TRUONG DAI HOC BACH KHOA HA N0I

TS. HA TIEN HOANG

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TAI LIEU
•
KY THUAT
•
MIEN PHI

wmm
NHA XU AT BAN KHOA HOC VA KY THUAT
 TRUONG DAI HOC BACH KHOA HA NOI
TS. HA TIEN HOANG

THIET Bl CO KHI Xl/dlNG CAN

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TAI LIEU
•
KY THUAT
•
MIEN PHI

NHA XUAT BAN KHOA HOC VA KY THUAT

HANOI
 Chiu track uliieni xuat ban : PGS TS . TO DANG I 1 AI
.

Bien tap va sua bai : ThS. NGUYEN HUY TIEN

HOANG GIANG
Truth ba\ bia : HUONG LAN

NHA XUAT BAN KHOA HOC VA KY THUAT

70 Tran Himg Dao - Ha Noi

60 - 6C3
150 - 304 - 05
KHKT - 05

In 700 cuon , kho 19 x 27 , tai Nha in Khoa hoc va cong nghc

Giay plicp xual ban so : 150- 304-4/2/2005
In xong va npp luu chicu thang 2 nam 2006.
 L6INOI DAU

Thiet bi can nghien citu ve nguyen ly lam viec , ket cau , phitdng
phap tinh toan thiet ke cac chi tiet , cum chi tiet , cac cd cau cua may can
va cac may phoi hap , phu trd tao ra san pham can .
Sack ditdc chia ra hai phan : thiet bi chinh va thiet hi phu.
Trong phan I , sau khi trinh bay cac khai niem chung ve can va
thiet bi can , phan loai may can , set lMe ve each tinh toan litc can ,
momen can thuoc qua trinh can doc thong dung , can khai phoi , can
phoi , can tarn, can hinh ddn gidn , phan Idn noi dung tap trung veto phan
tich ket cau , phitdng phap tinh toan thiet ke cac chi tiet , cum chi tiet va
cac cd cau dien hinh tren hang gia can. Cac loai may can ong , may can
dac biet cung ditdc de cap den .
Trong phan II , chu yen trinh bay nguyen ly lam viec , cac ket cau ,
each tinh toan mot so thiet bi phu dien hinh cua nha may can nhit may
cat , may cat bay , may cita , may nan, may cuon , san nguoi ... Cac thiet bi
phu trd khde chi ditdc neu ra d mite do sd hide.
Ngitdi doc co the tim hieu sau hdn trong cac tai lieu tham khao .
Sack thiet bi can ditdc bien soan vdi mong muon cita tdc gia la gop
phan cung cap kien thile va tai lieu hien con qua thieu than d trong nitdc
cho viec hoc tap va tham khao cita sink vien va can bo ky thuat chuyen
nganh cd hoc bien dang va can kim loai . Vi trinh do cua tdc gia con han
che , trong tap sack nay chac chan con nhieu khiem khuyet . Tdc gia rat
mong ditdc sit dong gop y kien cua ban doc. Nhitng y kien dong gop xin
giti ve bo mon Cd hoc Vqt lieu va Can kim loai, Tritbng Dai hoc Bach
khoa Ha Noi .

Tac gia
TS. Ha Tien Hoang

3
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TAI LIEU
•
KY THUAT
•
MIEN PHI

MUC LUC
Ldi noi diu . 3
Muc luc 5

^
PHAN I. THI T BI CHINH
CHUONG 1 KHAI NI $ M CHUNG Vfi THlfTT BI CAN 11
1.1. Cac khai niem mo diu 11
1.1 . 1. Can 11
1.1.2. Gidi thieu sd luge ve cac san phim can 11
1.1 . 3. May can va thi £t bi can 12
1.1.4. Thi £ t bi chinh - may can 13
1.1 .5 . Thifc't bi phu trg 15
1.2. Phan loai may can theo each bo tri gia can 15
1.2.1. May can m 6t gia 15
1.2.2 . May can nhi £ u gia can x £p hang ngang 15
1.2. 3. May can nhieu gia can x £p hang doc 16
1.2.4. May can li £ n tuc 16
1.2. 5. May can nira lien tuc 16
1.3 Phan loai may can theo cong dung
. 18
1.4. Phan loai gia can theo so true va each bo tri true can 19
1.4. 1 . Gia can co true can niim ngang 19
1.4 . 2. Gia can co true can thing dung 21
1 - 4.3. Gia can co true can dat dung va nim ngang 21
1.4 . 4 . Gia can co true can dat cheo 22
1.5 . Toe do can 23
1.6. Gian do can va che do lam viec ctia cac loai may can 24
1.7 . Bo tri thiet bi cac loai may can thong dung va tinh nang cua chung 25
1.7 . 1 . Nhom may can pha - phoi 25
1.7.2. May can hinh 28
1.7 . 3 . May can tarn 36
1.7.4. May can 6 ng khong han 38
1.7.5. Nhom may can ngudi 42

CHUONG 2 . CAC THONG SO TINH TOAN CO BAN CUA MAY CAN 43

2.1 . Noi dung va muc dich chirong 2 43
2.2. So luge ve cac thong so ky thuat can 43

5
 2.2. 1 . Can dan gian 43
2.2 . 2 . Cac dai luang bieu thi su bi6n dang cua kim loai khi can 44
2.2. 3. Dieu ki £ n an kim loai vao true can 46
2.2.4. Didu kien can on dinh 47
2.2. 5 . Hi £ n tucng fruat trong khi can 47
2.2 .6 . Toe do bien dang 49
2.2. 7. Chieu dai viing bi h dang va dien tich mat tiep xuc 50
2.2 .8. He s <5 ma sat 53
2.3. Phuang trinh deo 54
2.3 . 1 . Cong thuc t6 ng quat 54
2.3. 2 . Phuang trinh deo h £ so ung suat trung gian 55
2.3.3. Phuang trinh deo dung trong gia cong ap luc 55
2.4. GUM han chay thuc te ciia kim loai 55
2.4 . 1. Cac nhAn to anh hudng tori giofi han chay 55
2.4.2 . Cach tinh gidi han chay thirc t £ cua kim loai 56
2.5. Ap luc don vi - cong thirc Xelikov 59
2.5. 1 . Cong thirc ap luc dan vi cua Xelikov 59
2.5 . 2 . Chung minh cong thuc Xelikov 59
2.5. 3. Bien luan c6 ng thirc ap luc dan vi cua Xelikov 63
2.6. Ap luc trung binh 65
2.6. 1 . Khai niem 65
2.6 . 2. Cong thuc Xelikov •. 65
2.6. 3 . Bien luan v6 cong thuc ap luc trung binh ciia Xelikov 68
2.6 . 4 . Cong ihuc Ekelund 68
2.7. Phan tich phuang tac dung ciia tong ap luc va xac djnh momen can 69
2.7. 1 . Khai ni 6 m chung 69
2.7 . 2 . Qua trinh can dan gian 70
2.7. 3. Qua trinh can mot true din dong 71
2.7 . 4 . Qua trinh can co keo cang 72
2.7. 5. Gioi thicu so Urac mot so cong thuc khac .... 73
2.8. Momen tac dung len true dong ca chinti 76
2.8. 1 . Momen tinh va bic’u do mdmen tinh 76
2.8 . 2 . Momen dong 77
2.8 . 3 . Momen dong co 77
2.9. Xac dinh cong suat dong co chinh 77
2.9. 1 . Trudng hop t 6'c do can khong thay doi 77
2.9. 2. Tructng hop t 6c do can thay d 6 i 78
2.9. 3. TrtrOng hop dong co co mang banh da 79

6
 CHLTONG 3 . CAC CHI TIET VA CO CAU CUA GIA CAN 82
3.1. True can 82
3.1. t . Ca u tao va ph4n loai
'
82
3.1.2. Nguydn vat lieu chd tao true can 83
3.1 . 3. Ki'ch thudre cua true can 84
3.1 . 4 . Ti'nh toan true can theo d6 bin 86
3.1 . 5. Dae di £ m ti nh toan true can cua may can bdn true
'
89
3.2. Goi true va o do true can 91
3.2. 1 . Dae didm 91
3.2 . 2 . 6 truot . 92
3.2. 3. 6 lan 96
3.2.4. 6 ma sat trdt 96
3.3. Co cau dieu ehinh true can 97
3.3. 1 . Muc dich ydu cau va phan loai ca ca u dieu ehinh true can
'
97
3.3. 2 . Co cau didu ehinh bang tay 99
3.3. 3. Co ca'u didu ehinh nhanh bang d 6 ng cd 99
3.3. 4 . Ca ca'u dieu ehinh cham bang d6 ng CG 100
3.3. 5 . Co cau nang gdi true trdn - ca ca'u can bang true 104
3.3.6. Ca ca'u dieu ehinh doc true can 104
3.3.7 . M6 t so chi tiet quan trong cua co cau dieu ehinh 107
3.3.8 . Ca ca'u an toan 109
3.4. Bo phan dan hudmg , bo phan giu lire cang va co cau thay true can . 111
3.4 . 1 . BG phan dan huang 1) 1
3.4.2. B6 phan din cang - don can bang 115
3.4.3. Co cau thay true can 117
3.5. Than gia can va each lap dat len be may 1 19
3.5 . 1 . Cac loai khung gia can 119
3.5 . 2 . Ti'nh toan khung gia can theo mdmen lat 120
3.5 . 3. Ti'nh do ben khung gia can kieu kin theo luc thing dung 123
3.5 . 4. Ti'nh toan bie'n dang khung gia can kieu kin 128
3.5 . 5 . Ti'nh dd ben khung gia can kieu hd theo lire thing diing 130
3.5 . 6 . Vat lieu lam khung gia va ling suit cho phep 132
3.5.7. Dae diem cua kit ciu khung gia can 132
3.5 .8 . Chan de gia can 134

Cl IirONG 4 . CAC CHI TIET VA CUM CHI Tl £T TRUYl?N DONG TRUC CAN 135

4.1 . Khdp ndi dung trong may can 135

4.2. True truyen va true ndi ciia mot so may can 136

7
 4.2 . 1 . Khai niem 136
4.2 . 2 . True truyen ddng va dng noi true hinh hoa mai 138
4.2.3 . True truyen Cac dang ddu noi co ma truot kidu chay true can theo hudng ngang . 140
4.2 . 4 . True truyen Cac dang ddu noi co ma truot kieu thay true can
theo huerng ngang 140
4.2.5 . True truyen dau n 6i chuthap 141
4.3. Tinh toan sire ben dau true truyen van n3ng 142
4.3. 1 . Tinh toan dau true truydn dang “cang cua ” 142
4.3.2 . Tinh toan dau true truydn ( ho5c true can , true banh rang chG V )
dang chia hat nhanh 146
4.3. 3. Tinh toan true truydn ( hoic true can , true banh rang chu V )
co 16 th 6ng a giGa 147
4.4. Ctf cau do true truyen dong 148
4.5. Truyen dong b& nh rang 150
4.6 . Hop giam toe 151

PHAN II . THIET BI PHU TRO 154

1 . Phan loai thief bi phu 154
2 . Chd' lam viec va hinh thurc din dong cua cic thiet bi phu 154

CHUONG 5 . MAY CAT 156

5.1. Cac loai may eat thircmg dung trong xuong can 156
5.2. Co so ly thuyet cat kirn loai 157
5.2.1. Qua trinh cat 157
5.2. 2 . Tret luc cat 157
5.2. 3. Cac nhan t 6 anh huemg tdi luc cat 159
5.2.4. Tinh luc eht , c6 ng cat, momen chi va each chon cong suit d 6 ng ca
cua may cat dao song song 160
.
5.2.5. Tinh toan luc cat edng cat va cong suit cua may cat dao nghidng ... 164
5.2 . 6. Tinh luc cat va edng sua't cat cua may cat dla 167
5.3. Co cau va nguyen ly lam viec cua mot so may cdt dao song song
va may cat dao nghieng 169
5.3. 1 . Gioi thieu m6t s6 may cat thuong gap 169
5.3.2. May cat dao song song true khuyu kep kidu Xelikov - Tovarski 173
5.3. 3. May cat dao song song true khuyu kep kieu dan dong duoi , khl nen
hoan xung 176
5.4. Chon va phan tlch thong so may c£ t dao song song va dao nghieng .. 177
5.4 . 1 . May cat dao song song 177

8
5.4.2 . May cat dao nghifing. 179
5.4 . 3. May cat dTa 179

CHlTONG 6 MAY CAT BAY 181

6.1 . Khai quat chung 181
6.2. Cac loai may cat bay 181
6.2. 1. May cat bay don bay lac 181
6.2.2 . May cat bay hai tang 184
6.2 . 3. May cat tay quay thanh truydn 184
6.2. 4 . May cat true khuyu ldch tarn 185
6.2.5 . May cat bay cin lac 186
6.2.6 . May cat bay true khuyu thanh lac 187
6.3. Che do lam viec va nguyen ly dieu chinh kich thubc cua may c£t bay 188
6.3. 1 . Dieu chinh dinh thude 6 ch£ d 6 khdi ddng 188
6.3. 2. Dieu chinh dinh thude 6 ch£ dd lam vi &c li6 n tuc 190
6.4. Tilth toan lire, cong crit cua may cat bay 197
6.4. 1 . Tinh toan luc 197
6.4 . 2. Tinh c6ng suat ddng co may cat bay 198

CHUONG 7. MAY CUA 200

7.1. Dai cuxmg 200
7.2. Ket caiu va phan loai may cua 200
7.2.1 . Loai c £in lac 200
7.2.2 . Loai don bay 201
7.2.3. Loai cua ban truett 202
7.3. Tinh toan luc cua va cong su6 t cua
'
202
7.3. 1 . Phan tich va tinh toan luc 202
7.3. 2 . Cong suit may cua 203
7.4. Thong so chu yeu cua may cua 206
7.4 . 1. Thdng s 6 kd't c u
^
7.4 . 2. Th6 ng s 6 cong nghfe
206
207
7.5. DTa cua 208

CHUONG 8 . MAY NAN 210

8.1 . So lucre ve cac loai may n £ n 210
8.2. Co so ly thuyet ndn 212
8.2. 1 . Quan hd mdmen ndi luc va ung suat nan 212
8.2 . 2. Quan he giua luqng bidn dang tuefng ddi ( e ) vdi dd cong ban diu
la l /r0, dd cong khi bj ud'n 1/ p 215
8.2.3. Mdmen nan thing 216

9
8.3. Qua trinh nan thing tren may nln kieu con Ian 217
8.3. 1 . Oat v£n de 217
8.3. 2 . Cac phirong an nln 218
8.3. 3. Lire tac dung l £ n may nln 220
8.4. Cong suat dan dong 223
8.5 . Cac thong so chii yeu cua may nln 224
8.5 . 1 Cach chon duc< ng ki'nh con lan D
. 224
8.5. 2 . Cach chon buck con lan t 224
8.5 . 3. Toe do nln v 225
8.5 . 4 . So luong con lan 225

CHUONG 9 . MAY CU6 N VA MAY TO CUON 226

9.1 . So liroc ve may cuon norig thep day va thep hinh cd nho 226
9.2. May cuon nong thep t £m 228
9.2. 1 - Bo trf va yeu cau cong nghe doi v6i may cu 6 n thep duai san 228
9.2 . 2 . Mot s6 ket cau cum chi tiet dac trung cua may cu 6 n t £m 230
9.3. Cac thong so ky thu & t co ban cua may cuon tarn 234
9.4. Tinh cong suat may cuon 234
9.5. May tor cuon 235
9.6 . Co cau uon va go dau bang o dang cuon 238

CHUONG 10 MAY VA CAC THI T BI DICH CHUYEN PH6l

VASAN PHAM CAN ^ 241
10.1 . San lan va phan loai san lan 241
10.1 . 1 . Ki'ch think ccr ban cua con lan 242
10.1 . 2 . Tai trpng len con lan 243
10.1 . 3 . Mdmen va c 6 ng suat d 6 ng co din ddng con lan 247
10.1 . 4 . Cau tao san lan va 6 do con lan 249
10.2 . Ban nang ha 254
10.2. 1 . Can tao ban nang ha 254
10.2.2 . Tinh toan co cau nang cua ban n 4ng ha 259
10.3. May djeh chuyen ngang 264
10.3 . 1 . May dich chuyen ngang 264
10.3. 2 . Momen va edng suat d 6ng co din d 6ng tcri may dich chuyen dang day cap. .. . 265
10.4. San nguoi 268
10.4. 1 . C6 ng dung va phan loai san nguoi 268
10.4 . 2 . Kich think co ban cua san nguoi 268
10.4 . 3 . San nguoi cua may can hinh co nho va lrung binh 272
10.4 . 4 . Tinh cong suat dong co din dong san nguoi 274
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO 276

10
 PHAN I
THIET Bl CHINH
Chiron g 1
KHAI NIEM CHUNG vfi THIET BI CAN
1.1 . Cac khai niem mff dau
7.7 ,7 . Can
Can la qua trinh lam bien dang kim loai giua nhurng true quay tron di nhan nhung sail

ph £ m co tiet di £ n ngang nho han titit ditn cua ph6i ban d £ u.

Can la mtit dang gia c6 ng kim loai blng ap luc . Co the noi quy trinh c6 ng ngh £ can

^
duoc k tu luc nhan thoi thep due ( tile la san phim cua xuong luyen thep ) den viec gia cong
che bien chung thanh cac loai san pheilm can ( khi su dung phucrng phap due can li £ n tuc thi
khai niem nay co thay dtii chut it ) .
7.7 .2 . Gidi thieu so luoc ve ede san pham can
San phA’m can la ten goi chung di chi lit ca cac hinh ciit ngang cua vat can co th £
nhan dude tren cac loai may can . Co 3 loai san pham chinh: thep hinh , thep ttim va thep ting.
1 . Thep hinh
Lai ph & n thanh 3 nhom :
- Thep hinh prOphin don gian nhu tTon , vuting , det , luc lang ( hinh LI a ) ,
- Thep hinh prtiphin phuc tap nhu chu L ( goc ), chu U ( mang ) , chu I , chu Z, ray ( hinh
L i b),
- Thep hinh prophin dac biet ( hinh Lie ) , cac san phaYn nay thudng dung trong xay dung ,
ot 0 . . .
2 . Thep l a m ( hinh 1 . Id )
Lai duqc chia thanh :
- Thep vim day ( h > 4 mm ) ,
- Thep tarn mong ( h < 4 mm ) ,
- Thep la ( h < 0, 2 mm ).
Cac san pha'm nay co the d dang don ie cu 6n .
3 . Thep ong ( hinh 1 . Ie )
Co ihi la ong tron , ting elip, ong vu 6 ng va co the la ting han , ting khting han .

11
LL3. May c&n vd thiet bi c&n
May can , theo nghla r6 ng , la t6 hap may va thifet bi tao ra san phim can . Theo nghia
nay , may can cung chfnh la thid t bi can , bao g6m thiet bi chfnh va thidt bi phu trq.
'

May can , theo nghla hep, la may dung ca nStng , lam giam va thay d6i tidt didn ngang
cua vat ph £m gia cAng nhb qu £ trinh bifi n dang deo va dung lure ma sat d £ y vat ph & m gia
'

c6ng , tien vao va ra khoi viing bien dang cua no. Theo nghla nay , m£ y can la thiet bi chfnh
cua thiet bi can .

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1 2 3
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Hinh 1.1 . Cac san phim can diin hinh:

a - cac loai thep hinh don gian; b- cac loai thep hinh phtre tap (thbng dung );
c - cac loai thep hinh dac bi&t ; d- th6p tfSm ( don le vb cubn); e - thep 6ng

12
 .
1.1.4 Thiet bi chink : mdy cdn
Thidt bi chfnh thircrng g 6m 3 b6 phan sau day hap thanh :
D6ng ca chi'nh + bo phan truyen dOng + gii can .
Ba bo phan nay sSp xdp nO i tid'p nhau tao thanh m6 t day trdn mbt hang ngang , trong
'

do gia cin la b6 phan c 6ng tac vl vay duoc goi hang gia can (hay day thidt bi chfnh ) . Tr£ n
hinh 1.2 bidu thi hai hinh thuc dan dftng ca ban cua hang gia can .

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Hinh 1.2. So d6 thidt bi hang gia can :

a - hang gia can mdt dbng ca dan ddng nhidu true can;
b - hang gia can dan d6ng ddc l§p;

1- gia can; 2 khdp ndi van nang; 3- dang ca chfnh; 4- hop truySn lire; 5- hap giam tdc;
-
6- khdp ndi dd>ng ca; 7 - khdp ndi hdp truydn lire; 8- ca cau can bang true ndi; 9- true can
cCia gia hai true; 10- true ti/a cua gia can 4 true; 11- true lam vifec cua gia can 4 true;
-
12 than gia can; 13- da gia can; 14 bulOng ndn; 15- true ndi trung gian. -

13
 May can co the chi co m 6 t hang gia can , nhimg thudng do nhieu hang gia can lien kdt
vdi nhau tao thanh m 6t d & y chuyen c6ng ngh6.
1 . Dong cct chink
Ddng co chinh la dong co dSn d 6 ng true can At thirc hi £ n qua trinh can ep kim loai .
Dong ca chinh cua may can thudng thude loai ddng co chuy 6 n dung , vdi cong su &it
20 kW ddn 10000 kW hoac ldn hon . Doi vdi may can khdng dao chidu (chieu quay cua true
can ludn luon co dinh ) thirdng dung dong co dien xoay chieu khdng dong b6 . Doi vdi may
can dao chidu ( chieu quay cua true can thudng xuyen thay doi ) thudng phai dung dong co
dien m 6 t chieu hoac 16 hop may phat , dong co.
Dong co chinh cua may can co ldn thudng duqc b6 tri d mdt gian may ridng kem theo
mot he thong khdng che tir d 6 ng .
2 . Bo phan truyen dong
Bo phan truydn dong thudng bao gdm :
a. Khdp noi true .
b . Hop giam tdc : cho phep dimg ddng co co so vong quay tuong d 6i cao de dan ddng
true can co sd vong quay tuong ddi nho.
c. H6 p banh rang chu V ( hop truyen lire ): chi co nhiem vu truyen momen chu khong
co nhiem vu tang hoac giam 16c ( i = I ) , co thd truyen momen xoin tir m 6 t true chu ddng den
hai hoac ba true can ( ling vdi h 6 p truyen luc co hai hoac ba banh rang chur V ) ,
d . True truyen ( hay con goi la true noi ): co nhiem vu truyen momen xoan tir banh rang
chir V den true can , hoac tir dong co den true can ( trong trudng hop khong co h 6 p giam toe ) .
Cac true can thudng khong noi true tiep vdi ddng co hoac hdp giam toe hoac hop banh
r & ng chu V . Vi ntu lam nhu vay se khdng dieu chinh duoc khe hd giua cac true can .
- C ) nhirng may can khong dao chidu vdi nhung vat can ngin ( thoi due ) thudng co lap
them banh da .
- C) may can dao chidu , dd giam momen quan tfnh luc tang hoac giam toe thudng dimg
truyen d 6ng doc lap ( truyen ddng rieng le ) nhu tr£ n hinh 1.2 b. Luc do khdng con h 6 p giam
toe va h 6p banh rang chur V .
3 . Gin con
Gia can la bd ph 4 n true tidp lam bien dang kim loai . Gia can thudng gom cac chi tiet
va bo phan sau:
a . Than gia can : thudng gom hai khung lam bang thep due , a nhung gia can thu cong
co nho co the dung khung thep han .
b . Cac true can .
c . Cac goi dd va 6 do true can .

14
 d . Cac ca cau dieu chinh , c6 dinh va c & n bing true can.
e . Ca ciu din hudrng ( dua kim loai di vao va di ra khoi 16 hinh true can ).
f . Ca cau an loan: de phong qui tai lam hu hong nhung chi ti £t quan trong ( nhu d6ng
ca , true can , khung gia can... ).
g. Chan d £ gia can: dung di lap dat chinh xac khung gii can vai mong .

/ . / . 5. Thiet bi phu trq

Trong xuang can , nhOng may va ca ciu phtfi hap vdi may can di san xutft ra nhtfng
san phim can d £ u thuoc v£ thiet bi phu trq.
Bai vi quy trinh cong nghe can hien dai xay dung tren nguyen tic day chuy £ n , do do
khong the thifiii cac may moc va ca cau di thuc hi £ n cac c6ng viec nhir:
- Chuyfcn cha vat can ,
- Cit dau du 6i va chia doan vat can ,
- Nin thing , khir khuyet t & t, tang d6 bong , chdng ri v&t can ,
- Tra lat vat can trong qua trinh can ,
- Lam ngu 6i ,
- Dong goi ,
- Thu gom phe lidu ,
- B6i tran thifit bi ,
- v.v . ..
Trong nha may can hien dai tdng trong luqng thi £t bi phu trq chi£m khoang 85% trong
luqng thiet bi loan b6. Ty le nay cang cao chung to mure do ca khi hoa va tu d6 ng hoa cua
nha may cang cao. Trong xuang can , tuy ring kh & u quyet dinh va chi phoi la ban th& n may
can , nhung thdng thuemg khau y £u va phuc tap lai la nhung thi £ t bi phu trq. Mud n giai
' '

phong va giam nhe sure lao d6 ng cung chinh la tang cudng va cai tifiSn cac thifi't bi a khau
nay .

1 , 2. Phan loai may can theo each bo tri gia can

Theo each b<5 tri gia can , may can duqc chia ra 5 loai :
L 2 J May can mot gia can
Loai nay thuemg dung de can thep thoi due thanh ph 6i cd !6n ho c ca trung binh .
^
fl nhung xuang ca khi , d 6i khi nguai ta cung bo tri nhung gia can d6c l & p di phuc vu
rieng trong xuang ( hinh L 3).

1.2 .2 . May can nhieu gia. can xep hang ngang

Loai nay gom hai nhom:

15
 K

Nhom g6 m hai hoac ba gia can do m6t ho5c hai dOng ca din d 6 ng xftp thknh m 6 t
hang ngang ( hinh 1.4a ).
Nhom g6m nhifiu gia can xfip thanh hai hoac ba hang ngang , m6i hang do m 6t d 6ng
ca din d6 ng ( hinh 1.4b) .
Dac difiVn cua may can nhifiu gi £ can xfip hang ngang la mu 6n dua vat can tir gia nay
sang gia khac phai dich chuyen theo phuong ngang cua n6.
Loai may can nay chu yfiu dung di can thfip hinh ( k£ ca c5 16n, ca trung , c5 nho va
thep dfiy ) , vi co the san xu £t duac nhi £ u loai san phim , ho c cung co thi dung de can thep
tam nong vai san luong khong 16n .
^
1.23 . Mdy can nhieu gia can xep hdng doc
Nhieu gia can xfip ndi du6 i nhau , tai m 6t thdi diem nh£t dinh vat cin chi bi bifin dang
trfin m 6 t gia can , khoang each gifta cac gia cin tang din , ttfc d6 quay cua true can cung phai
tang dan cho thich hap veri sir tang chidu dai vat can ( hinh 1.5).
Dac difim cua may can nhi£u gii can x£p hang doc la 6 ch6 m 6 i gia cin chi can mot
birdc , vat can chi chui vao 16 hinh cua gii can dting sau sau khi loan bo vfit can da di ra khoi
16 hinh cua gia c3n dung trude do.
Dfi rut ngdn chifiu dai nha xuong, may can nay thudng duac b6 tn dich die theo kifiu
“ vifit da” ( hinh 1.5b) hay kieu ban cd ( hinh 1.5c ) .

12 A. Mdy can lien tuc

Nhieu gia cin b6 tri trfin m6t h <mg doc vdi khoang each tuang d6i gdn nhau , vat can
ddng thdi bi bien dang trong cac 16 hinh cua nhifiu gia can , chifiu dai phfin xudng duac nit
ngdn nhung nang suat tang Ifin rat cao ( hinhl .6).
'

Vfi nguyfin tdc luu lucmg kim loai trfin m 6 t dan vi thdi gian a bat ky gia can nao cung
phai nhu nhau, nghia la:
F|V ( = F2 v 2 = .. . = Fnvn = hang so
trong do:
F|, F2 , ... Fn - difin rich tifi't difin ngang cua vat can di ra khoi 16 hinh gia can thii l , 2 , ... n ;
V ] , v 2 , .. . vn - van t6c cua vat can khi ra khoi gia can thir 1 , 2 , . .. n .

Vise dieu chi’nh hfi th6ng may can dat dirge yfiu ciu trfin day kha phuc tap, v6n dau tu
trang thifi t bi cung kha Ion. Nhung vi co nSng suat cao nen ngay cang duoc sur dung pho bien
'

trong may can thep day , thep tam , thep hinh cd nho , may can ph6 i. ..
1.2 .5 . Mdy can nuta lien tuc
Loai may can nay thudng do m 6 t hoac hai nhom gia can lien tuc de can thd va mOt gia
can xep hang ngang dfi can tinh tao thanh ( hinh 1.7 ) .

16
 I EH.1
»1!
a)
! »
c) I
Hinh 1.3. May can mot gia .
Hinh 1.4 . May can nhidu gia x£p hang ngang :
a - m 6t day; b- hai day; c- nhieu day .

CO

r ID
g g
(

a)

i-4 I
1

5
H

b) c)
Hinh 1.5. May can xep hang doc :
a - ki £u 2 gia ; b- kieu " viet da "; c- kieu ban cd.

Hinh 1.6 . May can lien tuc:

a- truyen dAng tap trung; b - truyfin ddng ddc lap.
Hinh 1.7 . May can nira lien rue .

17
 He thong gia can nay thircmg dung de can thep hinh ca nho , can thep day c6 san luong
tuong doi Ion .
C) nhung hd thong gia can lien tuc va nira lien tuc thudng phai b6' tri nhung gia can
true dung xen ke voi cac gia can true nam ngang.

1.3. Phan loai may can Iheo cong dung

Tuy theo c6 ng dung ( theo san pham ) , may can dupe chia ra cac loai sau :

Bang 1.1. Phan loai may can theo cong dung

Kich thude true (mm )

Loai may can Cdng dung
D L
3.1. May can khai phdi
trong do gom co:
a . May can so > 800 Can thoi thfep dhc thanh phdi vudng Idn.
( may can phdi vudng )
b . May can phdi tarn > 1100 Can thoi thep due Idn thanh phdi ta'm Idn.
c . Mdy can phoi hinh 450+750 Can phdi vudng Idn thanh phdi 50 x 50 + 150 x 150.
d. May can phOi dng 700+ 800 can phdi vudng Idn thanh phdi tron 070 + 0350.
3.2. May can hinh
trong d6 gom co:
a . May can ray dam 750+900 Can dudng ray va dam cd Idn, co chidu cao > 200.
b. May can hinh cS Idn 500+ 700 Can thep vudng hoac trdn 080 + 0150, thep chur U
chur I cd chidu cao 120 + 240 mm.
c. May can hinh cd trung 350+500 Can thdp vudng hoac trdn 040 + 080, thep chO U,
churI cd chidu cao < 120 mm , thep chur L ( goc)

250+350
50 x 50 - 100 x 100.
d. May can hinh cd nho Can thep vudng hoac trdn 08 + 040, thep chur I,
(goc) 20 x 20 + 50 x 50.
e . May can, thep det 300+400 Can thep det co chidu day 1,5 + 1 0 mm, chidu rang
(phdi thep ong han)
f. May edn thep day 250+300
-
65 500 mm.
Can thep day 05 + 010.
3.3. May can nona thep ta'm
trong dd gom co:
a . May can tdm day 2000+5000 Can thep tcim day 4 mm trd Idn .
b . May can tam rdng 700+ 2500 Can tam rdng 600 + 2300 mm.
c. May can tarn mong 700+1300 Can thep tam co chidu day 0 , 2 + 4 mm.

18
Bang 1.1 . ( tiep theo )

Kich thirOc true (mm)

Loai may can Cdng dung
0 L
3 , 4. May can naudi
trong do gom:
a . May can tarn ngudi - -
700 2800 Can thep tarn co chidu rdng 600 2500 mm.
b. May can thep dai
-
150 TtW Can thep dai (cudn trong ruld) co chidu day ti;

c . May can thep la

-
-
0,02 4- 4 mm , chidu rdng 20 600 mm.
200 700 ‘ Can thep tarn cue mong co chidu ddy < 0,02 mm.
3.5 . May edn dng Can thep dng khdng han.
3.6. May edn dac diet
a. May can banh xe Cdn banh xe tdu hoa .
k'

b. May can vdnh banh xe Cdn vdnh banh xe va vong bi.

c . May edn bi Can vien bi.
d . Mdy can banh rang Cdn banh rang, banh xich.

1.4. Phan loai gia can ( may can ) theo so true va each bo tri true can
Cac true can dircfc b6 tri theo bon phuang an chu ydu sau: ’

- True can dat ngang,

- True can dat dring,
- True can ( tung cap) dat diing va dat ngang ( gia can van nang) ,
- True can dat cheo.
1.4 . 1 . True can dat ndm ngang
Co the’ tap hap vao bang sau day:

Bangl .2 . Cac loai gia can true dat ndm ngang

Tdn gia can

Gian do bo tri true edn Cdng dung
(ten mdy can)
a - Dung trong may can so, may can phdi tarn, may
can hinh cO I6n, may can tarn day, true can quay
dao chidu.
b - Dung trong mdy can hinh vdi sim lugng cao , true
Gia edn hai true edn khdng dao chidu.
c- Dung trong may edn tam mong.
d- Dung trong mdy can tam ngudi.
e- DCmg trong may can lidn tuc, true can khdng dao
chidu.

