(2)SI unit
Newton (N)
1 Newton is the force required to give a mass of
1kg an acceleration of 1m/s2.
(3)Important forces
• Weight重力
the gravitational force that acts on an object
that has mass.
direction: vertically downward
• Contact force弹力
• Friction摩擦力
The force that acts when two surfaces rub over
one another.
(3)Important forces
• Solid friction固体摩擦
The force between two surfaces that may impede
motion and produce heating.
• Drag液体摩擦
Friction that acts on an object as it moves through a
fluid(a liquid or a gas)
• Air resistance空气阻力
The friction acting on an object moving though air.
(3)Important forces
• Upthrust 浮力
Upthrust is the upward push of a liquid or gas on an
object.
2. Unbalanced forces produce acceleration
（1）Resultant Force 合力
The resultant force is a single force that has the same effect
as two or more force.
 2. Unbalanced forces produce acceleration
（2）Newton’s first law / law of inertia牛顿第一定律
Every body continues in its state of rest, or with uniform velocity,
unless acted on by a resultant force.

Change speed Change direction

C
3.Forces and motion
3.1 We have lift-off
3.2 Mass, weight and gravity
3.3 Falling and turning
3.4 Force, mass and acceleration
3.5 Momentum
3.6 More about scalars and vectors
 Weight重力
• Mass质量：the quantity of matter a body is
composed of.
• Gravity引力：the force that exists between any
two objects with mass.
• Weight重力:the gravitational force that acts on
an object that has mass.
W = mg
g = 9.8 N/kg, gravitational field strength重力场强度
C
 Falling bodies(落体)

Apple

Leaf

The heavier, the faster?

­In air, a coin falls faster than a small
piece of paper.
The air resistance(空气阻力) to paper is
larger.

­How about in vacuum(真空)?

They fall at the same rate.
air resistance = 0
• Italian scientist Galileo
dropped a small iron ball and a
large cannonball (10 times
heavier) from the top of the
Leaning Tower of Pisa.
• They reached the ground
almost simultaneously.
 Free fall(自由落体)

l A static object which is falling only

under the influence of gravity.
l No air resistance
 Free fall
• Initial velocity is zero (u=0m/s)
• Uniform acceleration(g=9.8m/s2)

Acceleration of free fall

Acceleration due to gravity (重力加速度) – g
Ø Vector
magnitude: 9.8m/s2
direction: vertically downward.
Ø Near earth surface 10m/s2
g = 9.8N/kg, gravitational field strength重力场强度
g = 9.8m/s2, Acceleration of free fall
Acceleration due to gravity 重力加速度
Equations for Uniform acceleration vs
Free fall

Uniform acceleration Free fall

v = u + at v = gt

1 2 1 2
s = ut + at s = gt
2 2

2
v −u 2
v2
s= s=
2a 2g
 Velocity-time graph of free fall

v = gt
• The gradient = g = 9.8m/s2

• The distance = the area =

gt*t*1/2

1 2
s = gt
2
 Distance-time graph of free fall

1 2
s = gt
2

• The gradient = v =gt

Question:

A ball is projected vertically upwards with an initial

velocity of 30m/s. Find

(a)Its maximum height

(b)The time taken to return to its starting point.
Neglect(忽略) air resistance and take g = 10m/s2.
(a)

We have:
u = 30m/s, a = -g = -10m/s2, v=0
we want: s

the equation we choose: v2 = u2 + 2as

0 = (30m/s)2 + 2×(-10m/s2)×s

s = 45m
(b)
If t is the time to reach the highest point.
We have:
u = 30m/s, a = -g = -10m/s2, v=0
we want: t
the equation we choose: v = u + at

0 = 30m/s + (-10m/s2)×t
t = 3s
The downward trip takes the same time as
the upward trip. So the answer is 6s.
3.Forces and motion
3.1 We have lift-off
3.2 Mass, weight and gravity
3.3 Falling and turning
3.4 Force, mass and acceleration
3.5 Momentum
3.6 More about scalars and vectors
Every body continues in its state of rest, or with uniform velocity,
unless acted on by a resultant force.

Newton’s first law

• Resultant force = 0, then a = 0 (牛1)
• Resultant force ≠ 0， F = 𝒎𝒂 (牛2)

If this resultant acts on this then this is the !

Symbols and
force... mass... acceleration... units
F = force, in
1N 1kg 1 m/s2 newtons (N)
m = mass, in
2N 2kg 1 m/s2 kilograms (kg)
4N 2kg 2 m/s2 a = acceleration,
in metres/
6N 2kg 3 m/s2 second2 (m/s2)

Resultant force = mass X acceleration

 F = 𝒎𝒂
Scalar or vector
• F - vector
• m - scalar
• a – vector

F and a have the same direction.

 Mass=1000kg

Air resistance 500N

Driving force

Friction drag 800N 2000N

Resultant force = ?
The state of motion = ?
Acceleration = ?
C
B
3.Forces and motion
3.1 We have lift-off
3.2 Mass, weight and gravity
3.3 Falling and turning
3.4 Force, mass and acceleration
3.5 Momentum
3.6 More about scalars and vectors
 Falling through the air
(考虑空气阻力的落体运动)
Air resistance increase with the speed
of motion.（运动速度越大，空气阻力越大）

Parachuting
• Before parachutes open
• After parachutes open
Before parachutes open
v=0 vé
Air resistance=0 Air resistance é
Max resultant force resultant force ê
Max a aê
vé
v - terminal v
Air resistance é
Air resistance = W
resultant force = 0
a=0
After parachutes open
Air resistance é
v= terminal v resultant force(upwards) é
Air resistance = W a (upwards) é
v ê

vê vê
Air resistance ê Air resistance ê
resultant force ê resultant force = 0
aê a=0
v - terminal v’
Air resistance = W
A
 Going round in circles
• Centripetal force (向心力)
direction: force ⊥ velocity

• If string breaks,
the ball will .