19
Bang 1.2 . ( tieptheo )

Ten gia can

Gian do bo tri true can Cdng dung
( ten may can )
a - Dung trong may can ray dim, may can phdi ccr
Idm.
Gia can ba true b - DC/ ng trong may can hfnh co san lirdng khong Ibn
Idm, true can khbng dao chidu, trubc va sau gia
can thircrng co ban ndng.

Gia can ba true Dung d£ can thdp tarn ebr trung va co khi can thep
kidu Lauth tarn mong , true gicta khbng dan dbng (hidn nay ft
dung)...

Dung dfe can nong, can ngubi thep tarn va thep dai.
Gia can b6 n true (Hai true nhb la hai true lam vibe, hai true during kinh
Irin hon la hai true tua).

Dung trong may can ngubi thep tarn va thep dai

Gia can sau true mong.
( Tuong tu each b<5 tri nay con co gia can 12 true, 20
true de can ngubi thdp Id).

Gia can PC Can ngubi va can nong thep tarn, thep dai.
( tarn true cheo nhau)

Gia can true lot CVC Can nong va edn ngubi thep tarn.

Gia can HC Can ngubi thep tarn , thep dai.

( tinh tien doe true)

20
Being 1.2 . ( liep theo )
T 2 n gia can
Gian do bo tn true can Cdng dung
(tsn may can)

A, Gia can hand tinh Dung trong may can thep la , thep dai cue rndng.
vO

(n
Can ngudi thep cacbon , thep hop kirn.
SggljyL Gia can lac Can ngudi kim loaf mau.
Can kim loai kho bid'n dang.

1.4.2 . Gid can true co true can thdng dung

Gia can dirng Dung d£ can mat ben cua vat can , thudng bd tri
trong may can lifin tuc xen vdi gia can true ngang.

1.4.3 . Gid can co true can dai dung va dat ndm ngang

Gia can van nang hai Dung dl can ph6i thep tarn va phdi thep det. ( Mat
true vdi mdt ddi true phlng chira dudng Idm true dirng khdng trung vdi
dirng mat phlng chira dudng tarn true n§m ngang) .

Gia can van nang hai Dung de can thep dai rang.
true vdi hai ddi true
dirng

Gid edn van nang ba

true vdi mdt ddi true Dung de can thep dai rdng. (Hidn nay ft dung) .
dirng

21
 Gi £ can van nang ba Dung d£ can thep dai rOng. (Hi6n nay [t dung).
true vdi hai d6i true
dCrng

Gib can van nang Dung de can thep chir I c3 IOn co chieu cao 300
can thep d3m 1200 mm. (Cac dudng t 6m true can dimg va true can
ngang deu nam trong mOt mat phbng).

1.4. 4 . Gia can cd true can dal cheo

Gia cbn dui 15 hai Dung de dCii xuybn 16 tao phoi thep ong 060 0200.
true cheo nhau (trong
to hop may can 6ng)

Gia can dui 16 co true Dung de dui xuybn 16 tao phoi thep 6ng 060 -r- 0200.
can hinh nSm

f
& Gia can bi Dung d£ can cac vi6n bi 018 -r 060.

22
 Ngoai nhung gia can trdn day con co nhung gia can co true can b6 tri dac bipt di can
banh xe tau hoa , banh rang , banh xtch. ..

1 - 5 - Toe dd can

Khi noi tdc dp can can phai hieu rllng do la toe do kim loai ( hay v$ t can ) khi ra khoi
true can . Nhu v & y , neu khong tinh den hien tugng vupt truac thi ttfc dp can bing toe do vong
cua true can .
Toe do can phu thuoc vao nhieu yftu t<5 nhu:
- Nang suat can ,
- Kich thude hlnh dang san ph & m can,
- D& c diem cua cong nghp can .
Luc chon toe do can can phai chu y cac diem sau day:
* Kha nang bien dang deo cua kim loai: Mot so kim loai nhu magie , titan , kern , thep
hop kim cao ( nh£t la thep gio ) kha nang biPn dang deo rat thap, khong the can vdi tPc do
vupt qua 2 m/s . Con cac kim loai khac thi t 6c dp can kh 6 ng bi han ch £ bdi kha nang high
dang .
* Didu kipn an vao: d 16c dp nho de an vao hon khi 6 tPc dp Ion .
* Khi phai tien hanh nhieu lan can iren mot gia can ( may can dao chieu ) thi toe dp di
ra cua v & t can khOng ntn 14'y qua cao, vi nhu v2 y sau mPi l 3n can vit can bi day qua xa .
* d nhung noi con nhieu thao tac thii c 6 ng , c £ n chon tdc dp can nho phu hop vdi kha
nang thao tac cua cong nhan .
Co thd tham khao s6 lieu trong bang sau day de chon toe dp can:

Bang 1.3. Toe dp can thudng dung

Tdn may can Tdc dp ( m / s )

'

May can scr , may can phdi tarn, may can hinh ccf Idn 2+5
M£ y c£n thdp t£m mong
May can thep hinh cfl nho , may can ngudi , may can thep dai, may can
thep d2 y thao tac thu edng. 4
- 12
May can tam ngudi don chi£c
--
0 , 4 0 ,8

^
May can nong thep t m mong hai true 1,2 1 ,8
May can thep hinh vd thep tarn lidn tuc
May can thep day lien tuc
10
-
> 20
12

May can ngudi lidn tuc > 10

23
1.6 . Gian d6 can va che do lam vice eiia cac loai may can
Dt SAN loai san phdm can tren m& i trang thiet bi can nao do ddu phai thiet
xu £ t mdt
lap diroc moi quan he giua tdc d6 can va theti gian can trdn timg nguyen cong. M6i quan he
do thircfng duac bieu diSn tren d6 thi v( t ) va goi do la gian d6 can. ( Tir d6 thi nay con xky
dirng diroc d6 thi momen can). Gian d6 can phu thu6c vao ch& d6 lam viec cua may can, nhur
trong bang sau day :

Bang 1.4 . Ch£ d6 lam viec va bieu d6 van t 6c

Che do lam vi £ c Bieu do van tdc Cfng dung Kieu dong co

1, Khbng dao chieu
IT »
May edn phdi li6n tuc, may can 6 may can Idn dung
a. Tdc dd hau nhir (hep dai hep, va nhCrng may can ddng co dong bo , d
khong ddi trong qua m . khac, khdng can didu chinh tdc dd may can nho dung
d6ng co khdng dong
trinh can can. Thdi gian can Idn hon then gian
'

nghf tc > t„ bo.

b. Tdc dd can co thay May can 3 true, may can thep tarn Ddng co khdng dong
ddi chut it trong qua hai true b6.
trinh can ( co banh dd ) 1 tc > tn
c . Toe do can co the May can Il6n tuc. DOng co m6 t chieu

-
T
dieu chinh dirge truac E8SST 1 May can nira lien tuc kfch tCr song song.
khi can .o
i
d . Tdc dd can thay ddi May can phdi 3 true, mdy can ray Ddng co mdt chidu
trong qua trinh can ddm, may can ngudi lidn tuc kich tCr ngoai, dieu
chinh dirge didn ap

May can sa, m £ y can ph6i tarn, Dong co mOt chi6u

may can tarn dai hai true, may can kich tir ngoai, didu
2. Dao chieu ray hai true chinh dugc didn ap.

May can Idn dung

3. Co sire cang May cSn ngudi thep dai dong co kich tir song
song, may can nho
dung dong co khdng
dong ho .
Ddng co khong dong
4 , True can lam vide
co chu ky
ML >
u
I t I I I* I
LJ U lJ
May can h£ nh tinh vd nhCrng may
c &n dac biOt khac
bo hoac ddng co mot
chieu kich tir song
song.

24
1.7 . Bo trf thiet bi cac loai may can thong dung va tinh nang cua chung

1.7 .1 . Nhom may can pha - phoi

May can cp thoi due kim loai de tao ra ph 6i lieu chuiin bi cho cac may can sau no
dupe goi la may can phoi ( hay con gpi la may can thoi ) . Co the noi no la “ y £t hau ” cua cac
nha may can thep, n £ u a do khong dung phuong phap due can lien tuc.
'

Dien hinh cua nhom may can nay la may can phoi vuong ( hay con gpi la may can so
hoac blumin ) va may can phoi tarn ( hay slabin ) .
I . May can scr
Co 4 kieu may can so:
- May can so dao chi 4 u
mpt gia hai true , trong do co ba nhom dubng kmh true can la
1150 , 950 , 800 mm ( xem bang 1.5 ) . Trdn hinh 1.8 la so do bo tri may can so 1150 .
- May can so dao chieu mot gia ba true , co dubng kmh true can trong khoang 750 +
850 mm .
- May can so dao chieu hai gia xfi p hang doe , gia trude co dudng kmh true 1150 mm ,
'

gia sau co dudng kmh true trong khoang 900 1000 mm.
+

- May can so khong dao chifiu nhi £ u gii can lien tuc co ducmg kmh trong khoang 800
+ 1000 mm .

Bang 1.5. Tinh nang cua may can so dao chi £ u mdl gia hai true
Chi tifiu Budng kinh true can (mm )
1150 950 800
Trong lirgng thoi ( tan )
Dung cho phOi vuong
Dung cho phoi det
5 + 10
8 + 20
2,5 ^ 4
4+6
1 -3
2,5

San pham ( mm)

phdi vuong 250 x 250 + 400 x 400 150 x 150 + 250 x 250 125 x 125 + 200 x 200
phoi tarn day 100 + 250 75 + 250 75 + 200
phoi tarn rdng 900 + 1600 600 + 900 400 + 700
Dudng ktnh banh rang hpp
truy 4 n lire ( 1200 ) 1000 850
Chieu dai true can ( mm ) 2800 2350 2000
Cong suat ddng co chtnh ( kW) 2 x 3300 2 x 2200 + 2500 3000
Tdng c6ng suat ddng cd ( kW ) 11000 9000 5000
S <5 vdng quay true can ( vg/ph) 0 + 40 + 100 0 + 50 + 120 0 + 60 + 140
MOmen xoan cue dai ( tan .m ) 350 + 400 250 150
Nang suat (tan) 2 000 000 1 400 000 750 000
Tong trong lirpng thief bi ( tan) 5000 4000 2700

25
 2 . May can phdi tam
Do la may can do sd chuydn dung dei nen ep thep thoi nang trdn 7 tin dd tao phdi tam
co tiet didn chu nhat vdi chieu day 75 4 200 mm , chi £ u rdng 700 4- 1600 mm . No thudng
dupe bo' tri trong day chuyen can thep ta m san lupng cao.
'

May can phdi van nang hai gia can voi dudng ki'nh true 1100 4 1150 mm dupe dung
rpng rai nha't , can ddng thdi trdn hai gia , gia tht) nha't c6 true dtrng , gia thu hai co true nam
ngang . Cac thdng sd ciia no nhu sau :
Thoi thep ( ta'n ) 7 4 22.5
Tiet dien san pham :
chieu day ( mm ) 75 4 250
chieu rdng ( mm ) 700 4 1500 4 2000
Dudng ki'nh true dung ( mm ) 4 900

Chieu dai true ngang ( mm ) 4 2100

So vong quay
true ngang ( vg / ph ) 0 4 50 4 100
true dung ( vg/ph ) 0 4 75 4 180
Cong sutft ddng co ( kW )
true ngang 2 x 3700
true dung 2000
Tdng trong lupng thiet bi ( ta'n ) 6000

Vise bd' tri trang thid't bi trong phan xudng can khai phoi ta'm cung tuong tu nhu o may
can so, ehi kh £ c o ch6 phai co kich thude va nang luc Ion tuong ung.
3 . May can phoi
Do la nhung may can cung cap phdi lieu cho cac nha may can thanh pham :
- Phdi vudng ( 50 x 50 4 150 x 150) di can thep hinh.
- Phdi det de can tam mong .
- Phdi Iron ( 070 4 0550) de can thep dng.
Trong didu kien quy md san xuat khdng Ion lam , may can phdi thudng dupe bo tri
hang ngang sau may can khai phdi. d nhung nha may cS hho thudng dung may can phdi thay
lam nhidm vu may can khai phdi .
Tren hinh 1.9 la so dd bo tri mat bang phan xudng can 730/550 de can phdi vudng
60 x 60 4 170 x 170. No di lidn sau may can so 1150 ( khdng qua 16 nung ) va phan thanh hai
nhom can lidn tuc . Nhom thti nha t co dudng ki'nh true can la 730 mm , nhom thu hai la 530
'

mm . De tranh lat vat can , tren mdi nhom deu bo tri xen ke gia can true dung va true ngang .
Nhung san pham co tiet dien ldn hon 120 x 120 khdng cin di qua nhom gia can thur hai . Sau

26
nhom may can thir hai co thv> bo trf may cat bay . Tong trong lirang thiet bi khoang 8000 tan ,
'

san luong khoang 400 ian / gicf .

Sir bo trf 6 phan xirong can phoi non, phoi tarn mong co nhieu di£m tuang tir may can
phoi vuong da neu b trem
w
/
f J
I
1i W
13
1
0
T J
#
I4

_ § a
; * U 4
" N
5
n >r r TI II
*3900
JB
m
96000 30000 30000

Hinh 1.8 . Bo rri thiet bi may can so:

I gian 16 giOr nhiet ; II- gian can; III- gian d6ng co chmh ;
IV - gian ph£ lieu; V - gian phoi vubng; VI- gian ph6i tarn;
1 - xe cho thoi; 2- may lat thoi ; 3 - ban quay; 4 - gia can; 5 - mby cat ; 6- may chuyen dau dubi
phe; 7- may day ; 8- san gom (san tap k £t ); 9 - san nhdn san pha’m; 10 - cau true gian Id 20 /30
tan , 11- cau true 100 / 20 tan; 12 - cdu true 75/ 15 tan; 13- cau true 20 tan; 14- cau true 15 tan .

i
2? 22
V

73
25000-
23 5 S.
79000
Z
;s -F* —
127307
kitE-fet:
/7
J.
13
2 !\ 1
i k n* i L FTTm
V ' 13
74 J ,s
‘ffTTTT ra

1 8 21 z;
2D . 20 2D
30000 22000 30000

Hinh 1.9. Bo trf thiet bi may can ph6i li£n tuc 750/530:
I- gian can ; II- gian dbng co chmh; III, IV, V - gian kho phdi;
1 + 6 - nhom gia can 0730 ; 7 - 12- nhom gia can 0530; 13- dubng Ian dan vdo;
4

14 - dubng Ian trung gian ; 15- may cat ; 16 - dubng Ian dan phdi 120 170 ;
* 120 + 170 x
17 - may cat 850 tan; 18- may cat bay; 19 - dubng Ian dan ra ; 20- san gom phoi ; 21 - cau
true 50 / 10 tan ; 22 - cau true mam tu 15 tan.

27
 1.
O may can phoi dung chung vdfi may can khai ph 6i ( b6 tri hang ngang ) , thudng su
dung thoi thep 0,5 + 1 ,5 tin , ducrng kfnh true can 700 -s- 800 mm , san luong 30 -s- 60 tin / gia .

1.7 .2 . May can hinh

May can hinh co rat nhieu kieu loai . Sau day la m 6 t s6 loai dac trung.
I . May can ray dam
May can ray dam di can ray tau hoa , tau didn , hoac thep chfi I ca lcm (cao 240 + 600
mm ) va m 6 t so thep hinh co 16n khac.
May can ray dam phan thanh hai kieu ca ban:
- Kieu bo trf bac thang hai day hoac nhi £ u day ,
- KiiSu bo trf hang doc .
Prong do ki6 u bo trf hang doc tuy co ihi dat nang suat cao , nhung kho chuyen d 6i san
pham nen ft duofc sir dung .
Tren hinh 1.10 la m 6 t s 6 phuang an bo trf mat bang phan xuang can 800 ( can ray
dam ). Tfnh nang cua cac trang thiit bi chu yeu dirac n £ u ra trong bang 1.6 . d day co khoang
240 co may vdi t 6 ng trong luang 15.000 tin ( kh 6 ng ke cau ( rue ).

Bang 1.6. Tfnh nang cac thiit bi chu yeu cua may can ray dim 800

Kfch thude true can

S6' vdng quay D6ng co true cin
So S6 ( mm)
Kieu gia can cua true can
thu tir gia can Cdng suit S6 vong quay
D L ( vg/ph)
(kW ) Mph )
1 hai (rue dao chieu 1 900 2300 0
* 50 + 120 3700 0 4 50 + 120
2 ba true 2 800 1900 0 + 804 160 4500 0 + 80 + 160
3 hai true 1 800 0 + 80 + 160 1850 0 > 80 + 160

2 . May can lanh ca Ian

Day la may can sail pham vu 6 ng hoac tron ki'ch thucrc 80 ~ 150 , thep chu 1 cao
120 + 240 mm , thep ray co nhe 18 + 24 kg / m . May can nay co hai ki & u ca ban :
- Kidu can hinh bac thang , thuemg dung trong can hinh co nang ,
- Kieu bo ti l hang doc ( ke ca kidu viet da ) , thuemg de can hinh ca nhe .
'

Tren hinh 1.11 la mot phuang an so d 6 b6 trf mat bang phan xuang can hinh 650 vdi
chidu rong 78 m , chidu dai 750 m . C) day co the’ san xuat cac loai thep tron 070 + 0220,
thep vuong 90 x 90 + 200 x 200 , thep chu U 16 + 30 , thep goc 90 x 90 + 200 x 200 , thep ray
24 kg / m . Tfnh nang cua cac thiet bi chu yeu ducrc kd trong bang 1.7.

28
 Bang 1.7. Tinh nang cua cac thief bi chu yeu may can hinh c5 Ion 650

So S6 Kich thudc true can (mm) Stf vdng quay C6ng suat dong cd
Kie’u loai gia can
thur tir gia can D L true can (vg /ph ) ( kW )
1 hai true dao chieu 1 800 2100 0 + 60 + 120 3000
2 ba true 2 650 1800 0 + 60 + 160 3000
3 hai true 1 650 1200 0 + 80 + 160 1100

Noi chung , 6 nhurng xuong can hinh co lctn , trong luu trinh san xua t con phai bo tri rat
'

nhieu cac chifi't bi phu tro nhu:

- thiet bi van chuy6n phoi li £ u tir kho d £ n 16 nung , d£n gia can ,
'

- may day , dirong lan, may 1 at va m 6 t s6 co ca u phu khac cho may 800 ,
'

- dubng lan , ban nang , may lat , co ca u daiy chuyen thep cho gia 650 ,
'

- may cat , san ngufii , may nan , may cua ...

Ngoai ra con co mot so may d £ hoan chinh ray ( nhu khoan , phay , nhidt luyen . .. ) . T6 ng
trong luong khoang 9200 tan thiet bi , san luong khoang 100 ~ 200 ta'n /gi6.
Tren hinh 1.12 la m 6 c phuong an b6 tri mat bang phan xuong can hinh 530 . Trong
'

bang 1.8 la tinh nang cua cac thiet bi chu y 6'u. Tong trong luong thiet bi khoang 1650 ta n ,
'

san lirong 90 ta'n /gib.

Bang 1.8. Tinh nang cua cac thiS't bi chu yeu m y can hinh c9 19n 530
^
SO Kich thude true can ( mm ) S6' vong quay true can Ddng ca chinh
C 6ng sua t (kW )
'
thijrtu D L ( vg / ph ) SO vong quay ( vg/ ph)
1 630 695 28
2 A
36 2200 300
A
3 50 ( dong bo)
4 A
64
5 530 A
53 ^ 107 1850 300 + 600
6 A A
68 + 137
A
7 A
86 + 172
8 102 + 204 1850 300 + 600
9 A A
115 + 230

29
MBTNOOO maoo 372000

597000

Hinh 1.10. 136 tri thiet bi phan xuong can ray dam 800:
1- kho phOi may can so; II- gian 16 ; III- gian dong ca chlnh ; IV - gian can; V - gian nhi£ t luy $n;
1- may can khai ph6i hai true 900 ; 2;3 - may can th6 ba (rue 800; 5- di/dng Ian; 6- 16 nung; 7 - ham gom gf sat ( vay thep);
8 - di/ang Ian cOng tac kern may cao; 9 - duong Ian dan ra ; 10- may cira; 11- may dap chCr ( may danh dau), 12- may uon
ray; 13- may cao thep; 14- 16 thuong hoa; 15- san ngudi; 16- may nan con Ian; 17 - may nan ap lire; 18 - may cat nguoi;
19 - may cira nguoi ; 20- san san pham ; 21- may nan con Ian; 23 - may phay; 24 - may khoan; 25- may t 6i cao tan; 26- ham
lam ngudi cham; 27 - cau true 15 tan; 28 - cau true 30 / 15 tan; 29- cau true 75/ 15 tan; 30- cau true 100/ 20 tan.
 ri

W17tifl! *
m 19 |il!
'
Nd
W
—
i&

552000

Hinh 1.11. Bo tri thiet bi phan xudng can hinh cfi lan 650:
1- bai phoi ; 2 - ban phoi ; 3 - may day ; 4 - I6 nung ; 5 - may can khai phbi hai true dao chidu; 6, 7 - hai gia ba true; 8 - may
can tinh hai true ; 9- gian may; 10- h(5 chira gi sat; 11- may nan; 12- may cira ngubi; 13- may cua nong; 14- s6 n nguoi;
15- may nan hai; 16 - may xep d(5ng; 17 - may phan loai ph6i; 18 - xe con cho san pham; 19- bai de san pham.

30000 ~ 90000 +4000

E5 11
KJ7UOO tnooo Xu00*
* — J0000 -— -
T 30000 ]

\
Iff , 1- o » 2V
i/
HJ
n /
I( /
/ J
t 6000 -
(f
//
/
•
i A & i
*
J IS 69 lO l
n •

Hinh 1.12. So do bo trf thiet bi phan xircrng can hinh ca lan 550:
1 - gian kho phoi li6u; II- gian 16; III- gian d6ng ca chinh; IV - gian can; V - gian kho thanh pham
-
1 -?• 5 - cac gia can hai true 630; 6 -^ 9- cac gia can ban tinh va tinh; 10 - s6n nhan lieu; 11 16 nung lifin tuc;
12- may cira; 13 - san lam ngubi; 14 - may nan; 15- may cat; 16 - mang nhan Ii6u; 17 - cau true 15 tan.
u>
 J . May cun hinh cd H ung
Day la loai may can hinh c6 san ph &m tron va vudng 40 + 80 mm , chu U chir I cao
120 mm , goc 50 x 50 -MOO x 100 .
May can hinh cd trung cd ba dang ca ban:
- kifiu bac thang hai hoic ba day ,
- kiSu hang doc khong lien tuc ( ki £ u ban cd ) ,
- kie’u hang doc lien tuc .
Tren hinh 1.13 la mot phuong an bo tri mat bang phan xucmg can 530 kieu ban cb .
Trong bang 1.9 la tinh nang cua cac thiet bi chu yeu cua phan xucmg nay . Tdng trong lucmg
thidr't bi chinh khoang 350 ta'n va 1300 tan trong lucmg ducmg Ian , san Iuong dat khoang
90 t & n /gib.

Bang 1.9 . Tinh nang cua cac thiet bi chu yeu may can hinh co trung 530

Sfi Kich thudc true can (mm) S6 v6ng quay P6ng cd chi'nh
thirtif D L ( vg / ph) Cbng suat (kW) Sa vdng quay ( vg/ ph)
1 450 850 50
2 A A
60 750 300
3 A A
70
4 A A
70 750 300
5
6
400 A
70 140
T

-
80 160
500 -
300 600

7 A A
90 + 180 900 300 + 600
8 350 800 110 - 220
9
10
A

A
A

A
130 +

-
140 280
260 1100 -
300 600

11 A A
180 -f 280 1100 -
300 600

4 . May can hhih cd nho

Day la may can dung d £ san xuSt cac thiet bj san phim thep tron , vuong 8 40 min ,
goc 20 x 20 -s- 50 x 50. May can hinh ca nho co th £ bo trf ki £ u bac thang , ban lien tuc va
lien tuc .

^
Tr6 n hinh 1.14 la m 6 t phudng an bo tri mat b ng xucmg can hinh cd nho 350 lien
Trong bang 1.10 la thong s6 ca ban thiet bi chu yeu phan xucmg nay .
tuc.

Tren hinh 1.15 la mot plnrang an bo trf phan xuang can hinh ca nho 250 lien tuc.
Trong bang 1.11 la thong so ca ban thiet bj chu yeu cua phan xuang nay . C3 day phoi lieu:
thep 60 x 60 -r 80 x 80 dai 12 cm , san pham : thep iron 08 ^ 030, thep vuong 9 x 9 T 27 x
27 , thep goc 20 x 20 50 x 50 , thep det 12 + 70 mm . T6c do can toi da 16 m /s. Tong trong
lifting thiet bi ( khong ke cau true ) la 4700 tin . Nang suat 50 100 tan /gid .

32
 r—30000 30000
n+
4000
tt
HJ7000 04000 — 3ouoo
n
-- y juooo
/;
«OM
\

1
v
< >
/
I
I
« VU
a
l IvLt >
60000 • / *' /
nj
o •
f

X
5Z / m
; \ vjv *
r
.
Hinh 1.13 BO trl phan xudng cdn hinh co trung 530:
I- gian kho ph6i Ii6u; II- gian 16 nung; III- gian d6ng co chlnh;
IV - gian can ; V - gian kho thanh phSm;
1 4 4 - nhom gia can th6 480; 5 ^- 11- nhom gia can ban tinh va tinh 370 ;
-

12- san lam ngudi; 13- 16 nung li& n tuc ; 14 - may cat ; 15- san ngudi; 16- may
nan ; 17- mang nhan lieu; 18- cau true 15 tan ; 19 - cau true 20 / 5 tan; 20- cau
true 5 tan; 21- may cua .

3 <t S 7 8 9 W 13 r
7 /2
’t> '5
m
7 / 3 3
2 / t i f ! /
o /
9

1 eKsb m
Hinh 1.14. So dd bo trf thiet bi may can hinh lien tuc cd nho 350 lien tuc:
/ 1- I6 nung; 2 - may cat ; 3 5- 9 nhom gia can th6; 10- may cSt bay
'
*
-
dau mau phe ; 11 + 18 - nhom gia c n tinh; 19- may cat bay .
^
u
/5 // /
1400 H

> 4 . it i§

— - — 6
18000 15000 > 28000
V
-
to

flSOOO
t9

14 )60
1-r
» 20

1-2U
-
J
^— 16000 J o n •- J

334130

.
Hinh 1.15 So d6 bO' tri thiet bi phan xirong can hinh c 5 nho 250 lien tuc
I- gian phdi lieu, II- gian can, III- gian thanh phim;
'

1 - con Ian dan; 2- may da’y; 3- may td'ng; 4- thiet bi keo va phan ph6i; 5 - may cat ; 6- nhom may can the ;
7- may cat bay; 8- nhdm can tinh trai; 9- nhom can tinh phai; 10- san ISn tri/dc may cat ; 11- may cuon
bang ; 12- may cudn thanh; 13- may d6ng b6; 14- bang chuydn ; 15- may dong mac ; 16- mcc cudn day
thep; 17 - san ngudi; 18 - may cat bay ; 19 - san Ian dan di; 20- may cat ngudi; 21. con Ian din.

33
 Bang 1.10 . Thong so co ban thie t bi chinh may can hinh co nho 350
'

S <5 Stf vdng

Cach b (5 tri Kich thirdc true can ( mm ) 06ng co chi'nh
thu quay
true can
tu D L ( vg / ph ) CPng suat ( kW ) S6 vong quay ( vg / ph)
1
2
dirng
ngang
-
420 460
410
200
700
-
7 21
9 + 28
75
435
300 + 900
A

3 A A A
12 + 36 435 A

4 A A A
16 + 48 580 A

5 dirng 360 400 22 + 66 435 A

6 ngang 410 700 30 + 90 580 A

7 A A A
40 + 120 580 A

8 A
360 600 70 + 185 685 300 + 800
9 A
90 + 240 A A

10 dirng A
400 105 + 280 A

11 ngang A
600 130 + 350 870 A

12 dirng A
400 184 + 490 685 A

13 ngang 350 500 230 + 614 870 A

14 dirng 360 400 255 + 681 685 A

15 ngang 350 500 300 + 800 870 A

Bang Ml . Tinh nang cac thiet bi chii yeu may can hinh lien tuc cd nho 250
So Kich thirdc true can S6 vong
D6 ng co chinh
thur Cach b6 tri true can ( mm ) quay
to D L ( vg / ph) CPng suat ( kW ) So vong quay ( vg / ph )
Nhom may can tho
1 nhm ngang 370 700 9 , 3 + 24 , 8 185 300 + 800
2 A A
15 ,5 + 41 500 A

3 A A A
21 + 52 600 A

A A A
4 33 + 89 A A

5 A A A
45 + 120 750 A

6 A A A
66 + 176 A A

7 A A A
92 + 220 A

Nhom may can tinh

8 dirng 320 600 147 + 326 500 300 + 800
9 nam ngang A A
166 + 455 A

10 dirng A
400 177 + 475 370 A

11 nam ngang A
600 214 + 550 500 A

12 dOng A
400 226 + 620 370 A

13 nam ngang 270 500 317 + 350 500 300 + 900

14 dirng A
400 368 + 1100 370 A

15 nam ngang A
500 450 + 1150 600 450 + 1150

34
 5 . May can lhep day
May can thep day la may can dd san xufi t thep tron 05 + 010, thircmg bo tri theo ba
'

kidu :
- kieu bdc thang ,
- kieu ban lien tuc ,
- kieu lien tuc .
Hat kieu ddu co san luang thap , lao dong vi't va , kieu sau ciing san luctng cao hon .
trinh do tu d 6ng hoa cao .
Trcn hinh 1.16 la mot phuong an bo tri mat bang ph & n xuong can thep day lien tuc .
Phoi lieu la thep vuong 60 x 60 dai 12 m . Thiet bi chinh duoc phan thanh 4 td may : 2 td can
th6 , 1 td ban tinh , 1 td can tinh .
Thiet bi phu duoc phan thanh 3 nhom : nhom thd nh &'t bd tri tCr kho lieu ddn 16 nung ,
nhom thur hai gom cac may cat , nhom thur ba gdm cac may cu 6 n may gom . Tdng trong luong
thiet bi khoang 1800 tan , san luong 50 4- 80 tan/gid.

Bang 1.12. Tmh nang cac thidt bi chu ydu may can thep day lidn tuc

Kich thudc Sd vdng quay trung binh khi can

S6 S6 Cach Bdng co chinh
true (mm ) cac san pham ( vg/ph )
thur luong bo tri
COng Sd vdng
tu gia can gia can 0 L 05 05, 5 08 09
suat ( kW ) quay ( vg/ph )
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
16 may can thd thCr nhlt
1 1 ngang 420 900 10 9 15 15
2 1 A A
14 14 21 22
3 1 A A A
22 22 34 35 2000
4
5
1
1 A
A

370 A
35
59
34
58
52
88
55
92
300 - 600

A
6 1 A A
89 87 133 138
7 1 A A A
125 122 186 194
To may can thd thOhai
8 1 320 800 200 195 297 310 300 4- 600
9 1 A A A
272 265 405 422 1200
10 1 A A A
365 356 510
11 1 A A A
462 451 617 1200 300 -r 600
Td’ may can bdn tinh
12 2 A
320 600 565 551 531 2 x 430 320 4- 900
13 2 A A
684 668 643 A A

35
Being 1.12 . ( tiep theo )
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
To may can tinh
14 4 dung 270 400 966 924 865 926 4 x 200 500 ^ 1500
15 4 ngang A A
1142 1087 1023 1038
16 4 dung 1350 1256 1137
17 4 ngang 1569 1464 1259 500 + 1600
18 4 ddng 1821 1705 500 -4- 1900
19 4 ngang A
2016 1904 500 -= 2050

I
Tram

i 5
\
r
. ui;
|W aiL r
-
M
ft
1
1
3
a
to >>v tt
m
L' i fri/ 1j> / 4 tS
s
B=nj£#tni
f yT\
^ to 1
/3

Gian tinh ctiinh Vung ctenh gi

\
i

Hlnh 1.16 . So d 6 b6 trf thidt bi phan xuong can thep day :

I- gian kho phOi lifeu , II- gian can, III- gian dOng ca chinh ;
1 - gia tap ket phdi , 2 - con ISn dan Id nung; 3 - Id nung; 4 - mdy day phdi vdo Id; 5 - may t 6ng
phdi ra Id; 6 - may cat ddu dudi ; 7 - may phSn phdi phdi ; 8- nhdm gia edn thd; 9 - may cat so cd;
10- nhdm gia can trung; 11- nhdm gia can trung thd hai; 12- nhdm gia can tinh; 13- tang cudn;
14- may dich chuyen cudn; 15- bang van chuye’n ; 16- bdn lat cudn ; 17 - mdc xich ; 18 - ddng bo.

1.7 .3 . May can tain

Day la may can nong thep tarn ( hoac tarn kim loai mau ). Dac didm chii yeu cua may
can tarn la true edn co bd mat tru tr6 n hoac tang trb'ng . Chidu dai than true can la ki'ch thuoc
ca ban quyet dinh cac ki'ch thuoc khac cua true va chidu rpng t 6'i da cua tifin, va vi vay ngudi
ta goi tdn may can theo chidu dai than true can .
Co bon kidu may can tarn thong dung :
- May can lam day : San pha’m co dO day 5 = 4 + 50 mm , chidu rong B = 1000 + 5000
mm , thtfdng bd trf mot gia dao chidu ( hai true , ba true , hoac bOn true ) hoac nhidu gia noi
t ’.ep nhau .

36
 - May can tarn ciai r6ng li£ n tuc hoac ban li£ n tuc, san pblm co do day 8 = 1,4 + 10
mm, chi £ u rong B = 500 + 2500 mm.
- May can tarn vdi cupn thep tam dircc nung nong trong 16 bu6ng, san ph4m co chicu
day 5 = 1 ,6 + 6 mm.
- May can tam mong 8 = 0,25 + 4 mm, B = 500 + 1200 mm.
Tren hinh 1.17 la mot phirong an bo tri thiet bi may can 2800 can tam day . Bang 1.14
la thong so chu yen cua may can nay .

—\T
Tn V
?TTnTfW
i
2
><V » a
i -
• TTTf
]
mb a!
y T r11m
M
Wi I
pr'^ri
6
©
* & >
L VtW L tOfiPO- - •4*000

Hinh 1.17 . So d6 bd trf thiet bi may can 2800 can tain day:
I- gian thi6't bi chinh; II- gian dbng co chinh; III- gian thibt bi tinh chinh; IV - kho thbnh pham;
’
1 - san nhan libu; 2 - may da y thep; 3 - lb nung libn tuc ; 4 - gib can chu; 5 - gib can thb;
6 - gib can tinh van nang; 7 - may nan ; 8 - may lat; 9 - xe vach db u ; 10 - may cat dao nghibng:
'

11- may cat dTa ; 12- cau true 75 /15 tb'n ; 13 - ebu true 20 / 5tan ; cau true 15 tan .

.
Bang 1.13 Thong so chu yeu may can 2800 can tam day
'

S <5 Kfch thude true can ( mm) B6ng co chinh

Cach b6 trf Sd vbng quay
; i So vbng quay
true D L ( vg/ ph) Cbng sub't (kw )
tu (yg/ph)
1 Bung 1000 700 750 0 -
70 ^ 210
2
3
ngang
dirng
1150
600
2800 0 + 25 - 250 2 x 1850
2 x 200
-
0 25 ^ 60
0 + 200 + 500
4 ngang 700/1350 2800 0 + 50 + 120 5000 0
- 50 ^ 120

Tren hinh 1.18 lit mot phirong an b<5 trf thiet bj may can 2500 lien tuc . Tinh nang cua
cac thiet bi chu yeu cua phan xirong nay duoc ke irong bang 1.14.

37
 619000

ET ;
*s
n
R
Si'! <? J0

++ 4 WT ' ’

*? gi
& l Hi
0
n

r ! VI
M r
*T
“ Li
£**- 4!
! in
U if !?: }^ =H| »

Hinh J .18. Bo tri thiet bi phto xirong can tarn 2500 lien tuc:
I - gian 16 nung ; II - gian can ; III - gian d6 ng co chlnh ; IV , V - gian nSn chinh so b6 ; VI - gian kho;
I - may dSy ; 2- 16 lien tuc: 3- may danh Vciy thfl ; 4 - gi £ can gian rpng ; 5 , 6 , 7- cac gia can
lh 6 ; 16- may cat bay ; 17 - may cu6 n ; 18- san ngubi ; 19- may van chuyln cu 6 n .

Bang 1.14. Tinh nang cua cac thidt bi chu ye'u may can ta m 2500 lien tuc '

Ki'ch thifdc true can ( mm ) D6 ng co chinh

"1
Chidu Dudng kinh Van t6c
t 1
a Ten gia can
dai true c6ng
Oudng klnh
( m /s )
C6 ng suat S6 vong quay
to true d3 ( kW ) ( vg/ ph )
tac
1 May danh vay thd 2000 850 1 ,0 600 500
2 Gia can gian rbng 3200 1100 1400 A
4000 428
3 Gia can th 6: dirng 300 600 300 500 4- 1000
nam ngang 2500 900 1400 1.7 4000 428
4 Gia can th 6: dirng 300 600 A
2,4 300 500 4 1000
nam ngang 2500 900 A A
4000 428
5 Gia can thO : dirng 300 600 300 500 4- 1000
nam ngang 2500 900 1400 2, 4 4000 428
6 May danh vay tinh A
700 0 , 6 4- 2 , 4 -
100 400 250 4- 1000
7 May can tinh A
1400 1 , 2 4- 2, 4 4200 150 ^ 300
8 A A
1 ,8 4- 3, 6 A

9 A A A
3, 0 -r 6 , 0 A
100 4 200
10 A
3.5 4- 7 , 0 A

11 A A A A
4.5 4- 9 , 0 150 4 300
12 A A A A
5, 25 4- 10 , 5

1.7 . 4 . May cun ong khong han

Day la loai may can chuyen san xuat thep ong khong han . Tren hinh 1.19 mO ta thur tir
cac nguyen cong ca ban cua may can 6ng. Bang 1.15 liet kd thbng s <5 chu ye u cua mot to '

may can Ong thirc hidn cac nguyen cong noi tren .

38
 Hinh 1.19. So do nguyen c 6ng chu yd'u san xuS't thep 6ng khdng han
tren may can 6ng tu dong:
a- dOi 16; b - ma rOng dudng kinh; giam chieu day thanh Ong (mo kinh) ; c - can vuOt <5ng
( do day Ong dong deu theo huOng dudng sinh ); d- chinh Ong (do day Ong dong deu trdn
ca hirdng kinh; tao do bong co ban cho ca mil ngoai va mat trong cua dng); e - dinh kinh
( sira dudng k (nh ngoai theo yOu cdu va nin thOng d trang thai ndng) ; f - n n thang a
trang thai nguOi.
^

Bang 1.15. Thong s6 chu yeu cua m6l sd t 6 may can ong

DuOng kinh San lugng trung COng suat dOng Tdng trong luong
Kie'u loai
Ong ( mm ) binh ( tan/gid) ca chinh ( kW) thiet bi ( tan )
May can Ong tudOng 140
-
60 140 10
- 15 3500
-
2500 3500
May can Ong tu dOng 250
-
100 250 15
-- 30 5000
-
3500 4000
May can Ong tu dOng 430
--
160 430 50 70 12000 -
8000 12000
May can Ong kieu chu ky 200 450 25
-- 35
-
4500 5000
May can Ong liOn tuc 110
--
50 110 30 40 12000 3500
- 5000
May cOn 3 true can Ong 160 40 160 8
- 12 3500 2000 - 2500

Tren hinh 1.20 la mot phucfng an bo trl may can ba true can 6'ng 035
tao vong bi 6 lan,
- 0200 de che

39
 * :ie
: Karri
T

lb '
' is

Hinh 1.20. So d6 bd trf thidt bi may can ong 035 + 0200 ba true :

1 - may nap lieu; 2- Id nung; 3 - may rut lieu; 4 - dirdng Ian; 5 - m£ y dinh tarn; 6- may dui 16 ; 7- may can vudt
ong 3 true; 8 - may rut Wi; 9- dirdng Ian chuy n loi; 10- mang lam ngudi loi ; 11- may bdi tron Idi; 12- dirOng
^
Ian; 13 - Id nung trung gian; 14- may dly; 15- dirdng Ian dan ra; 16- mdy dinh kinh ba true .
Tren hinh 1.21 la mot phuong an may can 6'ng 0430 ( <5ng dan (Mu).

;
;; u

Hinh 1.2a. So d6 bd tri thiet bi may can ong 0430:

'
1 - lo nung quay vong; 2- san nap lieu ; 3; 4 - co c §u nap va xuat lieu; 5 - dirdng Ian may dui lo;
6 - may dui lo; 7 - mang nhdn lieu; 8 - nhom gia can lien tuc (9 gia ); 9- co cau bdi tron Idi;
10- may dun Idi; 11- dirdng Ian sau gi£ can; 12- dirdng ISn; 13 - may rut Idi; 14- co cau lam
nguoi Idi ; 15 - Id nung trung gian; 16 - nhom may dinh klnh ( 12 gia); 17;18 - dudng Ian;
19- nhom m & y giam klnh ( 12 gia ) ; 20- may cua ; 21- sdn ngudi; 22- m £ y cua ; 23 - mdy nan.

40
 *

C 9 O C3
w
57000 — «9500 <3200*
* 07750
5
C O O

<0200 <7550
I
<606
IN l! §
, <0
H <0 I !|

I
f
•
^ ,7/T
* *>
/ /
*> 1
7 7
15

I
A ll
9
FV
rTTTn?\
7
;i i f
V
>
• 9

T7
h j l’: i

i i

- 15300 * -
600(5
63W0
<5300 ~

Hinh 1.2] b. Mot so do bo tri trang thict bi may can ong tir dong 0430:
1- di/dng Ian; 2- ghi dd thCr nhat; 3- may dui lo; 4- ghi dd thir hai; 5- may day; 6- ghi dd thir ba; 7 - Id nung thir cap, 8- may
day vao lo ; 9- may day ra Id; 10- may can 6ng tu dong; 11- may chinh dng; 12- may dinh kinh ; 13- san nguoi; 14- may
'
nan; 15- may dinh kinh nguoi; 16- san kiem tra; 17 - can; 18- Id nung vong quay; 19 - cacau nap lieu va xuat lieu

4^
/ . 7.5. Nhdm may can nguoi
May can nguoi chu yen de can thep l & m , thep la , thep dai ; cung co khi can dng chat
'

lirgng cao .
Nhdm may can nay thudng dirge ph & n thanh sail loai :
1 . May can lam nguoi dan chiec .
2 . May can nguoi tarn cuon ( trude va sau khi can ) .
3 . May can nguoi dai cuon ( do day 0,02 + 4 mm , rong 20 + 660 mm ).
4 . May can nguoi thep la ( do day 0,002 + 0 ,012 mm co th £ la thep hoac kirn loai mail ) .

5 . May dan ep: nen ep day tron thanh dai hep .

6. May can dng nguoi .
May can tain nguoi thudng dung bon true ( hai true lam viec co duang kinh nho , con
hai true tira co duang kinh Ian han ) .
Tren hinh 1.22 la mot phirong an bo tri may can tarn nguoi vdi duang kinh true lam
viec 0530 , duang kmh true tua 01230 mm , van toe a gia can cuoi cung dal 37 , 2 m /s .

r? mT- =Y
->V: - :/; s > -
V r r Wf /rsr (
^
rf
1

1700
7250 A c *c\ yinxi VCCL’C iCOOtc

rryiTT
mo AC
Muhi

ZlbOnc !725 MC rr&AL

S3[
ZCCic xtX ::
\700
‘mar
~
•min mm TiiTTTrirnnr mp
nrx.c -
Hinh 1.22. M 6 t phirong an b<5 tri may can tarn nguoi ( My ) .

42
 Chifang 2
CAC THONG SO TINH TOAN CO BAN CUA MAY CAN

2.1 . Noi dung va muc dich chirong 2

Chircmg nay se nghien cuu cac thPng s6 dong hoc va lire hoc cua may can , chu yeu
gom cac vtfn dt sau :
- Thong s6 chu yeu cua vung bien dang .
- Ap lire don vi tac dung len true can .
- Tong ap lire tac dung len true can .
- M6 men cam
Muc dich nghien ciru van di nay la P chP:
1 . Muon nang cao nang lire san xutft cua may can ( nhu muon giam s6 lan can , muon
tang lupng ep , muon dung loai 16 hinh mPi , hoac muon can loai thep hop kim mdL . ) deu
phai tinh dupe lire can , momen can ; tu do kiim nghiem Iai dp ben cua cac chi tiet trong may
can , kiem dinh nang lire cua dpng co cting nhu toan bp may can .
2 . MuPn thiet ke may can mPi , muPn xac dinh kich thuac , vat lieu chp tao cac chi ti £t
cua may can mdi , muon chon dpng ca phai biet Iuc can , momen can , cong suat can .

2.2. Sor lupc ve cac thong so ky thuat can

Cac thong so ve ly thuyet can dupe xay dung tren co sP “qua trinh can dan gian ” ,
2.2 . / . Can dan gian
Can dan gian la qua trinh can giua hai true can co duPng kinh bang nhau , cung dupe
d <\ n dpng voi van toe nhu nhau , hi 6 n tupng biPn dang P hai true hoan toan doi xung nhau
( hinh 2.1 ) .

Mot so ky hieu thuang dung :

D - dudng kinh true can , ( r - ban kinh );
h0 - chi6 u cao ( chieu day ) ban dau cua v $ t can ;
hj - chieu cao ( chiPu day ) sau khi can cua v & t can ;
b( ) - chieu rong truac khi can cua v$ t can ;
,
b - chieu rong sau khi can cua vat can ;
/< ) - chieu dai ban diu cua v& t can ;
/ i chieu dai sau khi can cua v & t can ;

43
 Ft - dien tfch tiet di£ n ngang ban dau ciia v & t can , F0 = hnb
) () ;
F , - dien tfch tiet di£ n ngang sau khi can cua v £ t can, Fj = hBb ; |

a - goc an ( hay con got la goc 6 m , goc ngoam , goc ti£p xuc ) ;
VJAB - cung ti £p xuc ( cung an ) ;
ABB' A ’ - vung bien dang ,
Vung kim loai tiep xuc v6i true can dude goi la vung ti Tp xuc . Thong thirdng , dien
^
tfch vung tiep xuc bidu thi bang hinh chieu cua no I 6 n mat phing nkm ngang ( tuc la mien
gach xien tren hinh ve ) va k >/ hi £ u la F.
Hinh chi6 u bang cua cung tiep xuc la chi £ u dai cung tifip xuc , va ky hi £ u la /.

i _
/
D

c
. i?
o *

- T? f Cev „ _
f
L _jfcl
K
1
-
' X'
i

era

Hinh 2.1. Gian d 6 qua trinh can dan gian .

2.2 .2 . Cac dai luarng bieu thi su bien dang cua kim loai khi can
1 . Luqng ep tuyet da'i ( Ah ): la hi 6 u so cua chieu cao vat can truac va sau khi can :
Ah = h0 - h , (2- 1 )

2 . Luqng e' p tuang doi ( e ): la ty s6 giOa luqng ep tuyet d6i vdi chieu cao ban dau , tinh
bang % :
Ah
£ = fhn1 %
E = ho h
<»
h|
= 1 - ho ^ % ( 2 -2 )

44
 3. Luang gian rdng ( Ab ) : la higu sd cua chieu rdng cua vat can trudc va sau khi can:
Ab = b , - b0 ( 2 - 3)

4 . Hd sd gian dai ( A.): la ty so cua chieu dai v £ t can sau va trudc khi can:

X
- iL /n
( 2 -4)

thong thtrdng X - 1 ,2 -r- 2 ,0.

Trong dieu kidn the tich v & t cin trudc va sau khi can khong ddi , nghla la:
vo bnh 0 /0 F( ) bn = 1
V) b ) h /| F b , ,,
F()
-
( 2 5)

bq
Neu b( ) = b , th ) y - ( 2 -6 )
^ h,

Hd so gian dai luc can nhidu ISn:

„
F Ho h Fnl
-
2s ~
Fn F, F2 Fn - - X. j X. 2 . . An - klb

trong do A.lb la he so gian dai trung binh khi can nbidu Iin:

2- th -

thdng thudng Xtb = 1.2 -s- 1 , 3.

So lan n can tfnh theo cdng thuc:
n=
( nFo Fn -
(2 7)
( n ih
^
5 . Quan hd giua goc an vao vdi ducmg kinh true can va luong nen ep tuydt ddi
Tu hmh 2.2: BC = BO - OC = D( 1 - cosa )/2
BC = AH/2
cos a - 1 --Ah
D — ( 2 -8)

Khi a khong Idn l & m (a < 15°) , cho since = a va

_a
—
2
„ aV
, . . ia
1 - cosa - 2sm
2 =2 —-
2J
-

Do do a = 2 Ah ( 2 - 9)
D

45
 A/St/?a
\A
Of

c
A
8 u
Hinh 2.2. Luc tac dung len vat can Hinh 2.3. Quan he giua goc an vao voi
khi an vao true. dirdng kfnh true can va luong ep tuyet doi .

2.2.3. Dieu kien an kim loai vao true can ( dieu kien true can tu keo vat can di vao 16 hinh )
Ta hay xet trudng hop vat can kh6 ng bi lire ngoai tac dung keo hoac day , ban th & n true
can co the dim vat can di vao khe ho giua hai true de co ih6 can duoc ( hinh 2.2 ) .
Luc vat can vira mcri tiep xuc vdi true can , true can se tac dung vao no lire huong kfnh
( hay lire phap tuyd n ) N , dong thdi sinh ra luc
'
ma sat T.
Phan tic h
N = NX + N y

T = TX + T,

Nv va Tv co tac dung nen ep kim loai ;

Nx co tac dung day lui vat can di ra khoi true ;
Tv co tac dung dSn keo vAt can di vao true .
Muon din duoc vat can di vao, phai co:
2 NX < 2TV
hay: Nsina < Tcosa
sina < T
hay : —
cos a N
Gia thiet rang he so ma sat giua true can va vat can luc an vao la fv = tgpv ( pv la goc ma
sat tuong ung luc an vao ) , lire ma sat va lire phap tuyen tu &n theo dinh luat Culong , nghia la:

T = f () N .

46
 VI vay didu kien An vao dirqc bieu di £ n nhir sau:
tga < fv hay: a< Pv
nghia la : muon cho kim loai an vao true can mot each ttfnhien , he so ma sat hie an van pheii
Urn turn tang cua goc an , hay gdc an phdi nho hern goc ma sat hie an vao .
Luc do phircmg cua hop lire P cua N va T lam vdi phircmg ndm ngang mot goc nho
hem 90°.
2.2.4 , Dieu kien can on dinh
Luc vAt can di vao khe ho giua hai true qua trinh can 6 n dinh bat ddu . Luc do lire phap
tuyen N va lire ma sat T khong dat a A va A ( hmh 2.4 ) ma dat 6 giua cung tiep xuc ; hqp luc
1

cua chung la P co phuong thing dung . Quan he gitia N va T phu thu6c vao dieu kien ma sat
liic ciin 6 n dinh vdi goc ma sat tirong ting la P() = ( 0 ,6 + 0, 7S) pv. Nhu vAy:
a = ( 1 ,2 + l ,5) pv ( 2 - 10 )

a
ifi

A r
N P

&
t)

Hinh 2.4. Luc tac dung len vit can khi can on dinh .

2.2 .5. Hien tuong truai trong khi can

Thuc ti £ n clufng mtnh ring trong qua trinh can 6 n dinh , van toe cua true can ( v ) nho
'

„
han van toe di ra ( v ( ) va Ion hon vAn toe di vao ( v ) cua vat can:

V() <V<V ,

47
 X

•C '-
X
P
Vf - V j f ?+ s ) - vM
>/

N
CVS «<
Vftng tre vung vupt tnrfc
s •SurOtr »Sw > %
Hinh 2.5 . Hi £ n tuong vuat trade va tr5 trong khi can

Do do trong qua trlnh bien dang se tdn tai mot tiet di £ n ma a do vftn toe vat can bang
van t6c true can . Tiet dien do goi la tiet dien thing hoa ( hinh 2.5 ).
Tiet di£ n trung hoa chia vung bien dang ra lam hai phin:
- viing phia kim loai di vao ( goi la vung tr& ).
- vung phia kim loai di ra ( goi la vung vuat trade).
Vi trj tiet difin trung hoa dirge xac dinh then edng thirc:
af
v—— .
a 'j ( 2 - 11 )
' 2 ( 2P ^
trong do p la goc ma sat giira kim loai va true can .
116 so vireft triroc:
v, - v v
s
V V

He so tr6:
vx vx
Vi vK = vcosa

48
 ncn : s() vn
“

^ vcosa
va : vi 1+s . 1 I
vn 1 - s (| cos a Io
Luang gian rong tuyct doi duoc tiiih theo cong thurc
Ab = b { - b( = e ) O' ( 2- 1 2)
i
2.2 .6 . Toe do bien dang
/ . Dinh nghTa
Toe (16 bien dang la dao ham then thari gian cua luang ep tuang doi
u ( I /s ) ( 2 - 13 )
dt
( chu y : toe do bien dang co thtf nguyen khae vai t 6c do thirdng ) .
2 . Tor do bien dang khi can o' mot tie ! die / i hx nao do ( gib thief khbng co gian t ong ,
/> < ) = b\ )
dex dhx ] _ dhx 1 2 vy
( 2 - 14 )
hx dt dt hx h*

f —
u l sec.
20
V
"TR W

a)
l
—
1 x
3
- 0

Hinh 2.6. Sc d 6 tinh roan toe do bien dang khi can ( a )

va si; bid n ddi cua no thco dd dai cung tidp xuc ( b ) .
'

dh „
Vi
dt
= 2 v*
Vv = Vvtgtpx
v, h
vx = hxi l ( 2 - 15 )

fg< = dhx
Px 2 dx

49
 Thay ( 2- 15 ) vao ( 2- 14 ) va gian uac ta duoc
vi hi dhx ( 2 - 16 )
2 dx
h
11 X

c . Toe dp bien dang trung binh

Day la thong so thirong dung d £ tmh loan :

1 ,
U h , = °juxdx ( 2 - 17 )
' nJ
_ 1 rV | hI
dhx
h2
v I h! Vdhx vihi 1 1_
/ J .2
0 hx
/ vhi hn
v , Ah
u . b = /
h0
( 2 -18 )

3
T6c d 6 bien dang trung binh trong khi can vao khoang 1 -r- 10
'
( 1 /s ).
2.2. 7. Chieu dai vung bien dang va dien tick mat tiep xuc
a . Chi 6 n dai vung bien dang ( L ) .
Hinh chieu blng cua cung an vao u AB goi la chi u dai vung bien dang . No dirac chia
ra hai trudng hap de ti'nh loan:
^
- True can khong bi bid n dang dan h6i (ep bep ) ( hinh 2.7 ):
'

vi AABC - ADBA vdi AB

BC = DB
BA

nen AB = N/ BC.BD =
JY D = VrAh

Ah 2
L = AC = VAB 2 -
BC 2 rAh -
4

Ah 2
L = t rAh - ( 2- 19 )
4
vi Ah 2 /4 « rAh nen L
»
- V rAh ( 2- 20 )
- Trirfrng hop true can bi ep bep dan h6 i ( hinh 2.8 ) :
Day la truerng hop thuong xay ra khi can ngu6 i tarn mong . Luc do chieu dai vung bien
dang duac ti nh theo cong thuc:
'

yj
2
L = rAh + x + X 2 ( 2 - 21 )

v 1- P
VQfl x2 = 8

50
trong do: p, b - ap suJTt don vi trung binh ;
R - modun dan h 6 i cua true can ;
LI - he so Poat xong vat liftu lam true can .

,
Goi A - la Urgng biCn dang dan h 6 i cue bo cua vat can ;
A 2 - lirong bien dang dan hoi cue b6 cua true can .

D
0 7
/
/ \ <
v
\
r
/
/
/
/
*v
\
/
\
/ /
\ /
Aj \
* if

9 0* 4j
e '
“
TSk-
P 8
l? 5T - L cr

<
* J4 *r
i
-I

Hinh 2.7. So do tilth loan chi £ u dai vung bien Hinh 2.8. So do tinh toan chi 6 u dai vung
dang khi true can khong bi ep bep dan hoi . bifin dang khi true can bi nen bep dan h6i.

De co dirge lirong bien dang deo cua vftt can la Ah , duong tarn hai true can phai djeh
lai gin nhau m 6 i true mot lugng la A ! + A ? . Luc do cung titfp xuc gjua vat can va true can di
qua cac diem A2, B2 , C. Hinh chieu b& ng cua cung tiep xuc se la :
,
L = x + x2 = yn
jr
~ -( r B ,D) 2 p - r - B, B
2
( 3)
2

Vi « r , BjBi = A , + A2 , nfin B ^ D = Ah/2 + A | + A 2 ; B: B , = A|+ A 2.

Sau khi khai trifen bieu time tinh ta duqc:
L=x x: = yj 2 r ( Ah / 2 + A , + A 2 ) + •v/ 2 r ( A , + A 2 )

L * / rAh + x 2 + x 2 ( 2 - 22 )
^
1-
trong do x 2 = 2 q itEn F
Cac lirong bien dang dan hoi cue b6 Aj, A , duoc xac dinli theo bai toan vi tife'p xuc
.1 - H 22
giira hai hinh tru : A , = 2 q i - n? , A 2 = 2 q 7tE 2
JIEJ
trong do: q - ap lire don vi tren chieu dai hinh tru chiu nen ;

51
 [i j , (.IT "
h ? so Poat xong cua kim loai lam true can va vat can ;
Ej , E2 - modun dan hoi cua kim loai lam true can va vM can .
Tri so q dupe tinh theo ap lire dcm vi vimg tiep xuc : q = 2x2p <

Thay gia tri A| va & 2 vao cong thuc x 2 * ta co :

T ) \
1 . 1-Mi
x 2 = 8p
tE i ^ nE ,
7

Neu bo qua bicn dang dan hoi cua vat can , con do day ciia vat can nho hon nhibu so
veti ban kinh true can ( h « R ) , co ih £ coi E2 = <» , luc do:
8( 1 - f.i 2 ) ip
= nE
Ddi vori true can bang thep , v6i E 2 = 2,2.10 N /mm , p = 0, 3 , drinks da dung cong
t h ire :

XT = 9500 ; mm .

s ->
Doi vdri true ( hep wolfram co E = 6 ,64.10 N / mm thi
"

pr
x2 —
= 28700 ; mm .

NghTa la true can lam bang thep wolfram it bi bien dang dan hoi .
b . Dien t /ch vimg tiep xuc
Dien rich vimg tiep xuc dupe tinh theo c 6 ng thuc co ban la:
F = L{b(> + bt )/2 -
( 2 23 )

- Truong hop true can khong hi ep dan hoi :

F= ( 2 - 24 )

Trong tinh loan thiet hi can , cac so lieu ve Ah thubng dupe cho truoc tir quy trinh cong
nghe . Trong trireme hop khong co cac so lieu do , khi can cac 16 hinh don gian , co th £ tinh
nhu sau :
- True can khong tien ranh Ah = h ( J - Ip ,
- True can tien ranh de can cac san pha’ m don gian nhu:
- Tir hinh thoi ra hinh thoi ( hinh 2.9a ) : Ah = (0 , 55 ^ 0,6 ) ( hn - hj ) ,
- Tir hinh vuong ra 6 lip det ( hinh 2.9 b ): Ah = h ( > - 0 , 7 h , ,
- Tir hinh vuong ra clip gan tron ( hinh 2.9c ): Ah = h 0 - 0,85 hh
- d ir hinh clip ra hinh vuong ( hinh 2.9d ) : Ah ~ ( 0 ,65 0 ,7 ) hn - (0 ,55 - 0,6 ) h | ,
- Tir hinh clip ra hinh tron ( hinh 2.9e ) : Ah = 0,85 hn - 0 79 h , .
,

52
 z
o
SZ
f\ /
_C
o _
C
-C, /
y
bi bo bo
bi bi bo
hi
bo bi
hi
a) b) c) d) e)
Hinh 2.9. So dd tinh toan Ah cua cac san phim dcm gian .

2.2.8 . He so ma sat
Muon thirc hien qua trinh can phai co lire ma sat . Khi an vao, he so ma sat cang ldn thi
goc an cho phep cang ldn . Nhung trong qua trinh can neu ma sat cang ldn thi nang lupng i6 n
hao cang nhidu , nhtit la khi can ngudi thep tarn mong vdi ap lire tac dung ldn true can rat
ldn . Ngoai ra > bdi vi thdng thudng ydu cSu bi mat san ph £m phai tudng doi nhSn bong nen
khong thi khong tang do bong be mat true can ( dac bidt la a gia can tinh ) , th £ m chi con phai '

trang dau len be mat true can va vat can khi can.
Vice xac dinh he so ma sat khi can la mdi van dd rat quan trong . Nhung vi hd sd ma
sat phu thuoc rat nhieu yeu to ( trang thai be mat true can , dau boi tron , ap lire va nhidt do
khi can , toe do can .. . ) nen cho den nay vin chtra co mot ly lu £n that hoan chinh vd hd s <5 ma
sat khi can .
Vi v$ y thuong dung mdt so edng thirc kinh nghidm sau day d 6 xac dinh:
- Khi can nong ( 700 n trd ldn ) dung edng thurc Ikcrian (S. Ekelund ) :
F= nj ( 1 ,05 - 0 ,0005t ) n 2 ( 2 - 25 )
trong do: t - nhiet do kim loai khi can (°C )
ni - he sd xet tdi bi mat true can ,
- doi vdi true can bang thep be mat nham nj = 1,
- doi vdi true can bang gang nj = 0, 8;
n 2 - he so xet tdi toe do can ( xem bang 2.1 )

Bang 2.1. Quan he giua t6c dp can va he so n 2

Tdc 66 can v ( m /s ) 1 5 10 15 20
Hd s6 n 2 1.0 0 ,9 0 ,8 0 ,75 0, 7

- Khi can ngudi thep t & rn mong va thep dai co thd dung hd sd ma sat theo bang sau day:

53
 Bang 2.2. He s6 ma sat khi can ngu 6 i tim mong va thep la c6 dau boi tran

Loai sari pham Loai dau H 6 so ma sat f

Diu khoeing v£ t, 6 mun xi 0 , 07 - 0 , 1
T
Thep tcim mong va thep d&i
d3u vung 0 , 06 -r 0 , 08
diu dOa -
0 , 03 0 , 05
6munxi 0 , 05 r 0 , 065
*

Thep tarn circ mong

£lipcd 0 , 055
( thep la)
dau vi/ ng 0 , 045
mef ci/u 0 , 04

Chu thtch
1 . Gia tri nho dung cho tdc d 6 can nho han 5 m /s. gia tri ldn dilng cho v > 5 m /s
2 . Khi can hap kim m & u thi hd s6 ma sat lan han luc can thep thirdng .

2.3. Phircmg trinh deo

Phirang trinh deo la ca so ly lu 4 n dd tinh lire can. Qua trinh chung minh no dugc trinh
bay ky irong giao trinh ly thuyet bien dang deo. d d & y chi dira ra c 6ng thirc tong quat va
mot so dang dac biet de tfnh toan lire can .

23 C o n g t h t i c tong qudt
Dudi tac dung cua ung su t 3 chieu (a , o 2 ,
^ , trong do a ] > a 2 > kim loai se bit
dau bidn dang deo khi thoa man quan h £ :
(a , - cr )
2
2
+ (a2 - CT 2 )
2
+ (a 2 - a , ) = 2a
2 2
( 2- 26 )
trong do:
- la gidi han chav cua kim loai
- cac ung suit alt o2 quy dinh lay gia tri duemg khi gay nen
»

°i

>
c2
/
/
/
/

Hinh 2.10. Trang thai ung suat khi can

54
2.3 .2 . Phuong trinh deo he so urrtg sudt trung gian
CT| - CT; = n0crs ( 2- 27 )
trong do n0 la he s6 xet tdi anh hudng cua ling suat trung gian d <5i vdri hai dng suat kia , thong
thudng 1 < n ( ) < 1 ,15.
Trong tfnh toan thudng l &'y nn = 1 , 15.
Trong hai dang phuong trinh deo trinh bay tren day , la gidi han chay ciia kim loai
duoc xac dinh bang chi nghidm keo nen don gian , luc do toe dd bien dang u = 6.10 6 1 /s , "

nhiet do trong phdng thi nghi £ m t = 20°C.

Nhung thuc te gia cong kim loai thi dieu kidn do khong con nua. Gidi han chay luc
nay sc khac vdi gidi han chay khi thi nghi £m . Girri hem chay luc gia cong goi la gidi han
chay ihue te va ky hidu la as( j,.

2.3 .3 . Phuong trinh deo dung trong gia cong dp luc

Phuong trinh deo dung trong gia cong ap lire thudng duoc bi 4 u thi dudi dang:
a - , = 2k ( 2 - 28 )

trong do: k - gidi han chay ciia kim loai chiu ung suat cit thudn tuy
v ° ^<P
K*

S
as^ - gidi han chay thirc te, = ( nHnrnv ) as;
nH - he s6 xet tdi anh hudng ciia bien cung ;
nr - he sd xet tdi anh hudng cua nhi 6 t dd ;
nv - he so xet tdi anh hudng ciia tdc do bi£h dang;
GS - gidi han chay ciia kim loai xac dinh theo di £ u ki £ n thi nghidm .