• 注意：向心力不是某一种力，
而是由某种力提供的。
• A change in velocity can mean either a change in
speed or a change in direction.
• It has acceleration, in the same direction as the
force, towards to the centre of the circle.
More centripetal force is needed if:
（什么时候需要更大向心力）:

• The mass of the object é

• The speed of the object é
• The radius of the circle ê
D
A
C
• 向心力谁提供?

• 轨道升高后，向心力变 ？

• 卫星质量加倍，向心力 ？
向心力谁提供?
3.Forces and motion
3.1 We have lift-off
3.2 Mass, weight and gravity
3.3 Falling and turning
3.4 Force, mass and acceleration
3.5 Momentum
3.6 More about scalars and vectors
Why is it a good idea to avoid a large object moving
quickly?
 Momentum (动量)
• Definition
the quantity mass × velocity
p = mv
• Unit
Kg·m/s or N·s

• Momentum is a (scalar or vector), the

direction is the same as velocity.
An aircraft carrier has a mass of
1,000,000 kg and a velocity of 15 m/s.
What is its momentum?

15,000,000 kg·m/s
If a steady force F acting on a body of mass m
increases its velocity from u to v in time t, the
acceleration a is given by
v -u
a=
Then t

m(v - u )
am =
t

mv - mu
therefore F=
t Ft = mv - mu

Impulse(冲量)
 Impulse （冲量）
• Definition
If a constant force F acts on a body for a time t,
the impulse of the force is given by Ft.
Ft = mv - mu
Impulse = the change in momentum
• Unit
kg m s-1 or N s
• Impulse is a (scalar or vector)
the direction is the same as force.
A rugby ball of mass 0.5 kg is kicked from stationary to a
velocity of 8 m/s. The kicker’s foot is in contact with ball for 0.1
seconds. What force does the kicker use?

change in momentum
force =
time
= (0.5 x 8) – ( 0.5 x 0)
0.1
= 4
0.1
= 40 N
 Define resultant force
1. The resultant force is a single force that has
the same effect as two or more force.

2. Resultant force is the change in momentum per

unit time
mv - mu
F=
t
What happens if two cars travelling very quickly collide?

Both cars come to a stop in a short space of

time. This means that the cars and their
occupants(驾驶员) experience a large change
of momentum very quickly. Why could this
cause a very serious injury?

A very large change of momentum in a short

space of time means the car occupants will
experience a very large force.

Using this principle, how could you improve the safety

of cars?
Many modern car safety features work by increasing the amount
of time taken for the person to decelerate in a collision. How does
this reduce the risk of serious injury?

A longer deceleration means that change in momentum occurs

over a longer time. There is therefore a smaller force acting on
the person.

What features of cars use this principle?

l Seatbelts（安全带）

l Airbags（气囊）

l crumple zones（缓冲溃缩区）
B
D
C
If two objects collide or interact,
the forces acting on each one will be
the same size but in opposite
directions. The same is true for the
change in momentum of each object.

This means that the momentum lost

by one of the objects will be gained
by the other object. Therefore,
whenever two objects collide or
interact, momentum is conserved.
Conservation of momentum(动量守恒)

When two or more bodies act on one

another, as in a collision, the total
momentum of the bodies remains
constant, provided no external force act.
Two trolleys collide and stick together.
From the data below, calculate the
velocity of the trolleys after the collision.

trolley A trolley B
mass = 3 kg mass = 5 kg
velocity = 8 m/s velocity = -4 m/s
momentum = 24 kg m/s (3 x 8) momentum = -20 kg m/s (5 x -4)

total momentum before collision = 4 kg m/s (24 + -20)

mass after collision = 8 kg (3 + 5)
momentum after collision = 4 kg m/s
velocity after collision = momentum / mass = 0.5 m/s
Momentum in explosions(爆炸)

The principle of conservation of

momentum can be applied to explosions.
Practice
A cannon of mass 1.5 ton fires a cannon-ball of mass
5.0kg. The speed with which the ball leaves the
cannon is 70m/s relative to the earth. What is the
initial speed of recoil of the cannon?

0.23m/s
Rocket and jets(喷嘴)
A rocket of mass 10000kg uses 5.0 kg of fuel
and oxygen to produce exhaust gases ejected at
5000 m/s. Calculate the increase in its velocity.

2.5m/s
A
C
D
3.Forces and motion
3.1 We have lift-off
3.2 Mass, weight and gravity
3.3 Falling and turning
3.4 Force, mass and acceleration
3.5 Momentum
3.6 More about scalars and vectors
How to find the resultant?
Parallelogram law(平行四边形法则)
If two forces acting at a point are represented in size and
direction by the sides of a parallelogram drawn from the
point, their resultant is represented in size and direction by
the diagonal of the parallelogram drawn from the point.
• Triangle law
• Vectors’ subtraction
C
D
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