2.4 . Gidi han chay thirc te cua kim loai

Xac dinh gidi han chay thuc te cua kim loai la mot v £n de ra t phuc tap va quan trong .
’

Nhidu nha khoa hoc da day edng nghidn cdu . Phuong phap nghien cuu chti yeu ciia ho la dua
tren co so thuc nghidm , dong thdi xet tdi cac nMn 16 anh hudng den gidi han chay , cuoi
ciing xac dinh gidi han chay thuc

2.4 .1 . Cac nhdn to anh hudng tdi gidi han chay crs
1 . Tinh chat vat lieu
Trong ciing mot loai vat lidu , tap chat cang nhieu thi os cang cao.
2 . Nhiet do
Nhiet do cao thi os giam . 6 nhiet dd ket tinh lai CTS CO hidn tuong dot ngdt giam xuong.
3 . Mite do bien dang
Thuc nghiem chiing to ring d mot nhiet dd nhat dinh , mure do bid n dang tang thi
'
as

55
tang . V] d nhiet do thap hon nhiet do ket tinh lai , nhfftlg manh vO ciia tinh thd bi kep vao mil
trirot cua tinh thd ngan trd stf bien dang trirgt cua kim loai ( hidn tugng bidn cung ) . Mat khac ,
dong thdi vdi hien tugng cac tinh the bi vd ra , kern theo co hien tuong ket tinh lai ( hien
tugng mat bien cung ) . Hien tuong bidn cung va mit bidn cung la hai hien tuong tirong phan
nhau . Tuy theo tinh chat vat lieu , nhiet d 6 luc gia cdng va toe dd bien dang mk quytft djnh
muc do bien dang anil hudng as nhieu hay ft .
4 . Toe do hien dang
O mot nhiet do nhat dinh , toe dd bien dang cang Ion thl ov ping 1 cm .
-
- 6 mot muc dd bien dang nha t dinh , ttfc dd bi£ n dang cang Ion thl cang ldn .
' '

- Trong can ngu6i» toe do bien dang ndi chung khdng anh hudng den as, bdi vi luc dd
nhiet do thap , toe do bien cung rat chim ndn td c do bien dang dii to hay nho ddu khdng didn
'

ra hien tuong mat bien cung .

2.4.2 . Cach tinh gidi han chay thac te cua kim loai
1 . Finding phdp bien do
- Doi vdi thep ft cacbon thudng dung so lieu ciia Nadai ( A . Nadai ) va Mingion ( M . I .
Manjone ) . Bien dd nay the hien tren hinh 2.11 .

10 ~* 10~* UJT9 W' 1 tO 7 03 IQ 4

m
0 10 W }

u , 1/s

Hinh 2.11 . Bie' u dd tinh toan gidi han chay thuc i £ cua kim loai
( theo so lieu ciia Nadai va Mingidn ).

- Dd i vdi thep co thanh ph & n hoa hoc nhu trong bang

2.3 da dirge Cue ( P. M . Cook )
'

’
nghien cuu va dugc bidu thi dudi dang bie u dd nhu tren hinh 2.12 .

56
 Bang 2.3. Thanh phan cac loai thep da duoc Cue nghifin ciiu

Loai thep H & m lirpng cac nguyen td %

c Si Mn s P Cr Ni Mo W V
Thep it cacbon 0 , 15 0 , 12 0, 68 0 , 034 0,025
Thep cacbon trung binh 0,56 0, 26 0, 28 0,013 0,013 0, 12 0 ,09
Thep cacbon cao 1 , 00 0,19 0,17 0, 027 0, 23 0 ,10 0, 09
Th6p molipden mangan 0 ,35 0, 27 1 ,49 0,041 0,037 0,03 0 ,11 0, 28
Thep Cr , Ni, Mo 0,35 0, 27 0 , 66 0,023 0,029 0 , 59 2,45 0 , 59
Thep Cr 0,06 0 , 22 0 ,46 0, 019 0, 031 0,41 0, 17
Thep Cr , Mo 0 , 26 0,35 0, 57 0 ,009 0,23 3 ,03 0, 29 0 , 49
Thep Si , Mn 0 ,61 1,58 0 , 94 0 ,038 0,035 0 ,12 0, 27 0 , 06
Thep Si, Cr 0, 47 3 ,74 0,58 8 , 20 0 , 20
Thep khPng gi 18 - 8 0 , 07 0 ,43 0, 48 18 ,60 7 ,70
Thep C (13% Cr - 2, 23% Cr ) 2 , 23 0, 43 0 ,37 13,10 0,33
-
Thbp gio 18 - 4 1 0, 80 0,28 0,32 4,30 0,18 0,55 18 , 4 1,54

Theo nhu ciu cua san xua't va tie'n trien cua khoa hoc ngay cang co nhifiu so lieu va
phuong phap xac dinh gidi han chay thuc t £ cua kim loai .

2. Phttmig phap phan tick

Doi vdi nhung kim loai chira co s6 lidu diy du co th6 dung mot sd c 6ng thuc sau day
de xac djnh gidi han chay thuc te cua kim loai :
1 . Cong thuc Nadai + min — ( 2- 29 )
°u = u 0
U (l

trong do cr0 - gidi han chay cua kim loai a difiu kiPn tinh ( t6c dd bidn dang u 0 = 6.10 4 1 /s );
ou - gidi han chay 6 dilu kidn tdc do bi£n dang u ;
m - he so' xet tdi tinh chat cua vat lifeu .
2 . Cong thuc Vitman - Zlati

In —
ao
= m (T - T0 ) ln
uo — ( 2- 30)

trong do:
T, T() H n lucrt la nhiet d6 nong chay va nhi£ t d 6 luc gia c 6ng cua kim loai ( tmh theo
nhi £ t dd Kenvin ) .
Cac ky hieu khac nhu 6 tr £ n .

57
 40

Ls
77
y t - soo°c

0 W 10 30 *c SO so w

H'mh 2.12. Bieu d 6 tfnh loan gioi han chay thirc tf cua kim loai ( theo Cue ) .

58
2.5 . Ap luc don vi - Cong thurc Xelikov
Trong khi can , ap lire a tung diem tren vung tife p xuc giua vat can va true can se khac
'

nhau . ap lire a m 6 i difem tren do theo phuong vu 6 ng goc vdi hinh chi£u bang cua cung tiep
xuc dirpe goi la ap luc don vi ( hay con goi la ap lure rifeng ) . Day la th6 ng s6 qua n trong lifen '

quan true tife p den luc va mdmen tac dung lfen true can . Co nhieu c6 ng thuc dfe xac dinh ap
'

luc don vi , nhung c6 ng thiic duqc chu y nhifeu nhA't la cong thtic Xelikov.

2.5 . 1 . Cong ( hue dp luc dan vi cua Xelikov

Px = ( 2 - 31 )

trong do: dtfu tfnh cho vung trfe ;

dau tfnh cho vung vueft trude;
k - gidi han chay cua kim loai chiu ung suat cit thuati my ( xem edng thuc 2 -28 )
2 fl
5= - hfe s 6 ( xem cong thuc 2-46 );
Ah

\ - hfe s6 xet tdi anh hudng cua sue c3ng ( keo trude ho£c keo sau ) , khi khong co
sue cang lay 4 = 1.

4=
^- = —
1-

( 2 49) ,
^l .
\
xet idi anh hudng cua keo sau ung vdi vung trl , xem c6 ng thuc

xet teti anh hir&ng cua keo t 6i unrig vdi vung viroc trude .

2.5. 2. Chung mirth cong thicc Xelikov

De chung minh duqc c6 ng thuc ( 2- 31 ), Xelikov da nghifen cuu vung bifen dang va
dua ra mot s <5 gia thifet sau :
1. ox phan bo d 6ng dfeu theo chieu cao cua tiet difen ( nghTa la trude va sau khi bien
dang , tiet dien viin gift nguyen la mat phAng vuong goc vdi true n £ m ngang ) .
2 . khong xet den gian rong ( bt ) = bj ) va gia thiet b = 1 ( bang m6t don vi ) ,

3. khong xet tdi bifen cung .

4 . ma sat giua vAt can va true can tu & n theo dinh luat Culfeng .
5. cung an vao uAB duqc thay bang day cung AB .
Trong vung bien dang lay m 6 t vi phan phan to, trfen do tat ca cac luc tac dung dfeu d
the can bang , va co thfe vifet duqc phuong trinh vi phAn can bang luc. Giai phuong trinh vi
phan nay se tim duqc ap luc dan vi .

59
 y
fc

Of

'NII /
CN4
L'
+ d &x *
*5
X

Hmh 2.13. So do imh loan ap lire don vj cilia Xelikev .

Vf du 6 viing tre :

K + d°xXhx + dhjl - axhxl - 2 pr COSdx0 cosOK

X
sinOv l + 2tx
dx
cox 0 = 0 ( 2 - 32 )

axhx + axdhx + hxdox + daxdhx - ©xhx - 2prdxtg9x + 2txdx = 0

”
Chinh ly vi bo di c;ic sO hang bac cao ta duac:
axhx + hxdax - 2 prdxtg0 x + 2txdx = 0 ( 2 -33)

Lay ( 2 - 33) chia cho hxdx :

CTxdhx dax 2 prtg9 x 2 tx
( 2 - 34 )
hxdx dx hx =0
Vir pxdx = p , d c s 0 = prdx , nghla la px
X
= pr ( 2 - 35 )
°
Mat khac •g^ X = 2dhx
dx
( 2 - 36 )

Lay ( 2 - 33 ) va ( 2 - 36 ) lhay vao ( 2- 34 ) la duac :

o x dh x
hxdx ^ dx
do x Pxdh - 4- 2 tx
hxdx hx - 0

60
 hay dax
dx
P * - ax
K
dhx
dx hx
2 ix
- 0 ( 2 - 37 )

Theo gia thief 4: L = Prf ( 2 - 38 )

vbri dieu kicn bien dang theo chieu doc la chfnh ( bdi vi rrcr lire tren phirong nay la nho nhat ) .
nghia la :
ax - ( 2 - 30 )

I dx
cos 0 x + tx dx
Mat khac a I sm 8 x
dx Pr cosOx COS 0 X

= Pr + MgOx
= px + pxftgOx
= P*( l + ftg0.)
a l ^ Px ( 2 - 40 )

Nhu vAy theo phirofng trinh deo vifct dudi dang a ,- = 2 k , ta co:
px - ax ~ 2 k = const (2 - 41 )
nghut la: dpv “ do\. ( 2 - 42 )

K hi Ah x
Theo gia thief 5 ta co:
r '

T +T 7 '

nghTa la : dx = —Ah/ dhx ( 2 - 43 )

Lay ( 2 - 38 ). ( 2 - 39 ) , ( 2 - 41 ) , ( 2 - 42 ) , ( 2 - 43 ) ( hay vao ( 2 - 37 ) ta co:

dp Ah 2 kAh 2 fpx
~ + =0
_ (2 - 44 )
7dh ivT h 7
Ah
Lay ( 2 - 44 ) chia cho se ductc :
ldhx
dpx —hx
- 2 k dhx
2 flpx
Ah
dhx = 0
hx
( 2 - 43 )

Dat :
.
<> - 2f / (2 - 46 )
Ah

ta co : dpx ~ 2 k dhx + 5p dhx = 0

^7 ' T
dpx f ( 5pv - 2 k ) ijL
hx
=0
dp * dhx ( 2 - 47 )
5P x - 2 k hx
Lay rich phan hai v £ :

61
 if d (Spx ) fdhx
5 ’ 5px - 2 k J hx

|ln( 5px - 2k ) = ln 1- + C
Xac djnh h & ng s6 C0 : ^ X
0 ( 2 - 48)

Vi IUC hx = h 0 thi Px - ( CTo ) = 2 k

“

Px = 2 k - <r0

Dat :
Px - 2 k (1 - -2 kp )
^ -
( 2 49 )
2k
ta co: Px = 2 k £, l ( 2 -50 )
Thay ( 2 - 50 ) vao ( 2 - 48 ) se duac :
*
C0
-fln 1
o
(2 k5
^ - hn
1
- 2k ) ln -^ ( 2 -51 )

Thay ( 2 -51 ) vao ( 2 - 48 ) sc duac

hay
5P * ~ 2 k
2 k84 j - 2 k
8 2k

= kh
^, ho^
(

/
^ ^
8 —- 2 = hx
- ho
x6
k
ln -

( 2 - 52 )

Giai phuang trinh px cho cac vung lit ta dugc:

2k
PxAN - g " "
no
h
(5£ , - 0 + 1
V J

trong do : 5= —
2f/
Ah
( 2 - 53 )

t = I -—
2k
2 k = 1 ,150
Truong hop (q() - 0 ) khong co keo sau thi
^
PxAN ~
8f -MVo
f lhJ +i

5= —2Ahft ( 2 - 53 ) ’

trong do: 2k = 1 , 150

^
Ooi vdri vung vum truac , cung bang each giai tuong tu vdi phuong trinh vi phan can
bang luc ciia vi phan phan to:
dx dx
( crx + dox )( hx + dhx ) / - crxhx / - ( 2 p sinOx ) / + 2 tx cosQ = 0 ( 2- 32 )
' COS 0 X COS 0 X

62
va vcfi each giai turang tir nhu tr£ n ta diroc:

PxNB -

Irong do : 5= —
Ah
( 2 - 54 )

2k = 1,1 5 CT
Neu khong co keo trude ( o = 0) : , ^
PxNB “

f & )V H >

trong do: 6= H < 2 - 54) '

Ah
2k = 1 ,15as<j,
2.5 .3 . Bien ludn vi edng thuc dp luc dan vi cua Xelikov
1 . Anh hirdng cua he s6 ma sat : fTI , 871 , px 7l .

( hinh 2.14a ) . ^
He so ma sat thay ddi gia tri cue dai cua px ( h a y j - ) se thay doi rat ro rfit
zx

2. O viing trS —*h ^

*X
- tang thi px tang

6 vung vircrt \ ru6c —h i tang thi px tang

6 tiet dien trung hoa ap luc don vi phai bang nhau .

Su phan bo ap lire don vj trfin cung tifep xuc duoc the hien tren hinh 2.14 b.
3. Anh hudng cua ducrng kinh true can: liic h( ), hlt Ah va f khfing thay d6i thi bifiu thurc:

8=
2f /
Ah
= f
2f /
Ah —
Ta tha y liic DTI , 8 TI do do px 7l , nghta la duerng kinh true can tang thi ap luc don vi
'

tang ( hinh 2.14c ) .

4. Anh hudng cua keo trade va keo sau ( hinh 2.14d , e )
Khi CT0 / 0, <1 Pxl
<J| * 0 .^ 2 <1

63
 fficdny t un Htt&iig ctin —
A
7 s-
* 4r
?

J
<S>
7' J
V'
v
•• A
•
'V
2
0,0*5 2 \:
r$
/ ? s
i

a)
<-
I b) * /
ki
*
a)Anh huorng cua he s6 ma sat b) Anh huong cua Iirong 6p iirong d6i
khi t = 30%; a = 5‘w; h /D = 1,16%; , khi bj = l mm; D = 200 mm: u = 0,2:
Hudny con

I'
X''
**
J j - A
r55 \**
2
#j \

7
- sy 1;

I
iI

(I
C)
< >

c ) Anh hirang cua dirong kinh iruc can va D/ h ; :

I - khi D =s 700 mm ( D/ h , = 350 / = 17 ,2 mm; 2 - khi D = 400 mm ( D/h - 200 ) , / = 13 mm
); ,
3 - khi 1) - 200 mm ( D/ h = 100) , / = 8 ,6 mm ; .
Pr h
2 ts 7tf JC
o-
cr>
2 V
'
£
I

11
^ c
5f
;

fl ) A
! ill iM e)
I
< >

cl ) Anh hirang cua kco truac : e) Anh htfong cua k6o irtrac \ a kco sau :
,
i - khi a = 0 ; 2 - khi cr = 0,2 k; , I - khi Oj = a, , = 0; 2 - khi a { - a { ) = 0,2 k ,
3 - khi G|= 0,5k; 3 - khi Cj = Gn = 0,5 k .
Hmh 2.14. Cac nhftn ttf anh hircmg den ap lire don vi.

64
2.6. Ap lire trung binh
.
2.6 1. Khai mem
Tren day ta da tim ra duac ap luc timg diem tr£ n ciing ti £p xuc . Nhung dieu mong
muon khong phai la a do ma la b ch 6 lam sao tim duac tdng ap luc ciia kim loai tac dung len
true can mot each tucmg doi nhanh chong . Rbi vi ap luc dem vi ph & n b6 khong d 6 ng deu n£ n
mu 6 n tinh duac tdng ap lire P ta phai tich ph & n px theo di £ n tich vung tiep xuc . Lam nhu v$ y
rat phuc lap. Ngudi ta thuong tim ra ap lire trung binh ( ptb ) , sau do ltfy pfh nhan vdi dien tich
vung tiep xuc se tinh duac t6 ng ap luc.
Theo hudng do , nhieu c6 ng thuc tinh ap luc trung binh da duac dua ra , nhung 6 day sc
giai thieu hai cong thuc duac nhidu ngudi chu y han ca:
- Cong there Xfclikov: D& y la cong thuc chung minh ly thuy£t .
- Cong thuc Aicdlan ( S. Enkelund): D& y la c6ng thuc thuc nghidm .
2.6 . 2 . Cong thire Xelikov
I . Difa vao khai mem:
I

. Tong apluc
P b = Difen tfch vung tifep xuc F
0

Xelikov da tim ra cong thuc tmh ap luc trung binh bi u difen dudi dang :
^
Ptb = 2 k n ' <T
2( 1 - e) f h
= e (5 — 1 ) 1 hjj
h
n a
h
^ |
h .J
N - 1

2k
- l ,15 os+
l ( 2-55 )
\s a
hN i )
h , 5+1

2 . Cong thi( c ( 2 -55 ) difcfc chting minh nine sou:

I

^
b
Vi: P= °1 jpA ( 2 - 56 )
0

Thay ( 2 - 53 ) ’ va ( 2- 54 ) ’ vaO ( 2 - 56) se duac:

P=
b0 + b t
2
WrMV
o ° vhx;
»+ l
I

N
5
(Th
V i
\5

7
(8 + D - l dx
^ ( 2-57 )

65
 Vi theo ( 2 - 4 3 ) ta c o: dx —1
= Ah dhx va thay vao ( 2-57 ) va d 6 i gidri han tich phan ra dude :
„ \( h
^
S h
b + b! 2k () ^ 1 \J 2jk h
JIX
—1
P= 2
'
JNJ 5 \ 'h X J
(/ b0 - l ) + l
Ah dhx +
hN
-
hi J
(8 + U - l Ah- dhx

\6
bo + b j 2 k / h0
S - l )dhx + Jdhx U
h f hx
Jdh
SAh . h < / <
+ (5 + l )dhx - x
2 J h> J
1 hn h" hN ' hN
6 + 1 hN
b () + b 2 k / , hx- 5+ 1
h
h 6” + 1 1 ’
P=
2 5Ah
< (5 - l )
- 5+1 n 6,
hf, . 5+ 1
+ 2 hN - h ( ) - hI
h< t hN
u uh sj + i
- h„ - h ,
b0 + b ] 2k! hi
h 0 h -Ns ^
+i , -S+ l i
+ uh ( ) hu 0 + 2 hn
2 6Ah k8 hf
hi
„
b + b 2k / , - ho \
6
hN +2
2 SAh hN
V “h N ) hi
h \8
b„ + b , 2k/ h 0\ /
hN
h + -2 ( 2- 58 )
2 5Ah N ( hN y hi J
De tri £ t tifiu hN , ta dua vao phircmg ( rinh ap lire don vj da xac dinh d u g c a phan tren . 6
tiet dien t r u n g hoa qua di £ m hN phucrng trinh ( 2- 53 ) ’ va ( 2- 54 )’ phai bang nhau , nghTa la:
« 6
2k
5
ho \ (5
hN ) — 1) + 1 =
2k
S
fl hNhi \J 5 ( + D- l ( 2-59 )

hN \
S
5 - 1 va
6
f u* * N \ s 5 + 1
Hay : ho 2
5-1 5 + 1
- ho 2
5-1
hi ) Lv hN J hN ) V " h1 5-1

1 ( h N \h
“ (5 + 1) - 2
5-1 hi
8
hNf hN > 5-1 2 ( 2- 60 )
hi J hi ) 5+1 6+1
\ fi
Lav —hi ) cung nhan vdi 2 ve cua (2 - 60) t a duoc:

hN
h ,,
+ 28
( 2
5+1
hN V * (
V hi ,
8
Vh“1 2 V 5 + 1
0 MVszTl - ( 2 - 61 )

hN 35 va chu y
\

Dat : x hN > 0 , giai phucrng trinh ( 2 - 61 ) se dugc :

h , hi

66
 8
1 + J1 + ho \ * (S 2 - 1)
hN hi ) ( 2 - 62 )
h , 6+1

Thay ( 2 - 60) vao ( 2 - 5 9 ):

b +b„ , 2 k/ 1
S
hN \ (5 + I ) - 2 (h
nN /
P=- 5- 1
+
2 5Ah hi ) hi )
,
b0 + b

„
2

b + b 2k/ ,
2 k1
5Ah
hN
hi
hNy
^ )
fS+O + 1
25
5-1

25
2
6-1
- 2

h
2 5Ah N hi ) 5 7 ^ 5-1

b „ + bt 2k / 25 hN \
i 6
( 2 -6 5 )
2 SAh hN 5- 1
- 1
hi

Lay ( 2 -63 ) chia cho dien tich vung tiep xuc F = bo + b

2
. ta diroc:

Pib = F
N
~ = 8 Ah
P 2k h _ f _2 0 ( hN \* - 1
Is - 1 hi
2 k h hN 25 , hN -1 ( 2 - 64 )
6 Ah h l 6 - 1 h ,
Vi : , „
h -h - Ah va s =
Ah
~

ho —
Nen :
h|
Ah
h0 — Ah _ h
Ah
0 — hne
£h 0
1-E
E
( 2- 6 5 )

Thay ( 2 - 65 ) vao ( 2-6 4) se dugc :

£_
\S
4 0( 1 - £ ) dD
( -1 ) E VI /
n D. ,
( 2-66 )

6
no
°n - (
2 ( 1 - S) D _Q
Dat -1 ( 2 - 67 )
-1 ) B

^ Dt J

He thde ( 2 - 66 ) kct hop vch ( 2-67 ) , ( 2 - 62 ) va ( 2- 68 ) se trd thanh:

i

67
 Ptb = 2 kna ‘
n'„ =
2( 1 - z ) ( hN
( 5 - 1 )E\ h , j
h
hN
hi
^)
- l

S
1 + ( 52
hnn V (2 - 55 )

hN 1+
hi 5+ 1

2k = l ,15 CTs<j,
Nhu vay cong thtrc da duoc chung minh .

2.6 .3 . Bieii ludn ve cong thuc dp luc trung binh Xelikov

Cong there ( 2-55 ) dupe dung d £ tinh trd khdng bi6n dang khi can . Cung til ( 2 - 55 ) ta
thay tref khang bi£n dang trung binh ( hay ap lire don vi trung binh ) plb phu thupc vao cac yeu
to sau day:

- Vat lieu ( lh£ hien qua k ) .

- He so ma sat ( the hien qua f trong quan he 8 = 2 fl ).
Ah

- Luang ep tuyet doi ( thi hi £ n qua 8 va e = 1

h
Vi ve phai cua c6 ng thifc ( 2- 55 ) , phu thuAc vao tinh ch £t vat lieu , cho ntn tuy dung
edng thuc do co the tinh ra duqc ap luo ddn vi trung binh va tro khang bien dang khi can ,
nhung de ting dung duqc rong rai han Xelikov da bitfn d6i cAng thtic ( 2- 55 ) thanh dang:

2k

va bieu di6 n quan he giua

^JL iv
vdi 5 thanh nhung dudng cong. Nhung dubng cong nay chi

phu thuoc vao cac thong so hinh hoc khi btAn dang va he so ma sat giOa vat can va true can ,
chu khong phu thuoc vao tinh chat vat li £ u va co dang nhu hinh 2.14 .

2.6 .4 . Cong thuc Ekelund

Tir kinh nghiem thuc tidn va th6ng qua mOt s6 phan tich ly lutLn Ekelund da dua ra
cong thuc tinh ap luc don vi trung binh nhu sau: ,

2qv
l ,6f %/ r.Ah - l,2 Ah
Pib = l+ 2k + ( 2-68 )
ho - hi h0 + h l

68
trong do: v - t6 c d6 can ( mm /s ) ;
f - h £ s6 ma sat tinh theo cong thuc ( 2- 25 ):
f = 11 , ( 1 ,05 - 0,0005t )n2 ( 2 - 25 )
k - gidi han chay cua kim loai chiu ung su £t cdt thuan tuy , tinh theo c 6 ng thtic:
2 k = ( 14 - 0, 010 ( 1 ,4 + c + M„ + 0 ,3Cr ) , kG/ mrn 2
t - nhict do luc can ( °C);
C Mn , Cr - ham lugng % cua eacbon , mangan , crom trong thep;
il - he so do dinh :
r| = 0 ,01( 14 - 0 ,01 t ) C , kG.s / mm 2
C - he s6' xet tdi tdc do can , tfnh theo bang 2.4 .

Bang 2.4 . He so xet tori toe d6 can

T (5c 66 can v ( m /s ) C
v<6 1
6 -MO 0 ,8
10 + 15 0 , 65
15 + 20 0 ,6

Danh gia c6 ng thuc Ekelund :

C6 ng thirc Ekelund vSn con m 6 t sd thififu sot nhu:
- Khong xet tdi anh huang cua sue cang ( keo trude va keo sau ) .
- H £ s6 do dinh chi dugc tfnh g n dung .
-
^
Viec xet anh huang cua ham lugng cacbon va cac nguyen to hop kim d6i vdi trb
khang bi £h dang khong dugc ho n chinh .
^
Nhung cong thuc Ekelund dugc dung rat r6 ng rai trong trudng hgp can ndng thep
hinh . Ket qua tfnh toan tir cong there nay g£ n dung vdi kfit qua thuc nghiem .
De ket thuc v&n de ap luc dan vi trung binh cin phai nhan manh tim quan trong ve
viec tfnh chinh xac he so ma sat f va h £ s6 k ( gidi han chay cua kim loai chiu urng suat cat
thuin tuy ) hay ( gidi han chay thuc te ).

2.7. Phan tich phtfong tac dung cua tong ap luc va xac dinh momen can
2.7.1. Khai niem chung
Trong qua rrinh can , d vung vuert trude va vung tr6 , true can se lac dung l £ n kim loai
,
cac lire N0, T( ) ( hap lire cua chung la P0) , N , Tj ( hop luc cua chung la P ) . Hgp luc cua P0 va
^
,
P la P ( cung chinh la tong ap luc cua true can tac dung ) . Di £ m tac dung cua luc P la N .
Canh lay don cua luc P doi vdi tarn true can la a . Tuy theo qua trlnh can khac nhau ma co
gia tri a khac nhan . Ta se nghien cuu mdt s6 trudng hgp cu the ve canh tay don a.

69
 /
* ]

I
/ ft\
My, n
/
1
>
f a i
/ \
A
/
7, c ;
Ho /T, Kill
# |
)
i V-
vitng tre J
vir
^rt tmac

Hinh 2.15. Phan tich lire tac dung tu true can vao vat can .

2.7.2. Qua trinh can dan gidn

Nhu tren ta da noi can dcm gian la qua trinh can tren gia can hai true deu dan dong ,
duang kinh hai true bang nhau , co moi tfnh ch &'t nhu nhau , vat can co ccr tfnh d 6 ng d £ u ,
kh 6 ng co keo crude va keo sau , qua trinh can hoan toan doi xurng theo dudng tarn cua vat
can.
Luc nay neu khong xet tdi luc quan tfnh cua kim loai sinh ra khi thay d 6 i tu v ( ) sang v l
thi phuong cua t 6 ng ap luc P se thang dung va true doi nhau .
Momen can tac dung 6 true tr £ n la : Mj = Pjai
Momen can tac dung a true dudi la: M 2 = P2a 2
Vi qua trinh can doi xirng nen P , = P 2 = P; aj = a 2 = a va do do:
M| M 2— — Pa
Vi vay momen can tac dung Ien hai true la:
Mc = 2 Pa
hay Mc = 2Pyl = 2?\\) yjRAh ( 2-69 )

trong do: M' - a / /

Kinh nghiem cho bict khi can nong vp = 0,45 + 0 ,5 ;
Kinh nghiem cho biet khi can ngu 6i \\J = 0,2 -s- 0, 35 .

70
 I /'
/ p
I

Oi — T
/
\

/
'"
L
'V
VlP
TOi
tp
1 /
v~
i

j
n
i
\: \
i
i

i
/
/

>A .
Oi r Cti I
\
)
/
\
_t /
)

~
T

Hinh 2.16. Phln tfch r 6 ng ap lire can qua trinh can dan gian .

2.7J . Qua trinh can mot true dan dong mot true chay khortg, ede dieu kien khac giong
nhu qua trinh can don gian
Qua trinh nay thirdng x <iy ra khi can nong thep tlm tren may can Lauth hoac xay ra .
khi mot trong hai nhanh truyen dong true can bi hong ( hinh 2.17 ) .

o,

i x
I p\
f \s
7

«2

a)
02

mr b)
Hinh 2.17 . Ph £ n tfch tong ap lire can a qua trinh can
mot true can chu dong mot true chay khong .

Gia chi co true duoi din dong , phuang tac dung cua tong ap lire true tren se di qua
sir

tarn true tren Luc do:

.

M1 =0
M 2 = P( D + h j )sin (3!

71
 Mdmen can se hoan loan tac dung vao true duoi va co tri s 6 la :
M( --P D ( + hj )sinp ] ( 2 -70 )

Khi can nong (?| = 0 ,5a , ( a la goc an ) ;

Khi can ngu 6i Pi = (0 ,25 - 0 35 )a .
,

Gin liru y la M 2 g & y tac dung l$ t gia can theo chi £ u chuyen dong cua kim loai .

2 JA. Qua trinh co keo cang

Khi can nguoj thep tarn , thudng thuc hien qua trinh can co sue cang vm sure keo sau
T( > va sue keo truac T| va chia ra ba truing hap nhir sau:
Trirorng hqp 1 : T( ) > T| ( hinh 2.18 )

Gi

a
fi
y
fp a
I
I x
/ yn
P
Ti
Y
To>Ti
Hinh 2.18. Can co stic cang Tn > T . ,

M , = X . b + Y .a
M2 = X .b + Y .a
Vi \'ky momen can se la :

Mc = ( Ysinp + Xcosp ) D ( 2 -71 )

trong do: X = To
- T,
2
Y = Pcoxa ’ ® P ( vi a ’ qua nho).
Trudng hop 2: T0 = Tj
Trudng hqp nay tuong tir v6i qua trinh can don gian.

72
 Tracing hop 3: T0 < Tj ( hinh 2.19 )

a.

cy

J3
Y P

X
rrri
2
=a
To P ^h Y
To< T, _
Hinh 2.19. Can co sue cang Tn < T|.

Mc = ( YsinP - Xcosp)D -
( 2 72 )
Tj - T0
trong do : X=
2

Khi YsinP - XcosP = 0 hay YsinP = Xcosp = — - cosp thi Mc = 0, nghia ia liic do
t 6 ng «ip lire P deu di qua t & m hai true can , vai tri so duac tmh theo quan he:
T, -
Tn /
P= ( 2-73 )
2 sin P

trong do : p = (0,2 - 0,35 ) a

2.7 .5 . Gidi thieu scr luctc mot so cong thtxc khde

.
Khi x ic dinh m6men can ( Mc ), ngoai nhung c 6 ng thirc da d n tren , con co the dung
^
mot so edng ( hue khac nhu sau:
/ . Cong thxic Xelikov

trong do: ptb

Mc = Pib !n ( n ,

a „ - ling su & t keo sau ;

'
^ i

- ap lac dan vi trung binh khdng xet tori keo cang ;

„ ,
- a ! + o )h r ( l + S ) ( 2 - 74 )

a , - ung suat keo trade ;

S - he so truat: (S = —
v
1) .

73
 Cac ky hieu khac nhu da din .
Cong thuc nay dircrc dung trong can nguoi co sue cang khi chua bier chinh xac 6 \im
dat va phtrcmg tac dung cua life P.
2 . Cong flute tinh bieu do nang htcrng
'
Ttr so lieu thuc te ngudi ta xay dung cac do thi bieu didn moi quan he gifra nang luang
can thiet dt can mot dan vi trong luang kim loai ( c6 ng dan vi a ) va he so gian dai X ( hoac ty
so h ( / h , ) r 6 i tu do xac dinh dircrc momen can Mc trong mdi quan he .
)

( Mc + Mms )
1
= 3600( a - 1
11
,
a „ )F r ( 2 - 75 )
me

trong do:
M ms la momen ma sat tac dung tren 6 true can . Dot vdi gia can hai true .
_ , P, d
MmK 4
2 ”2
M = PM ( 2- 76 )

trong do: P - tdng ap lire ;

f 0 - he s6 ma sat d 6 true tua ;
d - dudng kfnh co true tua .

Doi vdi gia can bon true:

M ms
- D|
D7
V
( 2- 77 )

trong do : ft - he s6 ma sat d 6 true can ;

dj - dudng kfnh eel true can ;
Dlv - dudng kfnh than true can lam viec ;
D , - dudng kfnh than true tua .
He s6 ma sat trong hai edng thuc tren d 6 u co the* tfnh theo bang sail day:

Bang 2.5. He so ma sat cac 6 true can

Loai 6 true f
6 trirot bang kim loai can nong 0,07 * 0, 1
>
0 trirot bing kim loai can nguOi
6 trirot bSng tfechtolit va chat deo ( v = 1 3 m /s ) -
0 , 05 - 0,07
0 , 03 * 0 , 01
6 Ian 0 , 003
0 ma sat uat 0, 003

- i la tv so truyem tir dong co den true can .

- r|„K la hieu suit truySn dong may can . Vi hieu suit ciia may can thay dcii trong

74
pham vi rat rang, no phti thupc vao phirong thurc can, k£ t cau cua may can (ma chii yen la
cau tao cua 6 true can ) - 0,5 0,95 . Trong cac phep ti'nh sa bp co the lay r|mc - 0,75
0, 85 . Neu muon tfnh chinh xac can phai dua vao hieu suat a cac bp phan hop thanh cho
- -
trong bang sail day de ti'nh.

Bang 2.6. Hieu suat truyen dong gia can

Hinh there truyen dong n

True noi boa mai ( 2 true noi)
True noi van n3 ng co g6c nghieng a < 3°
0 ,94
0 ,96
-- 0 ,96
0 ,98
True noi van nang co goc nghieng a > 3° 0 ,94 - 00 9496 ,
Hop giam toe nhieu cap co ke den tcSn that IPn d khdp noi
Truyen dong day dai
0 ,92
0 ,80
-- ,
0 ,85
Truyen dong giam toe 1 cap 0 ,95
- 0 ,98

Fj dien ti'ch tiet dipn kim loai sau khi can 6 biroc can thur n + 1;
an+ 1 vaan la cong don vi ti6u hao khi can m6t don vi trong lirpng kim loai o buPc can
thur n + 1 va bade can thu n. Cong don vi thuPng dupe biPu thi bang d6 thi a( Xv ) vPi Xx =
X, Cac d6 thi co trong tai lieu [ 1 ] ,

30 60
9 I/7 ,6
)

/
A
-ri 3 .2
20
/ z
/
-5 40 T i

^< /
/
'

a /
/l
1
£
i
\ 1
I
\
\
j

/ / v
/
I
I
< A ^t 1
} / // \
i :
/ / / /- 20
10 t
\
N 3a
/
X l
' v.y
> / X
Rn-f 1 \ X
J
X
• / a> v
0
1 1.5 2 Ji 4 5 10 20 0,1 0,2 0.5 2 3 5 10 20 50 100 200

a) b)
Hinh 2.20. Quan he giua a va X :
a ) dung cho may can khai phPi , can hinh, can Png : 1 - may can slabin 1150; 2- may can blumin
1150; 3 - may can thep ddy 250 lien tuc; 4 - may c £ n hinh 350 bP trl ban co; 5 - m £ y can phdi 700 / 500
lidn tuc ; 6- may can ray 750; 7- may cPn hinh 500 ; 8 - mdy can Png tu dPng 250; 9- tP mdy diii lo 250;
b) dung cho mPy can tarn: 1- mSy can tarn lien tuc 1700; 2 - m y can tarn nguPi ba gia lien tuc
thep cacbon thap ; 3 - may can nguPi nam gia lien tuc thep Id.
^

75
2.8. Mdmen tac dung len true dong ca chinh

Mdmen tac dung len true dong co chinh gom hai thanh phdn mdmen tlnh va momen
dong.

2.8 .1 , Mdmen tinh va bieu do mdmen tinh

Mdmen tinh tac dung tren true dong co chinh dupe tinh theo edng thuc :

M( -”
Mc +M ( 2 - 78 )
in me
trong do: Mc - momen can ( xac dinh theo 2.7 );
M 1
ms - momen ma sat do tdng ap lire sinh ra tac dung len 6 true can
( xac dinh theo 2.6 ) ;
i - ty so truyen cua may can ( tir ddng co chinh den true can ) ;
t|mc - hieu suat truyen ddng cua may can ( xem 2.6);
M’ms - la mdmen ma sat do tdng ap lire sinh ra tren cac 6 do cac chi tiet truyen
dong tinh ve true ddng co, thong thuemg :

M ms
1 i - 1 Mc + M ms ( 2 - 79)
V n me I

- momen dong co can kh &c phuc ma sat tren cac 6 khi chay khong tai ( goi la
’
momen khdng tai ) , va co the tich kha chinh xac theo edng thuc:
g
2 i;

trong do: m ; - khoi lupng chi tide truyen ddng thu i ;

d, - dirdng kinh cd true 6 do chi tiet thur i;
f , - he so ma sat 6 6 do thu i ;
ij - ty so tuyen tinh tir chi tiet thu i den dong co;
g - gia toe trong Irudng.
Thong thuemg Mck dupe tmh theo cong thuc kinh nghiem :
M,k = ( 0,02 * 0 05) Mjm f (2 -80 )
- mdmen dinh muc ciia dong co.
Nhu vay 6 mdi mot bude can dSu co the' tinh hoac do dupe mdmen tinh urong ting . Tir
do ta co the 1$ p dupe bieu dd mdmen tinh theo thdi gian ( hinh 2.21 ) .

76
 Mi 11
*

tck
Hinh 2.21. Bieu d 6 mCmen tlnh .

2.8 .2 . Momen dong ( Md )

Luc khch dong hoac luc tang toe , dong ca phai chju m 6 t m 6 men d 6ng do quan tmh
cua cac chi tiet quay gay ra . Ngiroc lai luc ham hoac giam t 6c , d6 ng co se nhan duqc momen
d 6ng do quan tfnh cua cac chi tiet d 6 tao ra.
GjDf
^
dn
Md = miD? ±
dt * 375 dt
( 2- 81 )

trong do : mjD i ( hay GAD j) la mAmen quan tmh cua cac chi tifit quay quy d 6 i \t true dong co.

^
dn
dt
( hay

Trong cac may can so hoac may can t& m thd :

^
dt
) la gia t 6c ( hoac giam t <5c ) cac chi ti £t quay

. — = 3,8
dt s ^
8- r ( luc tang t 6c ) , —=
dt
J
4,0 -r 10- 2- ( luc giam ttic ).
s
2.8 .3 . Momen dong co
Tong mdmen tmh va momen d6 ng tac dung len true d 6 ng co.
Mdc = M , + Md ( 2-82 )

2.9. Xac dinh cong sudl dong co chinh

2.9 . 1 . Truong hop toe do can khong thay doi
Cong suat dong ca chinh thuong xac dinh theo momen tlnh Ion nhat :

N n w = 30 MlmM “
( 2- 83 )

trong do : n - s6 vong quay trong 1 phut cua dong ca ( vg /ph );

m a x - momen tmh 16n nhat . No duqc x &c dinh theo cac phudng phap da n£ u a
tren ( 2.8) nhung lay a truftng hop cue dai.
Cong suat danh nghla cua d 6 ng co phai thoa man di £ u kien:
N max
kNdm > ( 2 - 84 )
X

77
trong do: k - he so xei t<5i dien dp khong on dinh cua mang dien thirong lay k = 0 85 , ,

X - he so qua tai cua dong cor , thOng thuo'ng X = 1 ,5 * 3.

2.9 . 2 . Truong hop toe do can thay dot ( mdy can dao chieu )
vd dd ( hi n - t ( so vdng quay - then gum )
'
I Che Jo Unn vice
»

O mdy can so may can phoi

, va mot so mdy can khac chc do lam viec cua dong co
him
ihtrdng nlur hmh 2.22 ; trong do thai gian moi mot biroc can gom may thiri ky : tj, t:, t t 4 . i '

va ( n
voa & vhui

'V
an kim Kim. leai ra ktaoi

1I
loai % ao true
trvjr

I
?
5 .Vio ctnfy

O - U t: t ‘'.see
II B 'll

JLA lI |
a)

>

'1 --
T
-
b)
I
M

pti6«

Mdi
i

di
C) 0
M 14 .
"l

M , K
H,
H ,
** r $

d) H ,
Hinh 2.22. D6 thj toe do vong - thdi gian va d6 thj mOmen thoi gian
cua dr ng co may can dao chicu .

78
 Dong ca van loc ban dan tang toe den m 6 t van r6c nao do ( het thefi gian tt ) , vat can
tir
di vao 16 hinh , dong ca sc tiep tuc tang den den van toe circ dai ( het thai gian t 2 ) , dons ca
quay t\h\ den het thefi gian t 3, sau do bat ddu giam t 6c den van toe nao do ( het thai .gian t 4 ) ,
vat can di ra khoi 16 hinh , dong ca tiet tuc giam d £n van t 6c bang khong ( het then gian t 5 ) .
Dong ca nghi mot liic r6i dao chi 4 u ( h £'t thai gian t0 ) . Sau do qua trinh lai nhu tren , nhung
v6i chi £ u quay nguac lai .
y r ng cac may can sa hien dai , toan bo thai gian nay la rat ng 4 n , chi vai giay
( Chu
dong ho ) .
^
Ung vai do thi n t ta l & p duac cac d 6 thi M, - t , Md - t , Mdc - t.
2 . Chou dong ca
Dong ca phai thoa man hai dieu kien sau .
- Theo di6 u kien phat nhiet :
,
Mdc - ^
M t + M2c 2 +
t , + t 2 + 1 -,
+ M4t 4 + M t
+ t 4 + t 5 + t () ^ McKlO < Ma c ( 2 - 85 )

Hay SM ? i , < Mdm

^ cV
- Theo di 6 u ki £ n qua tai:
k Mdm > ^ dc max ( 2 - 86 )

trong do: k - he so xet den dien ap khdng 6 n dinh cua ludi didn , thirdng lay k = 0 ,85 ;
X - ht s6 qua tai cua dong ca , X = 2 , 5 + 2 , 7 .

233 . Truang hap dong ca co mang bank dd

Cach chon dong ca luc do se ti £n hanh nhu sau:
1 . Di/ a vao do thi pint tai Unh ( momen tuih )
Sa bo chon m6mcn danh nghta cua d 6 ng ca. Luc chon c £ n xet them 25 % lirang du tru,
nghia la dira theo cong thurc:
Mjm - 1.25
V M„ t
1 ck
( 2 - 87 )

Dira vao dong ca da chon , du tfnh mdmen quan ti'nh :

2 375Mdn t ' 2
GD , ta n . m ( 2 - 88 )
ni ) Sn ,
n

trong do: n 0 . so vong quay dong b6 cua ddng co ( vg/ ph ) ;

SH - he s 6 trirot cua dong co , thirdng lay Sn - 6 8,5 c/e,
t - thdi gian can co mdmen tlnh Ion nhat ( s ) ;

79
 Mtin - momen danh nghTa cua dong ca ( kNm ) .
2 . Tinh hang so thcri gian qudn tinh
GD 2 no
T= Sn ( 2-89)
375 M dm

n
M

I >v
I
/
/

s
Q /
C /

t
3?
M r* £

Hinh 2.23. Bieu do tinh chon dong co cho may can co mang
banh da va ducmg dac tinh d6ng ca

3 . Ve daang cong vd lap difrfng ;

i

Ma. = M , ma < ( l - e T
) ( 2 -90 )

co chieu dai: t = 4 tan

80
 4 . Nghiem qua tdi
Sau khi co duong , dat duong len do thi M . - t|
, l n Luot ve duong cong bien doi mOmen
cua dong co tren tirng buoc can .
Gia tri cue dai cua momen d 6 ng co phai thoa man dieu kien :

kM dm >—
glarin '; ( 2 - 91 )

trong do: k - he so xet t 6i dien ap khOng 6n dinh , thdng thuong k = 0,85; .

A - he so qua tdi cua dong co da chon , thong thuong X - 2 * 2, 5 .

V,x/f /v y v
'
_
V r W
\s\/\/ V,

/ wy\
^ V ' V{ V/V
^V
/

v/^
N/
\/ \s y\
V V V V \/
/ V" \f S/ N .
V' SS V' V V
W v^ \s
%
t7
t \> 'S

\
t
1

Hinh 2.24. Nghiem qua tai d 6 ng co.

5 . Kiem nghiem pluit rihiit

Mu - S M? tik
tI
Mdm ( 2-92 )

Ne'u cac diftu kien qua tai va phat nhi6 t ( 2-91 ) va ( 2-92 ) d£ u thoa man thi d 6 ng co da
chon la hop ly . Ne u khOng phai chon lai tir d &'u .
'

Cung co the so b<5 chon mbmen quan u'nh da GD|2 theo each sau day:
- Doi v6i may can hinh va can ta m ba true: '

540 2
G D ?i = — (15 + 25 ) Ndm , tan.m
'
( 2 -93)
n
Ndm - cbng sua t danh nghTa d 6ng co tmh bang raa luc;
'
trong do:
N - so vong quay danh nghTa cua dbng co ( vg / ph ).
- Ddi v 6i may can ta m hai true :
'

540
GDf = tan . nv2 ( 2 -94 )
n r d°
+ 12 ) NUm

81
 Chucmg 3
CAC CHI TIET VA CO CAU CUA GIA CAN

3. J . True can
3 J . L Cau tao vd phdti loai
True can co 3 bp phan ( hinh 3.1 ).
1 . Than true
Than true la doan true true tiep tidp xuc vdi vat can va dac trung bdi hai kieh thude la
dudng kfnh D va chieu dai than true L.

Hlnh 3.1 .

Neu can phoi hoac can hlnh , than true co tidn ranh , khi phdi hop vdi true can cung d 6i
se tao thanh 16 hinh . True can loai nay dupe goi la " true co ranh ".
Neu can thep tarn hoac thep la , than true can la hinh tru iron tron hoac hinh tang trdng
khong co ranh . True can loai nay duoc goi la “ true tron ”.
2 . Co true
C6 true ( hay con goi la ngong true ) la bo phan true can dat len 6 dtf .
3 . Ddu ndi
D3 u ndi la phan true can de ndi vdi bo phan din dong hoac truydn dong ( nhu dau ciia
true truyen dOng , dau cua true can khac ... ) hoac ranh ciia khdp noi van nang .

Dua theo ket cau ciia dau noi va c 6 true , true can duoc chia thanh 4 loai : ( hinh 3.2 ).
a. True co dau ndi hoa mai: Loai nay thudng dung khi lupng didu chinh giua hai true
khong Ion lam , thudng lip 6 6 trugt va dupe bd tri tren may can hinh , may can lam ,
b. True can co ddu noi det : No dupe ndi vdi diu ndi van nSng cua true truydn dong ,
truyen dupe mdmen xoan khaIdn va cho phep lupng dieu chinh khe ho giua hai true cOng kha
Ion. No thudng dupe lip kem theo 6 do trupt va dupe bd trf d may can hinh hoac may can ta m . '

c. True can co ddu ndi tron , xe ranh : No thudng dupe lap kem 6 do lan , lupng didu

82
chinh khe ha rat nhd va thirang dirge dung trong may can t&m.
d . True can c 6 cd true hlnh con ( true can 6 ma sat trot ) : No thirang dirge lip kern vai
ma sat trot va dung trong may can tam ngu 6i , vdi lugng di £ u chinh khe ha giua hai true rat
nhd.

3 J . 2 . Nguyen vat lieu che tao true can

True can lam vice kite chju mon lien tuc diraj tic dung cua iai trong tlnh
trong dieu
va dong rat lam doi khi ap lire thay dcSi dot ngot . Vi vay nguyen vat lieu che tao true can
phai co do ben cao va cfnh chiu mai m 6 n ttft . Hai yeu c5u do d 6 i vai mdt loai vat lteu thirang
mau thuSn nhau . Trong m 6 i trirong hap cua may can cu the phai chon nguyen vat lieu dap
ting dirpc you cau chinh cua no .
VI du : - True can cua may can khai phOi, may can tho , cin co do bin cao, con yeu can
v in cumg thap hem mot chut . Vi vay nhurng true can nay co the lam bang thep cacbon ren ,
thep due co trirong hap co the lam bang gang chit luong cao.
,

r r
z I rZi
a
'
i
i
Cl
i
-'c a
!
<A
\
-X .
L-U
3
=—
£ 5

i
— }

a' be
L i i L
a) b)

IZ>
u - -
i 1
i L
i
i L
_ con 1 : 5
4 L
1
c) d >
Hinh 3.2. Ket c £u cua dau ndi va cd true can :
a - true can c6 dau n <5i hoa mai ; b- true can c6 dciu n <5i det ;
c- true can co dau n 6i Iron xe ranh ; d- true can c6 co hinh cdn .

- True tua ( true do) cua may can thep t &m co y6 u c £u cao v6 kha nang cho ng u6n va
' ’

chdng mon . Vi vay loai true nay thuang duac ch £ tao thanh haj lap: Loi la thep hop kim
thap. vo la thep hop kim cao ( xem hinh 3.3) .

/////////// /7777/.

\\\\\\\\\\\\W
^
Hinh 3.3. True dd cua may can ngu 6 i .

83
 .
Ngoai each phan loai nhu trfen ' truc can con duoc ph£ n theo dd rin b6 mat:
- True m£ m : Dd cung HB = 150 -4- 250 ( hay HRC = 30 + 40). Loai true nay thudng che
tao bang thep due , thep ren , gang xam va thudng duoc dung trong may can khai phoi .

- True nira cung: Dd cijmg HB = 250 + 350 ( hay HRC = 40 -4- 60). Loai true nay thudng
che tao bang thep due , thep ren , gang tdi va thudng duoc dung trong may can th6 , may can
hinh co Ion , true do cua may can tarn bdn true .

- True cung : Do cung HB = 400 600 ( hay HRC = 60 + 85) . Loai true nay thudng
dung 6 gia can tinh cua may can tarn mong, tarn day cd trung , may can hinh co nho va co
trung .

- True r 3t cung: Dd cung HB = 600 -s- 800 ( hay HRC = 85 + 100 ) . Loai true nay thudng
'
duoc che tao bang thep hop kim crom hoac thep hop kim khac, va thudng duoc dung trong
may can nguoi .

Noi chung , de che' tao true can nong co th £ dimg thep 55 , thep 50Cr , 60Cr , 50CrMo,
60CrMo, de che' tao true can ngudi co th £ dung thdp 9Cr , 9Cr 2.

3.1 .3 . Kich thude cua true can

True can co hai kich thude co ban la dudng k ( nh , chieu dai then true. Chung duoc xac
dinh tir 3 yeu to:
- Di6 u kien an vao;
- Dieu kien b6 n (chd ng udn va chd ng xoin );
' '

- Do vdng cho phep.

Cac ki'ch thude khac thudng duoc xac dinh tir cac kich thude co ban ndi tr6 n . Dbi vdi '

true can cd ranh thi dudng kinh true can duoc coi bang khoang c£ ch tam giura hai true khi
can d bude can cudi cung.
1 . Xac dinh dudng kinh true theo dieu kien an vdo
Dudng kinh lam vide cua than true c5 n phai thoa man dieu kien:
Ah ( 3.1)
D>
1- cosa

trong do: a - goc an Idn nh &t;

'

Ah - luong ep tuydt ddi .

Quan he gida goc an a la ty so Ah/D cd th 4 tham khao bang 3.1 ( theo [ 2] ) :

84
 .
Bang 3.1 Quan hd giua a va Ah /D

Hinh there can H 6 sd ma s & t f G6c an a max ( Ah/D) max

Can
- Can khai phbi, can phOi trfin true c n hbn dap ,
hoac khac han tang ma sat .
^ 0 , 45 + 0 ,62 24° + 32° -
1 / 6 1 /3

nong - Can hinh 0, 36 + 0 , 47 20° -s- 25° 1/ 8 + 1/ 7

- Ccin tam va c3 n thep det 0 , 26 + 0, 36 15° + 25° 1 /6 + 1 / 8
- Can trdn true can b £ mat bong. 0, 09 + 0 ,18 5° +10° 1/130 + 1 /33
Can - Can tr £n true can b£ mat rat bong. 0 , 05 + 0, 08 3° + 5° 1 / 350 + 1/ 130
nguoi - Can tren true can rat bong + dSu hoac nhO tl/ong 0, 03 + 0 , 06 2° + 4° 1/600 + 1 / 200
b 6i tron.

* Chu y: de tranh cho ranh khoi bi cat qua siu phai dam bao m6i quan he ty s6 giua
duofng kinh danh nghla va duerng ki'nh lam viftc cua true can:

D , v
< 1,4

2 . Xac dinh chieu dai than true can

Chieu dai than ( rue can thiremg duoc xac dinh theo cbng thuc kinh nghiem ( theo [ 4 ] )
cho trong bang 3.2 sau day:

Bang 3.2. Quan h£ giua chi£ u dai va dudng kinh than true can

Loai true May c 4n Ty s5 L/ D

May can thep la (hai true) 2 , 2 + 2, 7
'
True co r 5nh M3 y can tam mong (hai true) 2 ,7 + 3,0
May c & ntinh hoac can thAnh pham 1 , 5 + 2, 0
May can thep la (hai true) 1 ,3 + 1 ,5
May can t £m mong ( hai true) 1 , 5 + 2 ,2
True tran M £ y can thbp tim c3 trung vd c5 day (hai true) 2 , 2 + 2, 8
True tem vide cua m y can bdn true 2 , 5 + 4 ,0
True tua
^ 1 , 3 + 2, 5

3. Cdc kich thirdc kliac ( xetn hinh 3.2 )

-Kich ihirdc c6 true 6 truat : Dua theo cong thurc kinh nghiem ( lham khao [ 1 ] ) cho
trong bang 3.3.
- Kich thude 6 true 6 Un: d = (0, 5 + 0,55) D
- Kich thude dau nd i hoa mai:
'

85
 Bang 3.3. Quan he kfch thudc c 6 true 6 truqt

Loai may I ID 116

May can hinh ba true 0 , 55 0, 6 -i- 0 , 7
May can hinh ba true 0, 6 -r 0.7 0 ,92 4- 1 , 2
May can khai ph6i vudng 0 , 55 -r 0 ,6 1,2
May can tarn dAy
May can thep la ( hai true)
0 ,67 0,75
0.75 0, 8
-- 1 ,0
0.8 -r 1

+ Doi vdri true can thep la ( hai true ) d| = 0,85d

+ D6i v6i true can thep khac d { = (0.9 + 0,95 )d
- Rich thuctc cua dAu noi det :
D ] = Dmjn - ( 5 -5- 15) mm , trong do Dmjn la duang krnh true can luc men tcri han ;
,
S = ( 0, 25 * 0 ,28 ) D ; a - ( 0 ,5 + 0,6 ) D i
b = ( 0, i 5 r
“ 0 ,20 ) D| \ c = (0, 15 + l )b

3 A A. Tinh loan true can theo do ben

1 . Nguyen tile chink
- C) than true can chi cin tfnh d6 b£ n u 6 n ( vi a day ting sutft xo£ n nho hem nhi £ u so vai
ting suat uon ).
- 6 c6 true can phai tinh theo ling suAt tdng giua u 6 n va xoAn trong qua trinh tinh toan
'

phai ve duac bi £ u d6 mdmen noi luc .

2 . Phan tick life va link loan

Ngoai luc chu dong tac dung 16 n true can bao g6 m:

- Lire can P.
D6 i vai true tran ( can tarn ) luc P la lire tong hdp cua cac luc phan bo theo chieu rong
cua tam thep ( hinh 3.4b ) .
Doi vdi true co ranh ( can phoi va can hinh ) lire P tap trung tac dung a ranh can ( hinh
3.4a ).
Chu y rAng luc tfnh loan cin tfnh vai lire can ldn nhSt . Tti luc can P tim ra cac phan
lire Rj va R 2. Sau khi phan tich duqc luc , ve bidu d6 n 6 i luc , xac dinh tiet dien nguy hie? m
cua true can .
- Tiet dien di qua get true ( tiet dien 1 - 1 ).
* Uhg suAt u 6 n a c 6 true.

= Mut
P/
( 3- 2 )
Wuc (Xld 1

86
trong do: Muc - rndmen u6 n b ti£t di£ n go c6 true ;
Wuc - mAmen chdng non b tifit dien go co true :
Wuc = 0.1d \
* Ung suat xodn a ga c6 true .
= Mx
w ^
Mx ( 3- 3 )
* 0, 2d ^
trong do: Mx - momen xo£ n tac dung l £ n true can;
Wx - modun chong xoin a tiet dien gd c6 true :
We = 0,2d \
- Nfeu true can lam bang thep, ung sua t tdng hop dugc ti nh theo quan he:
' '

+3 ? ( 3- 4 )

P MV

a)
if ? ;
rn
Hru_
t
[Til
a

a M. n
,

P qi-
b) z sss/ / s.' / Ss
\ /

L
11
JT
— ULLU 111

II
i
(

r
L * !*
P
7 P

Hinli 3.4. Momen non trong true can .

87
 - Neii true can lam bang gang , ung suat tdng hap dircrc tinh theo quan hd:
= 0,735at + 0,625-JCTC + 4 x 2 < [a ]
2
( 3- 5 )

- Tift didn true can di qua chinh giCra true (ddi vai true tran ) hoac di qua ranh dang
can ( d <5i vdi true co ranh ) :

-
Ung suit tinh toan duac tinh theo quan h t :

Cu ~ ac - M
W
r
< L( ( 3- 6 )

trong do: <rt - urng suat udn a thin true can;

Mu, - momen udn a tier didn nguy hiem dang xet .

Ddi voi true trOn :

b
a -—
,
2
Doi vdi true co ranh:

Hu = a (a _ x)
~

Wuf la momen chdng udn d tiet dien dang xet trdn thin true
2
WU = 0, 1 D
(

[ a ] la umg suit cho phep cua true can

w=[ ] »
'
trong do: crb la gibi han ben cua vat lieu chb tao true can .
[ n ] la he so an toan cua true can , thong thubng [ n ] = 5. nb u tinh theo sue ben tinh. Luc
'

^
do co th dung mbt vai sb libu kinh nghiem sau day :

-
- True can ngubi ren tir thep hop kim crb = 700 750 MPa vbi urng su 3t cho phep bang
140
- 150 MPa .
- True can ngubi ren tir thep cacbon ob = 600 + 650 MPa veti ting suat cho phep bang
120 - 130 MPa.
- True can nguoi due tir thep cacbon ob = 500 + 600 MPa veti ung suat cho phep bang
100
- 120 MPa .
- True can due tir gang crb - 350
- 400 MPa vbi ring suat cho phep bang 70
- 80 MPa .
Neu tinh toan theo gibi han moi cua tai bibb thibn co xet tbi cac nhan tb tap trung ung

-
suat thi lay [ n ] kha nho: ( [ n ] = 1 ,1 1 ,4 ).

88
3.7.5. Ddc diem tinh loan true can cua may edn bon true
Thuc chit cua van d 6 nay la tim su phan b6 mdmen udn va ung suit udn trdn true tua
va true lam viec.
Vi co true tua nen mdmen udn tac dung ldn true lam viec nho di rit nhieu , va mdmen
udn hiu nhir truyen cho true tua .
Su phin bo ung suit va mdmen udn a diy phu thude vao h ; nh dang true tua va true
lam viec . Trong ( hire td san xuit , thong thudng true lam viec phfa tren duac lam thanh hinh
tru loi , con true tua duac lam thanh hinh tru lom .
Sau day chiing ta se nghidn curu su phin b6 ung suit udn va me men udn tren true lam
vide va true tua .

j- h > fiv
r a
t J
~
rlv

J- ^= b
I
F fT

J ~ flv fT
>
> C
l
F fT

Hinh 3.5. Sir tiftp xuc va quan he bien dang cua true lam vide
va true tua m 3 v can bon true .
r <

Tu khai niem vi udn trong giao trinh Sue b£ n vat lieu , ta co:
/
M lv,,
i
— E vJ
! |v
Plv
( 3- 7 )

/
.
M i = E , Jt ( 3-8 )
Pi
trong do: M! v , M, - momen uo'n tac dung 16 n true lam vide va true tua;

89
 Ek. , E, - mPdun dan h6i cua true lam viec va true tua ;
l / plv , ] / p, - dp cong cua duPng tilm true lam vific va true tua .
Vi do vong f va dp cong 1 / p co quan h 6:
1
£lv_ _ P|v
( 3-9 )
fI
P,
/ ( v ty le voi D!v \ va /, ty le vPi D, nfin :
4

M, fEwYD
v lv
\V
flv
Mt V F A D / V f* r )

° M, D lv v l
3 '

ot Ml Dlv ( 3- 10 )
Euf Y flv
Et V D ^
A ft J
|V

Neu true tua va true lam viec cimg dupe chP tao bang mpt loai vat lieu ( nghla la
E , v = E, ) va ty so Dls / D, = 1 /2 thi :
V . Trifting hap a : True lam viec dupe lam thanh hinh tru 16i , true tua dupe lam thanh
hinh tru thudng , va gia thiPt f , = 2f v: ,
Mlv 1
M, 32
CTiv 1
o, 4
2 . Tntting hap b : True lam vipc va true tua deu dupe lam thanh hinh tru thudng , gia
thief f ,t = fi , .:
M|V 1
M l 16
<*lv _1
2
3 . Trifting hap c : True lam viec dupe lam thanh hinh tru lom , true tua dupe lam thanh
hinh tru loi . gia thiet f , = l /2f|v:
Mv 1 ,
M, 8
Ct ] v
o« - 1

Tir ca sa ly luan tren day ta rut ra ket lu 4n : Luc ty sP gifla duPng kinh true tua va true
lam viec Ion hem 1 ,5 ( do efing la ty s6' thuPng dung trong thuc te ) thi momen uPn hail nhu
truyen cho true tua.

90
 Vi vpy khi tinh toan sure ben uon cho true tua phai gia thiet toan bp ap lire tac dung l £ n
no. D61 veri true lam vipc, vi no thuemg la true din dpng nen phai tinh toan sue ben xoin .
Giua true lam viec va true tua con phai tinh din ting suit tiep xuc. Neu true tua dupe
lam bing vat lieu co modun dan h 6 i la Elt he s6 Poat xong p ] , true lam vide dupe lam bing
vat lieu co modun dan hoi la E2 > he so Poat xong p 2 thi ting suat tifcp xuc se la:
q(ri + > 2 )
GtX < [° l x ] ( 3- 11 )
H (k , + k 2 , r2 >
^
2 min

trong do: q - ap lire phan bo theo chieu dai hai true can:
q = P/L;
I , va r 2 - ban kinh cua true tua va true lam viec ;

k, = i LL

k2 =
P-E
^
l - p 22
PE 2
[ Olxl m i n - irng suat tiep xuc cho phep nho nhat cua true can .
Trong truPng hpp ca hai true dupe lam cimg mot loai vit lieu nhu nhau thi :
qE(r, + r 2 )
crlx - 0,418 min
(3 -12 )
*ir 2
3.2. Goi true va 6 dor true can
3.2 .1 . Dae diem
1 . 6 do true can khPng lip true tiip vao than may mi phai lip vao goi true , goi true
lip vao than may ( hinh 3.6 ) .
6 dd true la bo phan lip true tiep vao ngong true va la noi true tiep chin tai trong do
true can tac dung tdi .
Goi true la bo phin bao quanh bao vp 6 do true .
2 . Ap lire rieng p va tich so pv rit lorn: Trong cac 6 true cua may thong dung p < 10
MPa , v < 1 m /s , tich so pv < 10 MPa . m /s . Trong may can p = 25 -r 50 MPa, v = 2 + 5 m /s ,
tich so pv Ion gap 4 -r 25 lin so vdi cac may thong dung .
3. Vi tich s6 pv 16n nen 6 chiu nhipt dp cao va mon nhanh . Do do vipc lam mat cho 6
la rat quan trong . Co the’ dung nucrc , diu mo hoac chat nhu tuong ( emunxi ) de lam ngupi 6.
Nhung chit lam ngupi 6 mang di mpt phin nang lupng kha ldn . Theo tai lipu cua My ( tham
khao [ 1 ]) , nang lupng cung cap cho dpng co dung biin dang kim loai chi chiem khoang
’
30% , dung de thing ma sat trong hpp gram tPc chiem 9% , dung de thing ma sat trong 6
trupt len toi 40 % . Do do phai tim vit lipu va ket ciu 6 de co hp so ma sat nho nhat .

91
3.2 .2 . O trucrt
1 . 0 tntat kieu ha
a . Hinh thirc b6 tri
6 da true khong om het chu vi cua 6 true ( hinh 3.7) .
6 trirgt ki £ u
ha cua may can hinh hai true hoac may can ph 6 i hai true thuofng ho tri
nhu tren hinh 3.7a , eon ciia may can Cam nhu tren hinh 3.7 b . Doi v 6i may can hinh ba true ,
vi true duch chi chiu tai trong tir tren xutfng, true tren chii yeu chiu tai trong tir ducii l £ n cling
mot tai trong nho han tir tr £ n xudng do trong luang ban th & n gAy ra , trong khi true giua chiu
ca tai trong tir tren xuong va tir ducti \tn kha 16n n 6 n hinh thuc bo tri nhu tr£ n hinh 3.7 c.
6 trirat kieu ha cua may can tarn ba true kieu Lauth duac bo tri nhu trdn hinh 3.7d ,
trong do mieng lot hai ben suan co tac dung gitr cho hai true khoi bj xo lech nhau dudi tac
dung cua su chenh lech luc cang trude va sau hoac sir len xuong cua true can gAy ra . CJ day
khong co mieng lot dudi cua 6 true tr£ n , vi true tr £ n thirdng khong din dong , luc chay khong
tai true tren de true giua .
Ngoai ra cac 6 true giura con co vom chin bui lip d phia tren c6 true .
b. VAt li £ u ch£ tao
6 truat ki £ u ha co the che tao bing kim loai hoac phi kim loai .
- Vat lieu kim loai che tao 6 truat thudng la d 6 ng thanh ( vi du BpOC 6- 5 - 3 ) chiu ap
suat p = 25 -i- 50 MPa , vAn tOc vong tu 2 -r 3 m /s.
Vi d 6 ng thanh dit nen co [ hi dung gang chiu mon va vAt lieu khac thay th £ ( nhu
Voizit la mot hap kim g6 m 95 98 % bot sit va 2 -s- 5 % bot phifn chi ).
Kich thude bac dong co [ hi l £y nhu sau ( hinh 3.8 ) :
s - 0 ,08d + 4 mm ;
f = 0.12d ;
a = 2d / 3 .

3 ^ V // / / Or
n
j
I
%

Hinh 3.6 . O d5 va goi dd true edn :

- -
1 true can; 2- 6 do; 3- gfii dO true can ; 4 giO cSn .

92
 Hinh 3.7. So d6 bo tri 6 truat true can:
a - d truat ho may can hinh va miy edn phdi hai true; b - 6 truot hd may can
tarn hai true; c - 6 truert hd miy can hinh ba true; d- d truat hd miy can Lauth

- Vat lieu phi kim loai dd lam 6 truat thuerng la tdchtolit , ligandphdn , liganostdn , g6
nghien , g6 s6 i .. .
Techtdlit la loai vai bd tdm nhua nhan tao ep d nhiet do 130° + 150" duai ;ip suat
khoang 300 at tao thanh hinh dang cua bac , hoac thanh tarn r6i gia edng thanh bac . No co do
ben kha cao, nhung gia thanh kha dat .
Ligandphdn la g6 dan ep vdi nhua nhau tao thanh nhieu ldp , m 6i lerp day 0, 5 + 2 mm .
dat thd cheo nhau duai ap suit khoang 300 at , nhiet dd khoang 150°C . Gia thanh cua no chi
bang nira gia thanh cua techtdlit , ti'nh chju mai mon xip xi nhau , nhung ca tinh kem han va
chi ep duac thanh ta'm , sau do phai gia edng tao bac true .
Ligandstdn Ja gd co tdm glued va ep a nhiet dd 150°C ducri ap suit 200 at ( thudng
dung gd bach duang , gd thong ) . So vai techtdlit thi gia thanh cua no chi bang 1 /6, he sd ma
sat xap xi nhau nhung ca tinh kem han .
Tat ca cac d truat phi kim loai deu co he sd din nhiet rat tha p (so veti kim loai chi
'

bang khoang 1 / 10 ) , do do 6 truat phi kim loai phai duac lam ngudi rat chu dao, nhung he sd
ma sat cua tit ca cac 6 truat phi kim loai ( ndu duac gia edng tdt , su dung dung quy each )
deu nho han he sd ma sat cua 6 truat dong thanh hoac 6 lan .
O truqt phi kim loai chi lam viec tdt vdi van tdc vong nho han 2 m/s .

93
 <2/ / / / // Srh
d

Hinh 3.8. Quan he kfch thuac bac d 6 ng thanh .

1
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Mimijiiiihiimihmint

Hinh 3.9. KSt cau cua bac phi kim loai ( dung cho true can ca Ion 700 ) .

Ket cau cua bac phi kim loai thuong duac bo tri nhu tren hinh 3.9 ; mat bich cua bac
va than bac lam rcti nhau , vi than bac ihuong bj hong s6m hon . Bac lot duoc dat trong vo
bang thep dtic r6 i moi vao g6i true . Trong truong hop khong can dieu chinh hoac dibit chinh
rat it thi bac co thb dat true tiep vao gd'i true . .. Cac bac ghep vao vo boc hoac bang gdi true
duoc dmh vj bang chdt hoac bu lOng .
Khi ghep 6 truot phj kim loai phai chu y lh T nao cho th 6 vai , tho g 6 thang goc voi
duong tarn true thi 6 moi bbn ( hinh 3.9 ) .
c . Ket can va tinh loan g6 i true dung cho 6 truot ho
'

- Ket cau 6 trirot ihuong co 6 dang nhu hinh 3.10.

- Tinh toair.Khao sat trudng hop can don gian . Luc P tac dung tu c6 true lftn 6 dung
each tarn true can mot khoang bang ban ki'nh ma sat . Luc N la lire tac dung tu vft dibu chinh
len g6i true ( hinh 3.11 ) .
'

M 6men ma sat tac dung b6 :

M ms = Pp = Pf § ( 3- 13 )

94
 M 6 men nay tac dung len gdi true va dugc can bang vdi mdmen do luc Q tac dung tir
hai phia thanh cira s 6 cua khung gia can , nghTa la :
Qa = Pp
Pfd ( 3- 14 )
Q=
2a
Tiet dien nguy hi £ m nhait cua gdi true la tiet difin 1 - 1 . Mdmen uon tac dung tren do la :
Mu = Qy (3-15)
y - canh tay don lire Q ddn t <im tidt dien 1- 1 .
Ung sua t udn ldn nh£t tren tiet dien do la :
'

Qy
ou = W ,
W | - modun chdng udn cua tiet dien 1 - 1 .

Hi nil 3.10. Cac dang kd't cau 6 truot .

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'
tac dung Idn 6 do Hinh 3.12. Phan ti ch luc tdc dung ldn bac
'

true can khi can don gian . lot true can khi chay khong tai .

Momen udn tac dung len vo do bac lot dudi cua true tren la ( hinh 3.12 ) .
, G bN
M
k
= 4
1 --3
2y
(3 -16)
trong do G la tai trong tai ngong true can khi gia can chay khong tai .

95
3.23 . O Ian
6 lan dupe dung nhieu a miy can bPn true (cin nong va can ngupi ) , may can hai true
can hinh co nho , can day ...
Vi true can chju tai trong rit lPn , yeu ciu tu lua, nen thuPng dung 6 lan hinh trong
hoic hinh cPn hai day hoac bPn day ( ghep dPi 6 lan hai day nhu hinh 3.13).
Viec tinh toan 6 lan da dupe trinh bay ky trong giao trinh Chi tiet may , nhung o day
cin chu y 6 lan chiu tai trong rat lPn , lam viec o nhiet dp cao , nhidu bui bin , duPng kfnh
vong ngoai khPng thd vupt qua duPng kfnh than true cin khi mon tPi han va co the la loai
dac chung phi tiPu chui’n .
De nang cao tudi tho 6 lan , mPt so cai tid n chP dp giua c6 true , ong lot con , vong trong
'

6 , vong ngoai 6 , gPi dP ciing vPi giai phap thao lip thay the da dupe dua ra ( tham khao [ 3 ] ).

iUGOO

Hinh 3.13. M0t sP 6 lan thuPng dung cho true can:

a - d dfl chan bi cOn; b- 6 do chan long cau;
c - o dO chan long ciu bdn day ( dung trong miy cin liin tuc).
3.2 .4 . O ma sat u&t
Nguyen ly lam viec cua 6 do ma sat ucrt da dupe trinh bay ky trong giao trinh Chi tiet
may . 6 ma sat uot dung trong may can c6 nhieu kdt ciu khac nhau . TrPn hinh 3.14a la mpt
vf du ve ket ci' u nay . Boc ngoai ( 1 ) bang d 6ng thanh cP djnh vPi gPi true , bac trong ( 5 ) lam
thanh hinh con lip c6 djnh vPi true can ( 3). Duong kinh trong cua bac ngoai va duPng kfnh
ngoai ciia bac trong dupe gia cong rat chfnh xac trOn co so do lech tim de tao mPt dp ho
nhi t dinh ( hinh 3.14 b ). GiQa hai bac cho di vao mPt lop diu co ap suit khi cao ( tCr 1 ^- 3 at
'

hoic co thd lPn hon ). Khi true can quay , chem dau hinh thanh lam cho true can ( tuc bac
trong ) quay lo lung trong lop diu i'y , bac trong va bac ngoai khong tiep xuc true tie'p vPi nhau .
Hinh 3.15 la mpt vf du v6 vin dung kit ci'u 6 ma sit uPt va 6 lan tr£ n true can.

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6 I an va 0 ma sat tret trdn gia can tarn bon true .

3.3. Co cau diiu chinh true can

3.3 .1 . Muc di'ch yen edit vd phan loai ca cd'u dieu chinh true edn

Muc dich yeu cdu :

'
1 . Diiu chinh khe ho gitra hai true de dam bao luong dp cho friroc ( hinh 3.16a ) .

97
 2 . Di £ u chinh dudng can , la di £ u chinh vi tri cua true can cho phu hap vdi vi tri dudng
con lan ( hinh 3.16 b ) .
3. Dieu chinh cho cac ranh tren true can phoi hap nhau thanh 16 hinh can thiet ( hinh
3.16c ) .
D6i vdi gia can co hai true hoac 4 true co hai true tira thi viec dieu chinh khe ha giua
hai true duac thuc hi £ n bang each n £ ng hoac ha true tr£ n .
Doi vai gia can hinh 3 true vi true giua co dinh n £ n mudn diiu chinh khe ha giua hai
true phai dieu chinh ca true tr £ n va true dudi .
Doi vdi gia can van nang co true dung thudng phai dieu chinh ca hai true dung de giu
dudng can chinh xac .
I

a)
C)

Hinh 3» 16. Muc dfch va y £ u ciiu di4 u chinh true can .

Phan loai:
Tuy theo d 6 i tugng dieu chinh , co c 4 u di u chinh dugc phan thanh:
- Cd ctfu di £ u chinh true tren .
^
- Ca Cctu didu chinh true dudi.
- Ca cau di £ u chinh true giua .
- Ca cau di £ u chinh true dting.
Tuy theo phucmg dieu chinh , cd c£u di £ u chinh duac ph £ n thanh:
- Ca c & u dieu chinh hudng kmh .
'

- Ca c£u dieu chinh doc true.

Tuy theo td'c d 6 di £ u chinh , ca ciu didu chinh du</c ph £n thanh :
- Ca cau dieu chinh bang tay .

- Ca c£u dieu chinh cham bang ddng ca.

- Ca cau di£ u chinh nhanh bang dong ca.

98
3.3 .2 . Ca cau dieu chinh bdngtay ( dieu chink huang kinh )
1 . Cong dung
Co c£u nay chu yeu dung a may can c & nho, luong dieu chinh khdng lcrn , t6c do didu
chinh khong duoc quan tarn , chi tidh hanh dieu chinh khi thay ddi true can , hoac khi 6 do bi
mon , khong cho phep dieu chinh khi kim loai dang bidn dang trong gia can .
2 . Ket can
Chu ydu dung hai kieu :
- Kidu hinh chdm (hinh 3.17 a , b, c ) cho phep luong didu chinh rat nho , c £ tao don
gian .

- Kieu vit ep ( hinh 3.17d , e , f , g ) cho phep luong dieu chinh Ion hon , cau tao cung
tuong doi don gian .
Hai kidu nay co thd dung de didu chinh true tren , true dudi , true dung nhung phai co
16 xo cung phoi hop mcri lam vide tot .
De giam nhe luc van mam tay quay . 6 mOt s6 may can hinh co Ion ngudi ta cung
dung co cau didu chinh tuong tu nhu trdn , nhung thay m & m tay quay bang ddng co dien .

3.3.3. Ca cau dieu chinh nhanh bdng dong ca ( dieu chinh huang kinh )
Co cau nay dieu chinh toe do Ion hern 0, 2 m /s va thudng duoc sir dung 6 may can khai
phoi , may can phoi . Tuy khong dieu chinh khi kim loai dang bidn dang nhung tan sua t didu '

chinh rat lcrn , luong dieu chinh Ion va thuong tien hanh sau m 6i buoc can .
Co nhidu kidu loai ca ca'u didu chinh nhanh bang dOng co, chu yeu voi hai phuong an
sau day:
Phuong an 1 : DOng co dat dung + banh rang tru + vit didu chinh ( hinh 3 , 18 ).
Dong co dat dung true tidp n 6i voi true banh rang , 6 banh rang ( 4 ) co lap co cau thuy
luc de tach rieng banh rang ( 4 ) voi banh rang ( 5) khi can dieu chinh ridng le 6 mot bdn nao do .
Phuong an 2: Dong co nam ngang + banh rang tru tron + true vit banh vit + vit dieu
chinh .
Dung hai dOng co co tac dung giam duoc quan tmh , dong thari phong khi m 6 t trong
hai dong co bi hong , d6 ng co con lai co thd lam viec tam thdi . Dung khdp noi nam chain co
tac dung didu chinh rieng le tirng vft ep khi can thiet .
So sanh hai phuang an:
an 1 : Hieu suit cao hon , khdng phai dung hop kim mau , lire chieu true nho , ca
Phuong
ca u luong doi gon nhe , nhung co c£u 6 d5 ddng co dat cung dd bi hong .
'

Phuong an 2: Hieu suat thap, phai dung hop kim mau ( dd che tao banh vit ) luc chieu
true lcrn , co cau tuong doi edng kenh , bu long mat bich true vit chong hong .

99
3.3.4. Co cdu die' u chinh chant bdng dong co ( dieu chinh hudng kinh )
Ca ciu nay thuong dupe b6 trf a may can thep tim mong , tPc dp didu chinh nho hon
0,02 m /s va co hai phuong an nhu sau:
Phifdng an 1 : Dung bon cap true vit binh vft ciu ( hinh 3.19) .
Phucmg an 2: Dung cac cap banh rang tru voi hai cap true vft banh vft thuong ( hinh 3.20) .
( Chu y ring , trdn thuc te , mdi loai phuong an chinh tren day , con phan ra nhieu
phuong an cu thd khac ).
Phucmg an 1 co ca'u tao gon nhe nhung che taro phiic tap hon , hieu suat thap hon,
phuong an 2 co kdt ciu c 6 ng kdnh hon , nhung chd tao don gian hon , hieu suit cao hon .

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Hinh 3.17. M6t s6 kdt ciu didu chinh huomg kinh

true can bang tay va gia cin ba true:
a - kieu chdm doc true; b- kidu chfim ngang true dudi;
c) kieu chdm ngang true trdn ; d - kidu vit quay ;
-e kilu dai 6 c quay ; f - kilu bdn vit ep.

100
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Hinh 3.17 ( liep theo).M6t $6 kei cau dieu chinh huong kmh can bang lay va gia can ba true:
o g- kie'u vit ep lip kern Panh rang truyen d6ng
 Hinh 3.18. So d 6 nguyen ly va k £t cau co cdfu dilu chinh nhanh htrong
kfnh true can bang dong co kie' u dat dung + banh rang try tron + true vft
banh vft ( mdy can so 1000, kem theo d 6 ng h 6 chi thi ) :
1 - vo; 2- vbng c6 dinh; 3- dong co; 4- banh rang; 5- bdnh rang lOn; 6- cap banh
-
rang truydn dbng; 7 bdnh rang dan d6ng true vit; 8- 6ng vudng; 9 - dai 6c; 10 - true vft.

102
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Hint! 3.19 . So dd cau tao coca u dieu chinh hirong kfnh true can non .
'

vfln tdc chain bang dong co kieu 4 cap true vft - banh vlt can :
1- phanh ; 2- ly hop difin to, 3- vlt ep.

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Hinh 3.20 . M6t so phuung an bo trf bo truydn din

co cau dieu chinh true tren van t 6c th£p:
a - so d 6 nguyGn ly ; b- kit cSu; 1 - dCng cd di 6 n ; 2- khdp
n 6 i diSn tu ; 3- h6 p true vft; 4 - cap true vft - banh vft.

103
3.3.5. Co cdu nang gdi true tren Co cdu can bang true
-
1 . Mite dich yen cdu
Kip thdi nang gdi true tren ti sit vft didu chinh dd tranh va dip xay ra lire didu chinh
va lfic can , theo nguydn tic tao duoc mot luong cin bang du : Luc ning gdi true phai Ion
hon 20% 40% trong luong phai nang ( bao gdm true tren cung vdi hai gdi true , ede an toan
T

va mot sd phu kien khac ) ,

2 . Cdc toai co cdu ndng gdi true tren
Ngoai co cau nang dung 16 xo nhu trong phan co cau didu chinh bang tay ra , thudng
dung hai loai co cau sau:
Co cau ban nang ddi trong ( hinh 3.21 ) .
Co cau nay thudng bd tri b may can khai phdi . Ddi trong va he thong tay don dat siu
phfa dudi san thao tac , con 4 thanh truydn durng in trong khung gia can tranh can trd su lam
vidc cua true dudi.

Co ciu ban nang thuy luc ( hinh 3.22 ).

Co cau nay thudng dung 6 may can ta'm mong. 6 day gdi true va true duoc ning len
cung bang ddi trong nhung qua mdt hd thdng thuy luc . Luong d £u bi hao hut vi chay ro ra
ngoai duoc bd xung bang bom . Cung nhu nhung co ciu nang true tren khac, luc tac dung len be
mat pit tong thuy luc ldn hon trong luong cua nhung bo phin phai nang 20 -s- 40% , nghTa la :
2
rtd ( 3- 17)
= (1,2 + 1.4)G
trong do : p - ap luc chat long ;
d- dudng kinh pittdng ;
G - tong trong luong phai nang .

3.3.6 . Co cdu dieu chinh doe true can

7 . Muc dich yen cdu
- Didu chinh true can sao cho 16 hinh phu hop vdi thUft kd.
- Tranh duoc d6 ro 6 g6 true theo hudng doe dudng tam true can khi bac lot ngong
( rue bi mon .

- Khdng anh huong ddn vide thay true can.

2 . Ket cdu
- Trudng hop true can phai nang ldn ha xudng: thudng dung kdt c £u nhu hinh 3.23 ,
it
trong do hinh b dd thay true cin hem kdt cau b hinh a con kdt cdu b hinh c thudng dung 6 gia
can bd tri o lan hoac d ma sat udt nhung phai dat b phia khdng ddn ddng .
- Trudng hop true can phai ( huong xuyen nang ldn ha xudng: thudng dung cac kdt cau
d hinh 3.24, trong do hinh a dung cho m £ y can tdm day.

104
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Hinh 3.21 Co cau nang goi true trftn ki£u ban n& ng dtfi trong;
-
1 dcim tren khung gia c &n; 2- true can tr £n; 3 - true can dudi;
4 - ddi trong; 5 - thanh truySn (dtfng); 6- vft di6u chinh.

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Hinh 3.22 Co cau nang goi true tren ki6u ban nang thuy lire:
1- pittdng nang true tr £n ; 2 - goi ad true tua; 3 true tira; 4- true lam vise; 5- gtfi dd true lam vide;
*

6- pittCng nang true lam viec ; 7- 6ng dan dau nang true ( ran; 8 dudng dan dau ndng true dlftfi;
*

9 - dudng thoat dau ha true can; 10- d6i trong; 11- dudng ong tu mSy bom d£n.

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Hinh 3.23. Co cau dieu chinh doc true can khi true can ft phai n^ng len ha xuong :
a - kieu vau g2n I6n d6i true , b - ki4u tcim d§m, c- ki£u hai tangdo.

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Hinh 3 , 24. Co cau dieu chinh doc true can khi true can
thirong xuyen phai nang len ha xuong:
a - kieu day lot true; b - kieu 1 don bay ; o ki u tarn kep dung bulbng; d- kieu chem ; e - kieu don bay tam giac.
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Hinh 3.25 . Co cau co djnh doc true can :
a - kieu dung tam cai tam giac ; b- kidu dung tarn chfit.

106
 6 m 6t so gia can , true can cin dirac c 6 dinh phuang doc true. Luc do ngudi ta thudng
dung cac ket c£u nhu tren hinh 3.25, trong do hinh a dung cho true can co 6 ma sat udt cua
may can tarn , hinh b, dung cho may can bon true .

3.3 .7 . Mot so chi tiet quart trong cua ca cau dieu chinh
I . Vit ep ( vit dieu chinh Intern g kink true can )
Vit ep la chi ti £t chiu tai rit nang , can duac tinh Loan hap ly ( hinh 3.28 ) .
Vit ep thudng chi tinh theo sue b6 n nen khi chiu lire thang dung tir gdi true vao vit ep :

p < Ttd32 w ( 3- 18 )
4
--
trong do: d , dudng kinh cua diu vit ep;

\ c ] - gidi han ben cho phep cua vat lieu lam vit .

Vit ep thudng duoc lam bing v $ t lieu la thep hap kim co gidi han bin :
2
crb - 600 + 700 N/mm vdi do cling 40 + 60 HRC, va thudng co h 6 so an toan [ n ] = 6,
nhu v & y [a ] 100 + 120 N/ mm 2.
=
Khi lire ep P qua lan , co the ch £ tao vit ep bang thep hap kim nhu 40Cr , 40CrNi .
Diu tren cua vit ep co tac dung din hudng . Tiet dien cua no co the lam thanh nhieu
dang khac nhau :
- Thi £t dien hinh vuong: Co kha nang truat t <5tv nhung thiet dien bi suy y£u.
- Tiet dien dang hinh then hoa : Co kha nang chiu lure ldn, do d6ng tarn cao, nhung che
tao tuang doi phuc tap.
- Tiet dien hinh tron co ranh : kha nang truot kem han , chiu lire k£ m han nhung di chi tao.
Duang kinh ngoai cua vit dieu chinh co the lay theo edng thuc kinh nghiem:
d0 = ( 0,55 + 0,62 ) d (3-19)
trong do: d - dudng kinh c 6 true can .
Ren cua vit ep thudng co dang hinh thang , mot dau m 6 i , bude ren:
S = ( 0.12 + 0 , I 6) dc ) ( khi luang dieu chinh ldn ).
S = 0,017d 0 ( khi luang dieu chinh nho ) .
2 . Dai oc dieu chinh
Dai 6c dieu chinh cung nhu vit ep la chi tiet quan trong , chju tai ldn . No thudng duoc
che tao bang dong thanh hoac d 6 ng thau ( EpA 9- 4 , ... ) De tiet kiem ddng , dai oc cd th6 duac
lam thanh bac hoac 16 ng ghep trong vo thep ( hinh 3.27 ) , hoSc lam bang gang . Khdp ren vit
phai dirac boi tran t6 t nen phai khoan cac dudng din diu md tren dai oc , ngoai ra con phai
dimg tarn kep c 6 dinh dai 6c vdi khung gia cin .

107
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^ I
:
~ ) l

Hinh 3.26 , Ket can vit ep . Hinh 3.27. K £t c & u dai 6c . '

Chieu cao dai 6 c duoc tinh thco c6 ng thuc:

h = ( 1 ,2 +2 )do
irong do: d0 - duftng kmh ngoai cua ren .
M6men cSn thiet d6 quay vft ep la :

trong do : P - lire goi d6 true can

d 3 - dirong kmh dilu chiu lire nen cua vit ;
f - he so ma sat d dau vft ;
M=P

tac
yf +
^
dung vao vft didu chinh;
tg (a + p)

dth - dudng kmh trung binh cua ren vft ;

a - goc nang cua ren ;
p - goc ma sat tirong duong cua ren , p = 5 ‘ 40 ’ .

108
 Thdng thudng khdng tifen hanh dieu chinh luc can, va vi v £Ly lire tac dung vao vit duoc
tinh theo c6 ng thile kinh nghi£ m:
P = ( 0,2 + 0,4 ) G , ( ddi vdi vit ep didu chinh true tr£ n ).
P = ( 1.2 + 1 ,4) G , (ddi vdi vit ep dieu chinh true dudi ).

trong do: G - trong luong cac chi tidt ti vao vit ep.
Doi vdi nhirng gia can dieu chinh vit ep luc can thl P la luc can 1cm nhAt .

33.8 . Co cau an toan

Di phong tranh hien tuong qua tai hoac thao tac khdng dung quy trinh ky thu $ t lam
hong cac bo phan hoac cac chi tiet quan trong cua may can ( nhu dong cof chinh , khung gia
can , true can ...) , tren gia can thudng phai lap dat ca ciu an toan . Co nhidu loai co ciu an
toan , nhung thong dung hon la kiSu ede va kieu ch £ m .
1. Co cau an toan kieu c6c - Cdc an toan ( hinh 3.29 )
C 6c an toan duoc dat ngay dudi vit didu chinh va tidp giip vdi gdi true can . Luc can tir
true rruydn qua 6 dd den gdi true di qua cdc an toan dfcn vit ep va khung gia can .
Cdc an toan thudng duoc due bang gang, neu luc c£ n qua ldn co the due bang thep.
Kich thirdc cua cdc an toan cd thd lay theo cac so lieu kinh nghidm sau :
h = 0,7do : S = 0,5d^ ; dj
trong do d 0 - dudng kinh ngoai cua vit didu chinh .
— l ,2do \ di = 0,9d ^

C5 m d£ y cdc chiu umg su £t udn:

p
a = 0, 4 -4 ( 3- 20 )
S2
6 chu vi day cdc chiu ring suit cat .
P
T ( 3- 21 )
nd 3s
trong do: P - lire tac dung ldn c6 true can ;
S, d 3 - xem hinh 3.28.

da
dJ % V
cn IU
'A
dt
Hinh 3.28. C6'c an toan va ki'ch thude lien quan .

109
 2. Co cau an loan kieu chem
Ca cau nay cung c 6 rat nhieu k £t ca'u cu the
'
khac nhau; a day chi gi6i thi £ u ki£ u cdt
bulOng ( hinh 3.29).
Dirang kfnh thiet then bi cat thuong la'y bang 0,8 duong kinh bulong. De thiet ke
bulong chiu cat ta phai xac dinh diroc lire T do bulOng tac dung vao mang ch6m ( theo di£ u
kien can bang lire tren hinh 3.29).
p
Ncosa - Nfsina - 0 ( 3 - 22)
2

T + fN cos a - Nsina + - f = 0 ( 3 - 23 )
2
trong do: a - goc nghieng cua chem, f la he so ma sat trirpt cua chem.
Tir do ta co:
P
N=
2(cosu + f sin a)
P f sin a - f cos a
T —- +
2 v cos a + sin a
P r sin a - f cos a
T=— -f
2 1 cos a + sin a
P ( tga - f
j f
2 1 + ftga

V) f = tgp ( p la goc ma sat ) , sail khi bien ddi ta c6;

T=|[tg(a - p) - f ] ( 3 - 24)

Trong khi thiet ke thirang lay goe a = 30° + 45° .

'
11
i!
A
*
/ / /* - / /' //// / /////7*/ s *

Hinh 3.29 . Mot kibu ca ca u an toan :

'

1 - bulong chiu cat , 2 - ma ch6m, 3- thanh ding.

110
 Vi do chinh xac va mure tin c £ y cua co cau an toan phu thude vao nhidu yeu to ( kh 6ng
nhung muc chinh xac khi dinh luc va ung suat ma con phu thuoc nhi 4 u vao vat lieu chd tao
khong d 6 ng d £ u cua ede an toan hay bulong chiu cit ) nen phai thidt kd va che tao phu hap
mdi phat huy dung chuc nang cua no , ngupc lai thi day la diem nut ric rdi trong san xuat .

3.4. Bp phan din htrdng , bo phan giur luc eSng va co cdu thay true can
3.4 .1 . Bo phan dan hudng
Bp phan din hudng la co cau ho& c cum chi tict lip tren gia can del hudng v& t can di
vao hoac di ra khoi 16 hinh true can theo yeu cau edng nghe . Ddi vdi nhung gia can quay
dao chieu ( nhu may can khai phoi ) thong thudng khong co bo phin din hudng , hoac neii co
chi dat xa da a phfa true dudi ( hlnh 3.31 ).
Ddi vdi nhung gia can thep tam mong vi trung binh thi bo ph & n din hudng la nhung
thude dat doe theo hudng can a hai bdn sudn phdi can.
tranh vat can cudn vao true can ( dac biet doi vdi true tren ) thudng phai dung
phuang phap can cp xudng ( dudng kinh true tren ldn han chut ft so vdi dudng kmh true
dudi ). Luc tac dung vao bd phin din ra dupe so d6 hoa nhu tr6 n hinh 3.33. Tuy vay de dam
bao an toan , d mot sd gia can phai bd tri tim chin chdng bam true nhu tr£ n hinh 3.35d .
Bo phan dan hudng thudng dat len mdt xa ngang; xa ngang nay dupe ghep chat len
than gia can tren cac ranh doe theo chifcu cao khung.
Bo phan din hudng can dupe lip ghep cung vung va chic chin vao gia can de' din
dung hudng va tranh tai nan co thd xay ra khi cac chi tidt cua nd bi long ra va rai vao true
can dang quay , mat khac phai dt thay ddi d 6 lip rap khi can nhung san pham khac nhau .
Tren hinh 3.34 la mot so ket ciu cd dinh xa ngang di lip bo phin din hudng.
Tren hinh 3.35 la mdt sd ket cau cua bd phan dan hudng vao va din hudng ra lip tren
xa ngang.
O nhung giacan thep hinh cd nho hoac thep diy , bd phan din ra cua gia can dung
trude va bp phan din vao cua gia can durng sau thudng dupe lam thanh mdt khoi . No co
nhiem vu trd lat phoi can theo mdt goc do nao do va hudng phoi can di dung vao 16 hinh va
vl thd no thudng dupe lam thanh hinh xoin vit cd tidt didn gidng nhu vat can . Bude xoin t
phu thude vao goc lat phdi (3, khoang each chinh giua hai gii can L ( hinh 3 , 30 ) :
2K
' =t L
Mot dieu cin chu y la trong truemg hop nay n 3ng lupng xo3n phoi can phai dupe tinh
vao c6 ng suat dong co chinh .
6 nhflng may can hinh cd nho, san lupng thSp nhi6 u gia x £p hang ngang hoac tren
mot gia can nhieu buPc thi viec d £ n v $ t can ra khoi 16 hinh nay di vao 16 hinh kia dupe thuc

111
hifin bang b6 ph& n dan phoi can di vong hoac dao dau k £t hap vdi xodn lat vat can ( hinh
3.36 ) .

T
<- L

Hinh 3.30. B6 phan d£n hu6ng k£t hap vai tra Ut vat can .

Hinh 3.31. Bo ph &n din hudng may can dao chi £ u .

1,

:i
SfcH -LE C. 1*
"

A
l
4
'
-

F
Hinh 3.32. Bo ph n din hudmg thep hinh:
^
1- mang dan vdo; 2- mdng dan ra .

112
 I

-i —— I

*2
p
i
m i
i
s

Hinh 3.33. Lire tac dung vao bd ph & n d n hircmg .

^
!
5 =
ri
Si
i
IK o
v
\
S
S
N
$
1
55

a) D b)

i
M
I

ML *
1
*>
*

*
1 r i
, »

0 W
31 '/ / . ,

c) d)

Hinh 3.34. Mdt sd kd't cau c6 dinh dim ngang lap bd phan din hudng:
-
a dung chfim ngang; b- dung chem cho V;
c- dung chfem vi d6m go; d- dung buldng.

113
 i N
^

N
« X
v
$.1 0
i *
t
>

rr '
v' / *
/
5 - «

m a
i
S /.
v \ 1

\ vi i
\ \ \ '

5 77? —r- - t *• *

m s
/

s
l
\]
*
A'
i;: N\

Lies
m
&L ys* .
»
~v. $
N\
IV: vfc
\v
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IOv
J- X ^=J
N
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*V -^ n 1 "
I

v t
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53
NT

&
S ?

Hinh 3.35 . Mot so ket cau ldp b6 phftQ dan vao va din ra tren xa ngang:
a - bo phan dan vao dung cho ca hd 16 hinh; b - bd phSn dan vao kieu con Ian;
’

c - bd ph £ n dan ra trdn may can ray ; d- bd phan tSm chan chdng quan true trdn .

114
 2

3
T
e c)

wSa A

P
±r

rH: ..
i*

ill is

Hlnli 3.36. Mot sd ket cau co ca u ddn va quay lat vat can
'

a may can thep hinli c5 nho:

a - mang vong dung cho may can 3 true ; b - mang vong dung cho may can x £ p
hang ngang ; c , d , e - BO phSn dan hirdng dung con ISn kSt hop quay lat vat can .
'

3.4 .2 . Bo phdn dan cang - don edn bang

6 nhurng may can liOn tuc ( nhu may can Ufa, may can dng , may can hinh cd nho ) , vat
can khi di vao gia can sau vdi tdc dd bang hoac nho hon chut ft so vdi toe dd can khi ra khoi
gia can di rng trirdc . NghTa la giira hai gia can liOn nhau vat can phai d £ lai mot “ luong dir trOr
'

diC;u chinh” Vdi sue cang edn thidt iranh cho vftt can khoi hi chap lai ba tiing r 6i mdi chui

115
vao 16 hinh true can gay ra su c6 pha hong may can ( nhu guy true , chay dong ca. .. ) . Su ph6i
hap nhip nhang nay vP ca ban dupe thirc hiPn thPng qua he thPng diPu khie’n iir dong giua
cac gia can va bo phan gitr lire cang hay con goi la don can bang . Tren hinh 3.37 u- 3.39 la
mot s 6 v ) du vP nguyen ly va ket cau bp phan may .

V->' (?y<d

Hinh 3.37. Bp phan giur Iuc cang bang khf nen va thuy lire .

Hinh 3.38. Bp phan giur lire cang ciia may can ong .

Hinh 3.39. Bp phan giu lire cang o may can tarn bPn true 1700.

116
3.4 .3 Ca cau thay true can
>

True can cin duac thay trong nhung trirdng hap sau :
a . Co true can bi mon , bac 16 t cua g6i da true bi mon , ban than phan lam vice cua true
can bi mon .
b . Cac 16 hinh bi hong.
c . Do bong cua than true khdng dam bao chit luong san phim .
d . Do cung vung khong dat yeu ciu dung sai cho phep.
Neu rut ngin duac thdi gian thay true can se gop phin nang cao nang suit , san luong
cua may can .
1- Doi vdi nhttng may can ca nho thudng khong thay true can ma thay ca gia can da
lap san true .
2- Doi vdi nhung gia can khung ha thi thay true can bang each thio nap tr 6 n cua
khung roi lay true can ra va thay vao do true can mdi . C6ng vi£ c nay duac tien hanh bang
cau true thong thudng .
3- D6i vai nhung gia can khung kin thudng thay true theo ba each :
- Dung true n6i ket hap vai ciu true hai moc ( hmh 3.40). Moc chmh cua cau true dua
true noi lip vao true can mdi r6i dimg ca moc chmh va moc phu nang toan bo true noi va
true can mdi den lip vao true can cu , sau do rut true can ra khoi khung va xoay di 180° dua
true can mdi vao vi tri true can cu , roi dung ca moc chmh va moc phu dua true can cu va
true ndi v£ kho.
Cach nay co uu diim la chi£ u cao nha xucmg khdng cin lan lim , nhung nhuac diem la
doi hoi nha xucmg co chieu r6ng rit ldn .
- Dung xa chu C phoi hap vai ciu true hai moc (hmh 3.41 ): Liy moc phu lip dau chu
C vao true can , sau do dung moc chmh keo true can cu ra . Phai chu y ring khi xa cong dung
ri £ ng mot minh thi trong tarn cua no phai a ngay dudi dudng keo dai ciia vi tri moc phu sao
cho 16 cua dau xa cong co the an khdp vdi diu true cin , con sau khi xa cong da an khdp vdi
diu true can thi vi tri dudng tarn cua xi va true can phai nim dudi vi tri ciia moc chmh .
Khi lip true can mdi vao gia can thi qui trinh didn ra nguac lai .
Cach thay true nay co uu di £ m la thu hep chi £ u rdng nha xuang , nhung co nhuac diem
la doi hoi chi6 u cao nha xuang phai ldn .
- Dung ca ciu chuyen dung b6 tri tren mat dit:
0 nhung phan xudng miy can so, may can phdi tim thudng dimg nhung ca ciu dac
bi £ t bing ht thong banh rang thanh rang hoac ca ciu xich de thay d6 ng thdi ca hai true kern
theo goi true ( hinh 3.42 ) .

117
 Hinh 3.40. Thay true can bang clu true hai moc va true n6i:
1- moc chinh; 2- moc phu; 3 - fing ntfi.
T
i
i
2

t
m o »
i

J- H—ori
I

SI5=5!5
Hinh 3.41. Thay true edn bang can true hai m6c va diim chfr C:
1- moc chinh, 2- moc phu .

118
 i
l ll

A san than lac

\ \W
mss Iv
\ x rv\ \T\ v\ ^

4 5 3

i m -t e A
± LD
m j ,
T

Hlnh 3.42. Dung ca c&u truy £ n d 6ng thay ( rue can .

3.5 . Than gia can va each Up dat len be may

Than gia can la b6 ph & n chu yfiU, quan trong va ddt tien nhat cua gia can . Than gia
can g6 m hai khung co hinh dang giong nhau nhu khung cua .

3.5 .1 . Cac loai khung gid can

Theo hinh dang , khung gia can duac chia thanh: kieu kin va kieu ha .
Khung kieu ha gom mot khung hinh chu U va mot nap ghep len tren . Vjec lap ghep
n & p vao khung chur U co th4 b& ng bulong ( hinh 3.43a ) hoac cung co the’ lap bang chem ( hinh
3.43b, c , d , e ) . Phuang phdp lap bang chem nhu hinh 3.43e dat do cung vflhg tot hem so vai
khi lap bang bulong va thuang duqc dung a nhung gia can hinh ca 16n . Khung gia can kieu
ha cho phep thay true can theo phuang thang dung , rtft phu hap vai may can bo tri hang ngang.

^Oi
1-4 9 iErt? fvTi
11
'
A
)
f
-i
V /

j $
vii* iiir
O
*

V &:OvN
a /
N

Hinh 3.43. Cac ki£ u khung gid can :

1 - khung gia can kieu her. a - dung buldng ; b- dung ch6m chdt dirng; c- dung chdm quai dung ;
d- dung chdm chfit ngang; e - dung chdm nach nghiSng ( khung nCra kin); 2- khung kieu kin ( hinh f).

119
 Khung kieu kin la m6t chi tiet W & n khdi va thuang bang th6 p due ( d m 6 t s6 xirdng ca
khi nho ngirdi ta thufrng dung khung han di thay the khung due ). Khung kieu kin co do ben
cao han va dan gian han trong ch£ tao. Nhimg khi sir dung kiSu khung nay bat buoc phai
thay true can theo hirang dircmg tarn true , vi the no ft dung d may can xep hang ngang ma
chu yeu dung d may can khai ph 6 \ , may can thep tim , may can thep ngu 6 i .
D£' lam tang d6 b£ n, d6 edng vung va tudi tho ciia khung gia can , gin day ngudi ta da
nghien curu che tao khung gia can dir ung lire.
Hinh dang va kfch thuac cua khung gii can rat khac nhau , nhung diu duac danh gia
bdi ba kfch thude ca ban sau:
- Chieu ngang va chidu cao cua eda s6.
- Chieu r6 ng cua khung.
- Khoarig each giura hai bulong nin .
3.5 .2 . Tinh toan khung gid can theo momen lat

Mi

Mj
*1

Hinh 3.44. Phan tich nguyen nhan lit gia can

( nrrni ten thing chi phirong van toe vat can ):
a - 6 gia can hai true; b- 6 gia can ba true .

Gia can co the hi lat nhao do hai nguyen nhan:

- Tac dung cua dOng co chinh din d 6 ng ho3c tac dung cua cac gii can durng sau gia
can dang khao sat (6 may can b <5 trf hang ngang ) .
- Tac dung cua luc quan tinh cua vit can hoac tac dung cua sue cang trude va sue cang
sau ( hay con goi la sue keo trude va sure keo sau ).
,
Nhu viy , momen lat M tinh theo quan he sau :
Mj = M | + M [ j ( 3-25 )
trong do: M| - mdmen do nguyen nhan thur nhi't gay ra ;
Mj; - mdmen do nguyen nhan thu hai gay ra.

120
 ,
1 . Tilth momen M v&i gia can hai true
Ky hifiu momen tac dung len gia can til phia dan d6ng la Mj va M 2, con tu phia gia can
,
dung sau gia can dang khao sit la M ’ va M 2’ , l £y chidu kim d6ng h 6 lam chi£ u duong thi:
Mj= M , - M2 - M , ’ + M 2 ’ ( 3 -26 )

Momen din ddng hai true can la:

MJd = M , + M 2 ( 3-27 )

Nfi'u chi can tren m 6 t gia thi :

M[ = M , - M2 -
( 3 28 )

Thong thucmg b gia c£ n hai true , dudng kinh true tr£ n va true dirdi bang nhau va deu
duqc dan dong , voi quan he:
M] = M2 , do do MJ = 0 ( 3-29 )
NghTa la luc do nguyen nhan thu nha't khdng gay m 6men lat . Nhimg n £u mfit trong hai

^
true khdng duqc truySn ddng true tidp ( chang han khi gay m 6 t trong hai true truy n dfing )
thi mdmen lat do nguygn nhan thii nhat gay ra se co gia tri s <5 cue dai:

^ = Mdd = M + M
Imax | 2 ( 3- 30 )

2 . Tilth momen M , veti gia can ha true

Vdi each kf hi6 u nhir tr6 n, ta co quan h £ :
Mj = Mj - Mj - M , ’ + M2’ + Ms - M 3 ’ ( 3- 31 )

N £u chi can tren m 6 t gia thi:

M, = Ml
M2 + M
^
, trj t
'
M co gia ldn nha khi true giua kh 6 ng duoc truydn dong.
Luc do: MImax = Mdd ( 3- 32)

Nhu vay , trfin quan diem xem xet tri s6 M|max thi momen lat do nguydn nhan thu nha't
a gia can hai true va gia can 3 true la nhu nhau .
3. Momen M // do tac dung cua h/c doe vat can gay ra

0 *
t
-f

Hinh 3. 45. Tinh to£ n mdmen lat do luc doe vat c £ n gay ra .

121
 Ttr tren hinh 3.45 ta c6: Mu = RC ( 3- 33)
trong do: R - lire tac dung doe v& t can ;
C - khoang each tir ducmg tAm v t can dd n ch& n de gia can .
'

^
R co th £ la lire cang trude hoac lire c &ng sau hoac hieu s6 cua hai lire do:
R = ma ( 3- 34 )
vefi: m - khoi luong vat can;
a - gia toe ( hoac giam 16c ) v&t can.
Thong thirdng gia tri cue dai cua lire doc v & t can duoc tinh theo c 6ng thuc kinh
nghiem :
_ 2 Mdd (3 -35 )
Kmax
D
D - Duong kinh true can , nghia la:
3Mdt]
( 3-36 )
^ max
D
Tom lai ttr ca hai nguy£ n nh n , mdmen l& t lcfn nha't duoe ttnh theo c6ng thiic :
^
2M
M max - C + Mdd ( 3- 37 )
Q

H/ .
1

- (. 7

. Q

Hinh 3.46. Luc tac dung len chaff d £ gia cdn .

122
 Momen l &t g & y ra tai ch & n d £ hai luc Q ] va Q2. Lac Q ] co xu hudrng t £ ch than gia can
khoi di £ m tua.
Q
_ M t max G ( 3- 38 )
b 2
(G - trong lupng gia c£n )
Luc Q2 co tac dung ep than gia can vao mong ,
Le di nhi 6 n , khi tinh bul 6 ng d £ ghep khung gia can l £ n chan d6 thi tmh theo Qj . Mdi
khung gia can ghep len chan d£ bang hai bulOng , ca hai khung la bdn bulPng . Bulong phai
tfnh theo luc keo ldn hem la 20 + 40% Qj , nghia li:

Qb = (1, 2 l ,4) 2l ( 3- 39 )

3.53 . Tinh do ben khung gia can kieu kin theo luc thing dHtng

^
Khung gia can thuc te kha phuc tap, kho c6 th tmh toan chmh xac dupe . Sau day xin
giofi thi£ u mpt s6 phuong phap tinh gin dung d6 bin khung gii cin .
Muon tmh dupe khung gia can ta phai xac dinh dupe n6i luc cua khung va ung suit
irtn timg tiit dien cua no .
Gia thiet khung c6 tift dien d <5i xung qua dudng tAm thing dung, theo do hai luc P qua
c6 true , 6 d5, vit dieu chinh truyin den cho khung, khPng tfnh tai luc tac dung ngang l £ n cot
dung do luc cang va luc quan tinh gay ra ( vi no nho han nhiiu so vdi luc thing dung ).
1 . Bieu do twi luc

IT
P
-T.r$ Y

a)
Hinh 3.47 . Gian dd tfnh toan khung gia can kiftu kin theo luc thing dung .

Khung gia can kilu kin thudng quy ve khung sieu tinh b&c ba . Khung nay la quy tich
cac di £ m trung hoa cua cac tilt diln khung gia can ( hinh 3.47 b ). Bcfi vi khung gia can d 6i '

xirng , ngoai luc nlm trln duemg t £ m va thirc te mdmen quan tinh tiet diln 6 dim ngang tren
va dudi xap xi nhau , neu clt khung theo thiet dien I - I thi:

123
 Nj = N2 = 0

Con lai M , =M 2 bang bao nhieu chua bi £t .

Q , =Q 2
- P/2

Nhu viy van di tir ch 6 si £ u tlnh b &c ba rut xubng siSu tlnh bac mot . Mat khac do dieu

^
kiSn bien dang di £ u hoa , di m chfnh giua cua khung co goc xoay la 0 .
r M * 5M
=J - dx = 0
z
EJX 5M , ( 3- 40 )

trong do: 07 - goc xoay tai ti £i dien I- I;

x - chidu dai khung tfnh tir tifit ditn I-I d£n ti £t dien khao sat ;
E - mAdun dan h6i cua vat lidu lam khung ;
MK - momen noi lire a ti£t di £ n x ;
Jx - m6men quan tinh 6 tiet di£ n x.
Neu xem m 6men Mx gay ra ung suft keo a phia trong khung la duong thi:
Mx = 2 y M l
P _ ( 3- 41 )

trong do: y - canh tay don cua lire P/2 ddi voi ti£t dien x.
Nhtr vay a moi ti £t dien ddu c6:
5MX
DM
= -l ( 3- 42 )

Thay ( 3- 41 ) va ( 3-42 ) vao ( 3- 40 ) ta co :

.
* (p
vz
^ y-M,
^—
/ Jx
dx
=o ( 3- 43 )

Do do:
r dx

M,
pi!J , ( 3- 44)
2 dx
|
Jx
Nhtrtig khung gia can thudng gap , neu khSng y6 u ciu that khat khe , trong tmh toan co
th £ quy v6 khung hinh chu nhat ( hinh 3.48 ). 6 day y f ( x ) lit ham s6 dan gian . =
D6i vdi dam tren va dtrcii y = x .
/
Doi vdi cot durng : y = 21
fy -
1 J,
Do do: M i -P
2 dx
|
Jx
124
 I f ~7 A l f /j
^ - + 1I [fil xdx
P Ji Jo*
xdx +
r Jo idx 7Jo Jo -
3
2

M
2 J 2 1
( dx + —J —
J I Jo 2
Jof; dx + J Jof 2 dx
trong do: / , /2 - chi^u dai dirang tim dim va cot dung ;
,

Ji . h- h - momcn quin tlnh lilt dien dim trSn , c 6t dung va dim ngang .

Giai ra ta duoc : M Pi i!,'

/1
+ — '
2 + /
•J 2 4J 3
( 3-45)
4 / I
2J 3
2J )
^ 2
Dua vao phuang tnnh ( 3- 42) ta ve duoc bi £ u d6 ndi luc (hinh 3.48 ) .
l,
i h i
2

=
p

MV2
f
j r*

*
M

F
C' *
— E£i

Jz
3

J;

Hinh 3.48. Gian d6 tmh niomen n 6i luc khung hinh chu nhlt .

M6men noi luc trong cdt dthig la :

2
- M ( 3- 46)
4
Nlu mdmen quan tfjih dam tren va dim dudi bang nhau ( J , = J , ) thi:
II >2
p _
M1
2JJ_ J2
4^ /1
-+ 2
J1
^
-
( 3 47 )

I
M2 = P8h ( 3-
^ )

i + liir
J 2/,

125
 ,
Tu nhung he ihtfc nen ta thify neu tang J va giam thi co the giam phan nao noi lire
trong cot dtfng, Chfnh vi ly do ay ma 6 gia can bon true , d 6 giam trpng lirong cua khung,
nguoi ta tang tiet di £ n cua dim ngang nhung giam tifit di £ n cua c6t dung .
2 . U )ig sudt
a . f a 1 tiet dien chfnh gifxa cua dim ngang :
- 0 mat trong:
M
aut = W1
( 3 - 49 )

- O mat ngoai :
15 nd
M , ( 3 - 50 )
W
b. Tai 11 ei diftn cua cot dung :
- C) mat trong :

= Mi + _L ( 3 - 51 )
° wc 2F2
ic

- O mat ngoai :
P M2
<* nc =
2F2 wc -
(3 52)

Doi vdi khung gia can co ban kfnh cong 6 trong dim va cot dung cua gian do mOtnen
noi lire (nnu iren hlnh 3.49) dtfoc tfnh ti/dng tu nhu tren .

fk"
/
Mi

r< tp *1 r - /
nr X . M

a) b)

Hlnh 3.49. Gian do mdmen nOi luc khung kin co goc luon.

126
 /l 2 y2
+ f 71
-1
M2 = P
sJ7 JlU 2J
( 3- 53 )
/! /i 7tr
—
J
+ —+—
J2 J3
Rieng doi vcri khung a hinh 3.49 b thi:

1
M 2 = Pr
I '

( 3- 54 )
71 + -2^r J2
Doi voi nhung khung gia can c6 hinh dang phurc tap thi tim indmen noi luc theo
phuong phap phan dean tiem can ( hinh 3.50 ) .
P Ax
M
^
2 2 y Jx
, - Ax
( 3-55 )

I Jx
Trong do y la canh tay don cua lire P/2 d£n (rung die' rn cua doan Ax ^

AX

>.
I
— 7
-i - H-p' k

w CtffM ' 7777777/

AX
*rX h

o SM

& n
s

A 1 2 3 4 5 C a 9 to li B
rM
J .
Hinh 3.50 . Phuong phap phan doan tfnh m 6 men n 6i luc khurtg gia can .

127
 Theo ( rue hoanh dAt nhung chieu dai c6 tri s6 la Ax /Jx not ti £p nhau .
Theo true tung irng vdi m 6 i doan chia 0 true hoanh dat chieu dai Py / 2. Nbi cac di £ m
nhan duoc lai vdi nhau ta se co mot dudng cong. Tung d 6 trung binh cua dubng cong se
la M .,
3.5 .4 . Tinh loan bien dang khung gia edn kieu kin
Khung gia cua may can tarn , may can ngudi doi hoi d 6 cung rat cao . Nhung ly thuyet
tinh toan do cung cho khung gia vln con chua day du . Sau day chi gidi thieu trong pham vi
phan tfch djnh tinh .
D6 cung can thitfc cua gia can duoc xac dinh boi dung sai chidu day cua san pham , va
muc do thay d 6 i luc can ( do co tinh cua kim loai , chieu day ban dau va cac tinh nang khac
cua no thay ddi ) .
Do su ( hay d 6 i ap luc can APtc > gia tri thay ddi tuong ung cua khe hb giua cac true can
la Aftc la:

Aftt = APlc . Ktt ( 3- 56 )

trong do K I L he s6 do cung cua gia can .

Muon cho chidu day cua vat can khdng vuot qua dung sai cho phep [8] can phai co:
Aflc < [5 ] ( 3- 57 )

Tu do: Kt, < 8/APtc ( 3- 58 )

ftc A

Aft,

Af? f?
H'inh 3.51. Quan he giua sir thay doi lire can va khe her true can .

Su bien dang cua khung gia can cung co quan he tuong tu nhu quan h £ ( 3- 56)
Af = kAP ( 3- 59 )

trong do: k - he s6 d 6 cung cua khung gi £ can ;

AP - luong thay d 6i cua luc tac dung vao v (t di £ u chinh .

128
 Trong cac chi tifit chu yfiu cua gia can , khung gi £ c6 do cung lcta nhat ( vi du , theo s6'
H 6 u nghi £ n cuu d may can ngu 6i bdn true tri s6' btfi'n dang lugng thdng dung cua khung so
veti lugng biS n dang tdng c6ng chi chife m 10 -s- 12 % , cbn lugng bien dang a true tua va cd
' '

true chi6m tefi 50%> ).

Do do, neu biet dirge ty so giila lugng bien dang ciia khung so v6i lugng bifi n dang '

toan b6 ( Af / AflL.) va ty so giua lugng thay d 6i lire tac dung vao vft di £ u chinh va luc do
( AP/P ) , ta co th £ xac djnh dugc h£ so do cung cua khung theo cong thirc :
Af
) [5]
k< Afc ( 3-60 )
AP
( )P
T
Vi du : N£u chon AP - ( 0 ,05 0,15 ) P, luang bi&n dang cua khung Af = ( 0, 1 4- 0 ,12 ) Aftc
thi he so do cung cua khung la:
k = ( 0,67 4- 2,4) 5/P ( 3 - 61 )
De xac dinh duac do cung cua khung cin phai tinh duac luang bien dang cua no . Bdi
vi kich thude tiet di£ n ngang ciia dam khong th£ bo qua so vdi chifcu dai ciia dim nen luc
tinh toan bi£n dang cua khung phai tinh d £n luang bifen dang do luc c t g £ y ra .
^
f = f i + f2 + f j ( 3-62 )

trong do: fh f 2 la luang bien dang do momen noi luc va lire cat gay ra tren dam ngang ;
f 3 la bien dang do luc keo giy ra d c 6 t dung.
Neu mot khung gia can co dam ngang vdi thiet dien dong deu d moi chd nhu hinh
3.48 thi theo dinh ly Kastinlino:
2 — 5M
ft EJ7 &
r

a PN — dx ( 3-63)

Boi vi

—
Mx = 2 x - M 2
dM , =x
\ -2
d

n £n fi
12 » I P; I M2
( 3-64 )
EJ , f 24 4 )
trong do Mi - mdmen n 6i luc trong c 6 t dung .
Tuong tu nhu vay , lugng bien dang do luc cdt g & y ra 6 dim la:

129
 f2
*
= Fi, G- Jor Qix *3PV d x
d< -
2
( 3-65)

trong do: G - modun chfeng trirot cua vat lieu lam khung;
,
F - difen tich thifet difen ngang cua dfem ;
k - he sfe> hinh dang cua tifet difen , ddi vcri tifet difen hinh chO nhat k = 1 ,2.
Boi vi:

QK = -
" 2
5Qx
=1

1
nen : f k ( 3-66 )
2GFl
Va luqng bifen dang do luc keo gay ra d c6t dung la :
PI 2
2 EF2
-
( 3 67 )

trong do F2 - difen tich tiet difen ngang cua c6t diing .

Luong bifen dang cua khung gM can theo phuong ngang duoc xac dinh theo cong thuc:

f'
- M2/ 22
4 EJ 2
( 3-68)

3.5 .5 . Tinh do ben khung gia can kieu hi theo luc thing dung
3 nhQng gia can hai true hoac gia can ba true ma g6l d & true giua khong ghep chat v6i
(

c6t dung cua khung gia can thi luc can truyfen tir true can qua gfei true r 6i dfe'n vit difeu chinh
va truyfen len nap gia can . Vi nap nay 6m lay khung chu U , nen dudi tac dung cua lire can P
o dam ngang duefi phi'a dinh hai c6t dung djeh lai g & n nhau ( hinh 3.52). Bifen dang den mot
mdc nao do, mep trong cua c6t dung se ti vao g6'i dd true (a trang thdi kh 6 ng can go'i dd true
duoc lap vao khung gia can vcr ! he hd A sao cho g6i true co thfe di chuyfen duoc ).
Luc T tac dung tir g6'i do true lfen khung gia can theo phuong ngang , c la khoang each
tCr duong tac dung cua lire T den duong trim dfem ngang dudi. Luc T duoc xac dinh tir difeu
kifen bifen dang (do vong ) cua c6t dung tinh theo dinh ly Kastinlino:
Mx 5MX ,
EJX cT ^ - A
2
( 3-69 )

130
 Bai vi trong cot dung:
5MX
M TX ; -X
^ oT
trong dim ngang : Mx = Tc - 2 x : — 5MX
cTT —c
ndn:

P/ 2, AEJ 1
8 C
=> T = J , ( 3 -70 )
rL , 2
^ 1+
V J J2 J
P P P
tf 1 T

P
_
T T
x
J*

O o

—i +—
p

4 T .C
X
Jl
!
A y f
/1 <
y ^1
1f a 1h
Hinh 3.52. So do tinh to£ n khung gia can ki £ u ho.

Nen khi tinh lye T theo hfi thtic ( 3-70 ) vdi T < 0 co nghla f < A /2 va thyc td' luc T
khong t 6 n tai .
Vi khe ha A la m 6 t dai luang khbng xac dinh ( phu thubc vao d 6 mon cua cac chi tUSt ,
mire d 6 chmh xac luc che tao ... ) ndn c6t dtfng khung gia can phai duoc tinh toan tir di £ u kien
bat Idi nhat vdi lye T cue dai khi A = 0, con d £ m ngang phai duac ti'nh khi lye T nho
nhtft ( T = 0 ) .
Ung sua t be mat trong cot dung la:
'

M2
a= P ( 3- 71 )
2F2 w2
trong do F 2 » W 2 , M 2 ldn luat la dien tich ti £t dien , mAmen chtfng udn tier di6 n va m 6 men
uon cua c6t dung .

131
 Ung suat a diem giQa dam ngang la:
a= '
Pl
4 W1
( 3- 72 )

,
W - momen chdng u <5n rifet difen ddm ngang.
Khi tinh loan khung gia can ba true ma gdi d 9 true giQa ghep chat trfen nhtrng get dac
bifet cua cot durng ( hinh 3.53) thi mat trong cdt dung chiu ung suat :
P Pe
a= ( 3-73)
2 F2 2 W 2
/7

Hinh 3.53. Tmh loin khung gia can ba true co get dac biet.
3.5 .6 . Vat lieu Idm khung gia vd ung suat cho phep
Khung gia thubng dupe due bang ( hep 35 (o nhdng gia can co nho, difeu kifen nguyen
vat lifeu khdng cho phfep cung co th£ dung khung thep han ).
Vat lieu lam khung gia can yeu ciu co d6 bfen cao , hfe s6 an toan ldn ( co thfe la y [ n ] =
‘ '

10, tiirc la ga p 2 Pin he s6 an toan cua true can ). Neu che tao bang thep due 35 thi trong tmh
'

toan co the lay :

[a ] = 50 -f - 70 N/mm 2 ( ddi veri dam ngang )
[ a ] = 40 + 50 N /mm 2 ( dfe'i vdi efit dung )
Luc trnh toan so b<5 khung gia can , co the dung cOng thtfc:
o < os pK
.. — ( 3-74)
1
ma *
trong do: - gioi han chay cua vat lifeu;
P„ - tai trong tmh toan cua gia can ;
Pmax - tai trong Ion nha t luc true can gay .
'

Pmax co the) tmh theo cfeng thirc

2
kinh nghiem sau:
Pmax = 0,8d tan) ( true can bang gang ) .
(
Pmax = 2d2 ( ta n ) ( true can bang thep).
'

trong do: d - duong kinh c6 true can tfnh bang cm.

132
3.5 J . Dae diem cua ket cdu khung gia can
Khi thi £t k£ khung gia can , trade ti 6 n phai xet d £n cua so khung cua no. Chi £ u cao
cira s6 phu thude vao hanh trinh cua true , chi £ u rdng cira tuy thu6c vao dudng kfnh true .
Ddi vdi khung gia can ki £ u km , chidu rong cua 56 phai l £y ldn hon kich thuac ldn nhat cua
dudng kfnh true can.
Duong t£ m cua than gia can phai b6 trf trung vdi dudng tarn 6 do va dudng tam vie
dieu chinh .
Tiet dien cdt dung khung gia can co the hinh chu I , hinh chO nhat ( hinh 3.54 ) . Cling
m6t dien tich nhu nhau , mdmen quan tmh d hinh a la ldn nhat.
i
ik
^&
J

77* /
i
a)

Hinh 3.54. Thiet didn ngang cua khung gia can.

Dd dam bao kich thude cua sd bi mat trong cua cdt dumg thudng duoc lip ghep tam
lot ( nfi u mon co the thay thd duoc ) . Khi cdt dung co tife't difin chtf I ( hinh a) thi vide lip ghep
'

tim lot di dang , tidTt didn cdt dung nhu hinh c cho phep lip g (5i do true rit rdng va vi the
thudng ductc dung miy can thep la bd'n true.
Dien tich tidt dien cot dung va dim ngang duoc xac dinh ttr cac phep tinh sire ben ,
nhimg co thd tinh so bd theo dudng kinh d cua c 6 true can .
- Ddi vdi gia can dung true bing gang:
F2 = (0,6 + 0 ,8 ) d 2
- Ddi vdi gia can dung true bang thep cacbon:
2
+ Gia can so va can phdi F2 = (0,65 0 ,8 ) d
+ Ddi vdi nhung gia can khac F2 = ( 0,8 4 l ,0)d 2
- Ddi vdi nhung gia can dung true bing thep hop kim:
F2 = ( l + l ,2)d 2

133
 d duai thin gia can co hai bulAng chin dd ghep ldn chin 66 gia can , khoang each giua
hai bul6 ng do lay theo dudng kinh true can ( D):
b = ( 3 * 4 ) D.

3.5 .8 . Chdn de gia can

Gia can khong ghep true ti £p vch mong , ma thong qua chin dd'. Cong dung cua chin 66 :
- Giam bcrt ap luc ri £ ng tir bon chin gil can (cua hai khung ) tac dung I 6 n nen .
- Lam cho cac khung gia ddu nlm tren m 6 t ducfng tlm .
- Khi thay gia kh 6 ng phai dip pha nin mong.
Hinh 3.55 la ket cau m 6 t s6 chin 66 gia can va clch lip dat no vdi khung gia can . d
hlnh a co hai hi mat vuong goc tidp xuc vdi chin 66 ( diing cho gia can cd lcm kh6ng phai
thay the gia can ) , O hinh b vac ngoai mat phlng ngang con t6 n tai hi mat tid'p xuc nghieng
mot goc 15°. Con hinh d each lip dat la khdng hap ly .
Dien tfch tidp xuc cua chan 66 gia can va ndn mong phai thidt k6 sao cho Ip lire ridng

-
x
a
lfin n6 n m6ng (do trong luqng cua gia va luc tinh tir mdmen lat ) khdng qua 200 N/mm .
Chidu cao ciia chan de co th £ la'y bang mfit nira duemg kinh true can , nghla la:

f .
Ducfng kinh cua buldng chan de va bulfing mong co the la y ciing kich thude theo quan he:
'

db = 0, 1D + 10 mm (d 6i vdi D < 500 mm ).

db = 0,08 D + 10 mm ( d6i vcfi D > 500 mm ).
Chan de gia c 9 lefn thuemg ch£ tao bang thep due , con cd nho co the lam bang gang
Gx - 28 - 48.

1 :!
i< i \i
urn
sis
liS
_
rtn —
( ac
a)

/ V

d)

Hinh 3.55. Chan 66 gia can va each lip dlt no v6i khung gia can .

134
 Chmmg 4

^
CAC CHI TI T VA CUM CHI Tllfr TRUV N D6 NG TRUC CAN
^
4.1. Khrip noi dung trong may can
Nguyen ly lam vi 6c , k £t cdu va phuong phap ti'nh toan thife't k £ khcip cua khdp ndi
'

dung trong thi £t bi can ve co ban tucmg tu nhu a giao trinh Chi tie't may , nhung can chu y fori
mdmen xodn lcm , va dap manh , di£ u kifin bdi tron vd lam mat phtrc tap. 6 day khcip rang
duoc dung rdt rdng rai ( ke ca a thid t bi chinh va thi £t bi phu ) nhung vcti dang rang duoc cai
'

tid'n. Tren hinh 4.1 la mot so kfe't cdu khop nO'i rang ddc biet dung trong truyen dong may
can , tren do co lap cac bulong an toan ( chiu cat khi qua tai ) nhdm bao v£ cac b6 phan quan
trong tren hang gia can .

m 7

a)

Hinh 4.1 . M6t s6 khop n 6i dung trong truyen dong mdy can:
a . Khcip nd'i rang an toan ( kifeu ong l6 ng ):
-
1,8- vong rang ngodi; 2,7- vdng rang trong; 3-khflp n<5i; 4 mat bich;
5 - dng long lap bulPng an todn, 6 - bulPng phong qua tai.

135
 -2270
-
h
3

. NNWWN
\
r 600
‘* *\

. i
o
TT
-e-
600
8
-e-
-
L 1
sss
/ i V
1 * 4
5
9 6
1070
b)
Hlnh 4.1 ( tiep theo). MOt sd khdp nO'i dung trong truyOn dpng mdy can :
b . Khdp nO'i tang an toan kiOu gdn 6 lan :
1 , 4 - mSt bich ; 2- 6 Ian I 6ng cdu ; 5- nap chan ; 6 ,8- vong rang trong ;
7- v6 ng rang ngoai ; 9- bulfmg phbng qua tii

4.2. True truyen va true noi cua mot so may can

4.2 . 1 . Khai mem

Cue true can trong qua trinh lam vjPc do phai thay d 6i lirqng ep, do true can bi mon
lien nho dirong kfnh... nen vj trf duong tam phai duqc thay dOi trong mOt pham vi kha Ion .
Mat khac , true edn phai lam vise trong diOu kipn hd't sure khac nghipt ( tai Ion . nhiet do cao,
do am Ion va nhidu bui . .. ) . MuO'n dan dpng true edn ( true tio'p tir dong co dipn hoac qua hop
banh rang chur V ) 6 mpt khoang each kha xa deu phai dung true truyOn hay true nO i . Tren '

hUlh 4.2 la so d 6 bo trf lie thOng true truyOn dac trung cua may can bai true . Tir hinh ve nay ,
cac thong sO' dac trung cua hp thdng dupe xdc lap trong mO'i quan he sau :

L = bs
_
H + Dmax ± hx - A
( 4- 1 )
tga tga

trong do: L - chieu dai true truyln;

hs - dp lech muc cao cua ddu true truyOn tren khi true edn trOn o vj trf cao nhd t (so
'

voi duOng tam cO' dinh mpt phia ddu true truyOn ) ;
H - dp cao nang Ion nha't cua true can trOn ;
O - goc Ipeh cua true truyen so vPi mat phdng ndm ngang ;

hx - do Ipeh muc cao hai ddu true noi duoi ( so voi duong tam cO dinh mot phfa 6
ddu true truyen ).

136
 A - khoang each true hop banh r &ng , hoac co th£ tinh theo dudng kinh ldn nhft't va
b6 nhA't cua true can ( Dmax Dmin ), chi £ u d&y vAt can ( h ), d6 cao nAng cue dai

-
cua true can ( H) theo cac truang hap cu th sau :
Dtii vdi may can hinh .
^
= ( Dmax + Dmin ) / 2 , mm
A
- D6i vdi may can tarn .
A = ( Dmilx + Dmin ) / 2 + h , mm ( h la chi £ u day t £m )

- D6i vdi may can khai ph6i.

A = ( Dmax + Dmin ) / 2 + H / (8 + 10) # mm .

Bi
~
4 T
@1
3
Hinh 4.2. So d6 bo trf true truy £n ( true n 6i ) cua may can hai true .

Dae di £ m cua true truydn la dudng kfnh a d £ u phia gia can bj han ch £ bdi dudng kinh
nho nh £t ciia true can ( luc da tien lai ) , con d £ u true phia hdp banh rang chO V cung bi han
che boi khoang each t £ m giira hai banh rang , ( nhimg khoang each nay Lem hon so vdi dudng
kinh nho nha't ciia true can) . Phia hdp banh ring chu V , dudng kfnh d £ u true thudng lam ldn
hon vd phfa can . Nhd vay , hdp banh rang ( bd phin dat ti 4 n hon true can va true truySn ) duoc
an coan khi true can da mdn tdi han .
Theo ca u tao b chd
'
noi ( khdp noi ) giua true truyiSn vdi true can ( hoac true banh rang
chu V ) , co the chia true truyln thanh cac ki u loai sau :
^
-
1 . True truydn rang ( hai d £ u true ddu dung khdp ndi rang xem giao trinh Chi tiet
may ) . Loai true nay thudng d £ truyen ddng true c£ n khdng c£n hoac ft phai dieu chinh
hudng kfnh , nen co thd goi la “ true nd'i ” hoac “ true ( rung gian”. Vi vay d day se khdng di
sau nghien curu .
2 . True truyen hoa mai ( va ong noi hoa mai ).
3. True truyen Cac dang ( hay con goi la true truyen van nang ) . Loai true nay co 3 kie’u :
- Ki £ u co ma truot thay true can theo hudng doe (d £ u n6i true co chia hai nhanh ) .
- Kieu co ma truot thay true c£n theo hudng ngang (d £u nd i true co Id thdng ) .
'

137
 - Kie'u chS thdp co 6 lan .
4 . True truyen lien hop ( m 6t ddu true dung khop noi Cac dang , cbn ddu kia dung khop
noi hoa mai ).
Bang 4.1 . Cac loai hinh edng dung cua true truyen may edn
Loai hinh Goc Idch cho phep COng dung chlnh
True truyen Cac dang May can sa, may can phOi ta'm, may can tSm day , may can
8° 10°
kidu co ma tract . dng, may can bi , may can thdp la, thfep d i.
True truydn Cac dang May can thep ddi , may can dng, may can bi.
^
8% 12°
kieu co d Ian
True truydn hoa mai 1% 1 ,5° May can hinh xdp hang ngang.
True truyen hon hop Truydn ddng giCra hop banh rang chd V va true edn cCia may
1° + 1 , 5°
edn hinh (dau hoa mai ndi true edn).
True n6i rdng r 6° Nh6m may edn tinh thep dai, mdy edn hinh lidn tuc ccf nho,
True ndi rang mat cau 1° + 3° mdy can thdp ddy.

4.2 .2 . True truyen dong va ong noi true hinh hoa mai
1 . Ket edit

ddu true banh rang dau true edn

\
rn
\

>3" -
4
a I

1
1
1
.V

-4
a)

cT
i
4- 1i [
^ i
z ==
b) c)

Hinh 4.3. True ndi va tfng ndi hoa mai:

a- true ndi hoa mai da cai tidn; b- dng ndi hoa mai; c- true ndi hoa mai thOng dung.

DO truydn chuydn ddng til hop banh rang chu V ddn true can hoac tit true can nay sang
true can khac ( 0 may edn hinh xdp hang ngang ) ihudng diing true truydn va dng ndi hinh hoa

138
mai ( hinh 4.3) , d do khoang cdch giua hai dudng tdm true edn *hay ddi khdng 1cm lam .
DSu true nd i hoa mai la mdt hinh tru tron duqc phay b<5n ranh doe true tao nSn d ti t
^
'

dien ngang hinh b<5n canh nhu hoa mai dd truyen luc va mdmen nho “an khdp” vdi mot <5ng
nd'i co “ hinh hoa mai trong” ( hinh 4.3b ) . Gbc lech cho phdp cua true truydn hoa mai khong
qua 2°. Khi dau true cai tidn thanh dang “phinh” thi kha nang truydn luc va goc lech cho
phep cd duqc tang I6n ( khdng qud 3°).
Chidu dai td'i thidu cua true truydn hoa mai phai thidt kd sao cho dat duqc toan bd hai
<5ng ndi va con du mdt doan tu 40 $0 mm dd co thd bude day cap chuyen cho true truyen .
Dd cho 6ng noi khdng chay qua lai vd phia giOa cua true truydn , ngudi ta ghep nhung thanh -
gd dat vao ranh hoa mai roi la y day cap hoac day thiTng bude chat lai . 6 chinh giQa 6 ng nd i
' '

true thuong gia edng mdt ranh cho phep true truydn khi nghidng lech chut (t khdng va cham
vao ong nd'i. Thdng thuemg phai dd khe ho d giua bd mat cua Ang n6i true va ddu true truydn
A = 0,015d! (dj la dudng kfnh dau true hoa mai ).
True truydn thuemg duqc chd tao tir thep due hoac thep ren . Con 6 ng ndi true lam
bang gang ( cd mdt s <5 trudng hop nguefi ta dung 6ng ndi true hoa mai lam co ca'u art toan
cho may can ) .
2 . Ttnh toan true truyen hinh hoa mai
True truydn hoa mai khi truyen mdmen xodn ( Mx ) , ling sua't Idn nha't se xudt hidn trdn
day ranh hinh hoa mai va tinh theo cong thuc :

r= Mx ( 4- 2 )
0,0706d ?
Mx - mdmen xoan ;
,
D - dudng ki'nh ngoai dau true hoa mai .
( so vditidt dien tron khong khSc ranh thi mdmen chdng xoin loai dau true hoa mai giam di
gdn 3 ldn ).
d , = (0,9 0,98)d
hay d , = d - ( 10 + 15) mm
d - dudng kinh dau ra true can hoac true ra cua hdp giam td c; '

0 ,0706 d j - mdmen chdng xoin cua thie t dien ;

’

Cac kich thude khac tinh theo ( cd the xem TOCT 5333- 55 ) .
3. Tinh loan ong noi hinh hoa mai
Giua ddu true truydn va dng nd'i cd khe hd ( A ) , tinh chat an khdp kha phiic tap , vide
tinh toan chinh xac gap nhieu kho khan . Vi vay thudng tinh true truydn trude , sau dd tra

139
bang tifeu chuin ( co thi xem TOCT 5333-55) d£ xic dinh cac ki'ch thude ong noi .

4.2 . 3 . True truyen Cac dang ddu noi cd md truot kieu thay true edn theo hudng doc
Tren hinh 4.4 la k£t ciu di £n hinh cua mdt diu n6i true truyen co mi truot ki £ u thay
true can theo hudng doc. Cich lip ghep n6 nhu sau: Hai diu true ( 4 ) duoc lip vdi hai chi tife't
( 3 ) ( ma bac bang dong thanh) , xoay mdt goc d £ cho ki'ch thude chi £ u rdng B cua ma bac ( 3 )
, ,
chui vao ki'ch thude B ( khoang md cua hai nhanh “cang cua ” ) cua true truyen ( 2) ( vi B > B) .
Chi tier ( 5) la ta'm lot thay the khi mon . Sau do quay ca chi tid't (4) va ( 3) ve vi trf nhu tr £ n
hinh 4.4d. Cuoi cung lip true truyen ( 2) ( kern theo cum chi tidt ( 3) , ( 4)) vao hai nhanh chia
cua true can ( hoac true banh ring chQ V ).

Hinh 4.4. Ket cau true truyen co ma trum kieu thay true can theo hudng doc dubng tarn:
a) -So do kit ciu khfing gian; b , c, d) thtir tu lap ghip;
-
1 d£u true cin (hoic dau banh ring ch(? V);
2- diu true truyin; 3 - mi tnfert; 4- true chit; 5- tim I6t.

4.2 .4 . True truyen Cac dang ddu noi co md truot kieu thay true can theo hudng ngang
'
Trdn hinh 4.5 la mot ket cau dien hinh cua diu true nd i co ma trugt kieu thay true can
theo hudng ngang . No duoc lip ghep nhu sau: diu tidn cho hai nira ma bac ddng ( 1 ) va (2 )
vao 16 cua dau true can ( hoac diu true banh rang chu V ) , sau do xoay dau true can va ma

140
bac ( 1 ) va ( 2 ) a vi trf nSm ngang nhll hinh ve r6 i dira ngang hai nhanh “ cang cua ” cua true
truyen 16 ng vao d & u true can da l & p sin ma ( 1 ) va ( 2 ) , cuoi cung lap bulong (3) vac .

Hinh 4.5. Ket ctfu true truyin co ma truat ki £ u thay true theo huang ngang :
-
1,2 ma truat; 3 - bulbng ch6t true; 4 - ddu true can (hoac ddu true banh rang chGr V); 5- dau true truySn.

Hai kieu true truyen tren day co dac diem chung la tuy co the truyin momen xodn kha.
Ian , nhimg ket can kha phtre tap , trong do ddu true co dang “cang cua' ldp ghep vdi chi tier
1

co chuyen d 6 ng truat ( ma trtrert thuang lam bang d 6 ng ren BpA) phai dude boi tran that tot .
Neu khong , bac dong rat de mon va gay ra va d & p. Mat khac, goc lech cho phep cung nho
( a max = 8° -s- 10°) .

4.2 .5 . True truyen dau noi chu thdp

Thuc ch & t day la loai true truyen chtira khdp Cac ding thirdng gap ( xem giao truth
'

Nguyen ly may ) vdi ydu cSu tai ldn , ngay cang duoc hoan thien va cang duoc nhidu nha may can
diem sau day :
dua vao sir dung ( kd ca d thid't bi chinh va thid't bi phu ) . Bdj vi no co nhung iru

- Hidu suat cao ( p = 0,987 + 0,99) , nhd vay giam duoc tidu hao dien nang 5 » 15% .
- Co the truyen momen xoSn kha ldn ( hien nay da co mOt so nude che tao true truyen
kieu chir thap vdi Mx = 5400 -r- 8300 kNm ) .
- Truyen ddng dn dinh : nhd sir dung 6 lan , khe hd nho , xung luc chi bang 1 /10 + 1/30
so vdi loai co ma trupt ( bac ddng ) noi trdn . Nhd vay , chat luong san pham cung tang ldn .
- Dieu kien bdi iron duoc cai thien .

- Giam tiding 6n ro rdt : Trong xudng can , nd u sir dung true truyen kidu co ma truat thi
'

tiding 6 n len tdi 80 4- 90 dB (chay khdng tai ) , khi sir dung true truyen kieu chS thap chi con
30 a- 40 dB.

141
 I ren hlnh 4.6 la mot vf du ket cau true truygn co d & u nd i chir th$p dirac dung trong
'

2 3 4 5 6 7
max

-
h B -H

" •1

10 9 8
*
L,

Hinh 4.6. Kd't ca u true truydn kidu chO thap:

'

1- o Ian kim; 2- dau ndi then hoa; 3 - true then hoa; 4- dng Idng; 5- dau n<5i dng; 6- ede dau; 7 - dia edng;
8 - lot chan ddu; 9 - vo ch3n bui; 10- vdng lot chan m9; 11- vdng chein; 12- true ch(J thap.

I lien nay , co xu hirdng thay true truydn hoa mai bang true truydn Cic dang cho ca
may can hlnh . vi true truydn Cac dang lam viec dm han .

4.3. Tmh toan sue ben dau true truyen van nang ( kleu co ma truot )

4.3 .1 . Tinh toan dun true truyen dang “cang cua ” ( lunli 4.7 )
Gia sir hai dau true lech nhau mOt g6c a .
Trong tmh toan gia thiet rang mOmen xoiin ( M ) o m 6 i nhanh diu true chiu M /2 , ap luc
tac dung len cac ma dau true phan bo theo quy luat hinh tarn giac .

Do do hop luc P co didm dat each tarn true mot doan la b / 3 . ,

Dem lire dat len giua ma cua dau true truydn hai luc P ] vii P2 bang P tac dung nguoc
chidu nhau thi umg suat trong diu true truydn khbng co gi thay d6 i . P| va P tao thanh mot
mfimen xoiin nhanh ddu true truydn . Con P2 Dm cho dSu true bi u6n . MOmen xodn ma mbt
ma ddu true truydn phai chiu la M / 2 va cung bang P . bj /3.

Vi vav : P = 3M ( 4- 3 )
2b

142
 \ M

Hinh 4.7 . Tinh tokn true truyen dang “ckng cua".

Vkn dd dat ra la tim ung suk t Uffin mpt tidt didn I - I nao do nguy hidm nhk't .
'

Tai tam quay khPp nPi he toa dp vu 6 ng goc cP djnh xOy dupe lay lam hd chualn dd
nghien cuu cho he toa dp X |Oyj c 6 true Oyj quay di mPt goc ldch a .
Xet tiet didn I - I qua goc lupn "caog cua ", x la hoanh dp cua trong tam tiet didn trong
hd true cP dinh xOy va cung Ik khoang ckch tu phuong tac dung cua lire P dd n trong tkm cua
'

tiet dien I - I ( hay canh tay don cua lire P dPi vPi tidt didn I - I).
x = (X | ,
+ y tga ) cosa = x , cosa + y , sina (4- 4 )
( ")
tiet dien nay , luc P gay ra trang thai urng sukt phuc tap ( uPn doi voi true \ x , non do i
'

voi true yy , keo, xoan ) .

Uilg sukt trdn tid t didn I - I xkc dinh boi cac lire va mPmen sau dky :
'

( 1 ) Momen uon dPi vPi true xx :

M„ = Px (4-5)

143
 (2) Luc keo N: N = Psin( a + P ) ( 4 -6 )

3 - goc nghieng cua tid t dien I -I so vdi mat phang vudng goc vdi dudng tam true truydn .
'

( 3) M6 men udn ddi vdi true yy .

Myy = M/2sin(a + (3) ( 4- 7 )

M la loan bd momen ma true truyen phai truyen di .

Cac luc va mdmen gay ra dng sua t:'

® XX
^4 XX

Wxx
Myy
CTyy “ ( 4- 8 )
W
Wyy
N
°N = F
trong do : F - dien tich thiet dien ;

Wxx va Wvv - l ^ n lurt la mdmen chdng udn cua tid t dien ddi vdi true xx va yy.
'

Vi thiet dien nay co hinh dang phuc tap ndn no da ducrc don gian hoa ( xem hinh 4.8 )
va de nghi tmh mdmen chong udn Wxx va Wyy nhu sau :
3C 2 + 6C 2 C 3 + 2C j
w =
XX
6( 3C 2 + 4C 3 )
C ? ( 4 -9 )

2
C 2 + 3C 2 C 3 + 2C + 4C 2 C 3
w
^ yy = 6(C 2 + 2C ) ,Ci ( 4- 10 )

(4) M6men xo n:
^
Mx = M/2 cos(a + p) ( 4-11 )

Momen xo & n gSy ra urng suat lcfn nhtft tai diem B va tfnh theo c 6 ng thtic :

tb
Mx ( 4- 12 )
2 WxB
trong do: WxB - mdmen chdng xo& n d tidt didn I-I, thudng ti nh theo edng thuc:
' ' '

wxB = n (c2 + c 3 )c 2, ( 4- 13 )

trong do: rj - hd so xet tori ty sd ( C2 + C3 )/C| va duoc tfnh nhu trong bang sau:
' '

Bang 4.2. Quan hd giua hd sd' rj va ty sd (C2 + C /C ,

^

144
 Engalusv de ngh| tfnh Wx theo c 6 ng thuc kinh nghifem sau:
_r 3 / . \ 2, 82
Wx = 2,86 v hr ( 4 - 14 )

Ung sua't tdng hop tai difem B trfen tife t difen I - I la : '

CTthB =\ a
~
u + 3T ~ B ( 4 -15 )

Trong tife t difen I - I , urng sua t dat t 6i tri s <5 cao nha t tai difem E ( hoac F) v& B.
' ' '

Tai difem E ( hoac F)

CTE ( F ) = O xx ma\ + a vv max + crN ( 4- 16 )

Tai cac difem trfen doan EF ( trCr E va F) chju urng sua t :

'

cr = \/ CT 2 EF + 3T 2 F.F ( 4- 17 )

aEp = o xx max + ayy + a N (4 -18 )

Rifeng tai difem B
°yyB = ^
Uiig suat tOng hop tai diem B la:
+ ONJ ) ~ + 3 t “ B
° thB = xx max ( 4 - 19 )

1.40

1 . 36 y

1.32

1.28 71
y/t 7 C7
, *\*~ c ,
^ 1.24
<
g
'
1.20 A
A /
TC
<> • A K
X
1.16
/
1
1.12 0
1.0 B 7
7
—* —
l
/
1.04
t 2‘ V 6* 8* 10 * iz *
Goc l£ch a

Hlnh 4.8. He so tfnh toan A va K Hlnh 4.9. Mat cAt tiet di$n nhanh
cua true truven . cang cua va so d 6 don gian hoa .

145
4.3.2. Tlnh toan dau true truyen ( hoac true edn, true bdnh rang chii V ) dang chia hai
nhanh ( liinli 4 . JO )
Trong tinh toan . a day cung gia thiet rang khi truyen mdmen ( M ) thi m 6i nhanh dau
true chiu M /2 , ap lire tac dung l £ n cac ma dau true phan b6 theo quy luat htnh tam giac . Hop
lire P se dal chech di so vdi diem giCra cua m 6i nhanh va tinh tir ben ngoai la bang b/ 3. Do
do , ngoai ung suit uon trong tie t dien I - I con co img suit xoSn .
'

1
X *4

Hinh 4.10. Sa do tinh dau true truyen dang chi a hai nhanh .

T6ng hop luc P tinh nhu sau:

m
P= ( 4 - 20 )
2b
b -i
°
- Mdmen uO n d tie t di £ n I - I la:
' '

Mu = P. x (4 - 21 )
.b - 2 b Vsina ^+ x ,
trong do: x = 0,5
v
0
3y — ( 4- 22 )

- Momen xoan la: Mx -!

6 MU
p -
( 4 23)

'
Ung sua t uon : o= ( 4 - 24 )
2
b$

Ung sua t xo & n :

'

T-
Mx ( 4 - 25 )
3
-
Tl S

= VeT + 3T
2
Ung suit tong hop: CTIH ( 4 - 26 )

r| la he so xet toi anh huong cua b/s va dirqc tinh nhu trong bang 4.3 .

146
 Co th £ dung c6 ng thtic kinh nghiem sau day de tinh ung su £t tai ti£t di£n I -I cua ddu
true co hai nhanh chia:

|^
^
1.1MK [
= 3 x + 9 X 2 ( TI ) ( 4- 27)
2b i 7
bn - T bs
trong do: Kj - he s6 tinh toan , dupe cho trong hinh 4.8;
r| - cung dupe tinh nhu trong bang 4.3.
.
Bang 4.3 Quan he giOa r| va ty s6 b/S

b/S 1 1 ,5 2 3 4 6
n 0 , 208 0 , 346 0 , 493 0 ,801 1 ,15 1 , 789

4.3 .3 . Tinh toan true truyen ( hoac true can , true bank rang chU V ) co 16 thong d giua
( hinh 4.11 )

M , i
a
M2 M

Hinh 4.11. So do tinh diu true van nang kie'u 16 th6ng .

Momen ( M ) truyen d £n cho true dupe phan chia thanh hai thanh phin :
Mj = Msina gay nen xoin d6i vdi ti£t didn khao sat I -I.
M 2 - Mcosa gay nen uon .

M,
t =
ns 3
6M2
a- ,
b {) s 2

he s 6 rj cung tinh nhu tr £ n .

°ih = Vo
2 2
Ung sutft tdng hop: + 3T
Khi tinh toan ung su £t cua true truyen, c6 the su dung c6 ng thtic kinh nghiem sau:

147
 2
a-
0,8M 2 1.8S ) cos
3sina + . 9 sin a + 3+ a ( 4-28)
b (1 S 2 bo
khi ty sd b( /S = 3 , 5 thi co thP dung cdng thurc :
0,7 M A
CT - ( 4-29)
s3
trong do A la he so ti'nh toan :

A = sina + Vsin "’ a + 1,37 cos 2 a ( 4 -30 )

Co the tim dupe tri s6' A thdng qua kPt qua nghiPn ctru ti'nh toan phan tir huu han ( nhu
tren hinh 4.8 ).
True truyen van nang dupe ti'nh vdi he sP an toin khdng nho hon 6 ( nghla la [n ] 6)
va thudng duqc chP tao bang thep 40 , 45; n £u ung sua't ldn thi dung 40Cr , 40CrNi.

4.4. Ca cau do true truyen dong

True truydn dong co diu nPi hoa mai cung nhu true truyen ddng Cac dang co dudng
kfnh true ldn hon 450 mm diu phai co bp phan dd. No co tac dung khdng cho trong lupng
cua true truyen tac dung l £ n cac diu nd i true ma chi tac dung I6 n 6 dd cua co ca'u.
'

Vi tr( cua true truyen thay doi ludn nen co ci'u dd phai dat thP nao di co thP di ddng
va lufin luon ep sat vao true truyen . NPu luqng di d6 ng cua true truyen khdng ldn ( nho
hon 100 mm ) thi 6 do cua co ca'u duqc can bang nho vao 16 xo hoic xilanh thuy luc ( hinh
4.12 a, b ).
Cl nhung may can ypu ciu luqng di ddng cua true ldn hon 100 mm , co ciu do thudng
dat tren mot he thong co dO'i trong . Trong luqng dPi trong phai chon sao cho mdmen dPi
trong gay ra doi vdi diPm tua ldn hon m6men do trong luqng cua true truyg'n dong gay ra vdi
diim do khoang 20% din 30%.
Hinh 4.13 ve so do mpt hp thPng dd true truyen ddng cua gia can so ( blumin ) . C5 day ,
vi true truyen dudi dich chuyen rit it n £ n thudng do bang 16 xo, true truyen tren duqc dd
bang d6'i trong .
Dai 6'c ( 1 ) thudng dung di dieu chinh dp cao cua true truyen dudi . Co ca'u true vi't,

^
banh vi't ( 2) va con lan ( 3) dung d diPu chinh vi tri cua true truyen trfcn va thay true can .
Trude khi li'y true can ra khoi gia can, true truyen tren d vj tri thi'p , c6 n doi trong duqc nang
len , con lan ( 3) chot vao phla dudi cua doi trong ( 4 ). Bdi vi nhu da noi 6 trfin ddi trong duqc
thiPt kd theo nguyen tie “qua can bang ” nen khi thay true cin vi tri cua true truyPn la do vi
tri cua con lan (3) quye't dinh .
Cdng dung cua 16 xo ( 5 ) la chiu m 6 t phin trong luqng cua true truyin trfen , dong thdi
d 6 khir dp lech tarn d tarn quay ( 6) nPi ma kep ( 7) vi true truyen .

148
 0-
a
— ~

1
2
533
*> *- T
3 CS.
“ fr
j~3
*
0 y
DOngcoconlan

* 14
^
5
» /
5
a) i Imm '
= m
4

5
1
*.
*« ,
7//y////Myfc
&
OT
•
— 4SW
% n
^ .
J
XX . rt
_
y

•
\>' * J

.« • ^ •
/ 5 '

. TJ
o
'S3 C
O C -
*> 2
5
• c.
sz c -
o o
• «

Ax
s
b) sx: K

X «
*

5
mU 84,
1
l
+ fUJ

lI.-iI UJ
mmmmi /A
'

' 4|•K ;
1

sis Jti
5 5

Hinh 4.12. Ca cbu da true truy£ n ddng ( dung cho Jucmg di d 6 ng cua true < 100 mm ):
1- true truy$n dOng ; 2- bac true ; 3- lb xo ; 4- ecu ; 5- xilanh.

149
 J .

Hinh 4.13. Co ca'u dcf true truy £ n dOng co lorn .

4.5 . Tjruycn dong banh rang

HOp banh rang chur V co nhiem vu truy n mOmen xoan tir dOng co chi'nh di\6 cac true
^
can vOi cung mOt tri s£> vong quay ( vi vay n6 con duqc goi la hOp d 6 ng t6c ).
Banh rang cua hop d 6 ng toe trong ha'u het cac may can la rang chiJ V hoac hai banh
rang nghieng cheo tir hai ben vao giua . Goc nghieng cua rang p < 30'* . Viec tinh toan banh
rang chu V tuang tu nhu tinh toan rang nghieng ( xem giao trinh Chi tie) may ) .
Goc an khOp thuOng lay bang 20° ( cung co khi Itfy Idn hon ) . Banh rang chO V che tao '

theo do chi'nh xac cap 3 , do cung b mat HB = 500. Vat lieu che tao thuOng dung la thep
^
'

40Cr , 45 Cr .
Tuy theo each lap ghep cac g6 i true co the chia hOp banh rang chu V ra 4 loai (hlnh 4.14 ).
'

-e-i
T T
©

c
©
©
> r
+4.94
s
-
a) b) c) d)

Hlnh 4.14. Gic kie’u loai hop banh rang chu V dung trong may can ( theo hinh thuc lap goi ) .

150
 - Loai cot dung cao (blob a ) loai nay co iru dUm la neu g<5i da true bi mon hay bi
hong thl co th £ thay duac , khong anh huang den h6 p banh r & ng chu V . Viec lap ghep cung
don gian .
- Loai cot dung lhap ( hinh b) loai nay chi co goi da true , ngoai ra phai khoet 16 trffiD
than cua hop b1
< nh rang chu V de lam g6i da true . Loai nay ft dung .

- Loai than h 6 p gom 3 hoac 4 phdn (hlntl c ) , m 6 i phin m 6 t go i da true. Nhuac diem
'

loai nay la do cung vung khong cao, g <5i 6 giua thuemg bi gSy .
- Loai tbfln h6 p b6 dtfrng ( hinh d ) . Loai nay tao thuan lai cho mai nghien rang , nang do
chfnh xac an khop, nhung phai co bien phap kin khit chong ro ri dau . Ket cau nay llurong
dCing trong may can day , may can hinh ca nho.
Tuy theo each Up ghep tren n £ n co the chia hop banh rang chu V thanh hai loai ( hinh
4.15 ) .
dlu v*o
+
*
dau ra
a) b)

Hinh 4.15 . Hai phuong an lap ghep Hinh 4.16 . BOi iron hOp banh rang.
hOp banh rang .

nam sat trdn ndn mong .

- Kidu day bang ( hinh a ) khi lap ghep toan bO day hOp
- Kidu day loi. khi lap ghep chi co mOt phan day hOp nam sat tren nen mong ( hinh b ) .
'
Vd mat On dinh va tfnh chat che tao thi kidu ( a ) tO t lion kidu ( b ) . VO mat thOng gio thi
ngupc lai
6 do banh rang chu V
thuong la 6 trucrt . Vi vay ndii dung 6 bi thOng dung thl duong
kinh ngoai cua d bi rat Ion khOng cho phep ghep hai 6 bi cua hai hoac 3 true rang lien nhau .
Tuy vay gin day xu huong dung d bi bon hang bi loai dac biet co duong kinh ngoai nho . Uu
didm cua loai nay la chiu duoc tai trong lOn .
Cach u nh mOmen va bulOng ndn cua hop banh rang chu V cung gidng nhu each tfnh
'

than gia can . Cac loai banh rang duoc bOi tron bang hd thdng diu tua' n hoan ( hinh 4.16 ) .

4.6 . Hop giam tdc

Nhu phan tren da nftu, nho co hop giam tO'c ta c6 thd’ dung loai dOng co dien co vong
quay tuong doi Ion va co the’ lap thdm banh da ( ndu dong co co s6 vong quay 16n thl kfch
'

thude vo lang da co the nho ) dd dan dong may can va nhb vay co thd giam duoc chi phi dau tu.

1. 5 1
 Neu ty so truy £ n i < 9 thi dung h 0 p giam ttfc m 6l ca p. N(fu ty s6 truy n i = 9 35 thi
^
'

dung hop giam t 6c hai ca'p. Trong may cdn thucmg ft dung h6 p giam t6c ba ctfp tra len.
Tfnh loan h 6 p giam l6c dung trong mdy cdn v6 can ban gitfhg gido trinh Chi ti £ t may ,
nhimg phai chu y rang banh ring a ddy thudrng tuang 66\ lan , phai c6 ket cdu phu hop cho
che tao va lap rap ( tham khao hinh 4.17 ) . D6 tang kha nang truy £ n luc vi giam nho kich
thuac , banh rang NAvikov dang ngay cang diroc su dung rong rai .
D£ tranh bulong canh 6 bi keo durt can phai M trf h 6p giam t<5c phu hap vdi. chuyfi’ n
dong cua vat can ( tham khao hinh 4.18 ).
C&c bo truydn cua hop giam 16c phai duac bai tran that t(ft bang he thdng ddu tudn hodn .
Hinh 4.19 the hien hop giam toe m 6 t cdp ( hinh a ) va h 6 p giam 16c hai cdp ( hinh b ) , trong do
gtfi da true ra va true vao ciia h 6 p co lap vong lech tarn d 6 di£ u chinh khe ha khi bi mon .

Hinh 4.18. Quan he giura each b6 tri hop giam ttfc vdi chi £ u
chuy £ n d 6 ng cua vat can , trang thai chju luc cua bulAng canh 6.

152
 CCD

\\
Liv'
J O I
L i
/

fW
IS » * SiHssaEijr#
i
8

X?
a)
di/dng Iftm l5 di/dng tAm true . duftng tSm l&
% ^ kert JM s

r
A I
r 1
— r

V /
f »

I 4
I fr » 4 4 4
I t

* 11
\ /

v6 ng !$ch t£ m /
I 4 4

7
BFFP -
4 I 4 4

v6 ng l ch tern b)
^
Hmh 4.19. M6 t s6 k£t ciu h 6 p giam t 6c dung trong may can :
a - hbp gicim t <5c mOt eSp; b- hbp giam ttfc hai Ccip.

153
 PHAN II

THIET Bl• PHU• TRO•

• TRO
KHAI QUAT VE THIET Bl PHU *

1 . Phan loai thiet bi phu

Trong xuong can , nhung thi£t bi ca khf phuc vu cho thiet bi chmh ( May can ) bao dam
hoan thanh qua trinh cftng ngh £ can deu thu6c thifit bi phu , Vi du: cac thifit bi dira kim loai
vao 16 nung r6i tir 16 nung den gia can , tro lit ph6i trong qua trinh can , cit bo dau duoi , chia
doan vit can , nan cu 6n , phan loai , xir ly be mat, dong dau , nhip kho, . . ,
Trong xtrong can hien dai , nhung c 6 ng vi 6c tr6 n diu duoc ca khi hoa va ttr dong hoa .
K 6 t cau va hinh thiic cua cac thi&'t bi phu rit da dang. Noi chung co th £ chia thiet bi
phu cua xuong can lam ba loai chmh sau:
1 . Cac may lam I hay doi hinh dang cua kim loai ( san phdm can ) hay con goi la cac
may gia tong , nhu may cat , may cua , may cuon , may ndn ,
2 . Cac may van chuyen : can true , he thdng con Ian , xe char thoi , may day , may / at ,
ban ndng , san lam ngtioi , . ..
d . Car thiet bi khde : thiet hi do kich thuctc , thiet bi mat , thiet bi dong goi , . . .
2. Che do lam vice va hinh thuc din dong cua cac thiet bi phu
Cac thiet bi phu cua xirong can thuong lam viec theo ba ch£ do sau :
/ . Che do Ian } vice dai ban ( lien tuc )
Nhung thiet bi lam viec theo chC do nay kh 6ng nhieu l & m nhu: may cua , may nan ,
may cQt dla . .. va thuong dung dong co khong d6 ng bo ba pha de dkn d 6ng . Neu yeu cdu thay
dcii i6c dA co the" dung dAng co khong dong bA kich tir song song . Neu yeu cSu di£ u chinh
ttfc do dong co tuong doi Ion co thS dung dAng co mAt chi £ u co h £ chinh luu riAng .
2 . Che do 1dm viec ngan han
Nhung thiet bi lam viftc theo ch dA nay khAng nhi£ u chi co 6 co cau thay true can , co

^
cau chinh kich thuctc , voi thoi gian lam vide ng n , then gian nghi dai . dan dong thiet bi
nay thuong dung dong co khong d 6 ng bo ba pha , nhung cung co the" dung xilanh khf lien

hoac xilanh thuv luc.

154
 3. Che do law viec ngdn hqn lap lai ( hay cite do khcfi dong )
Phan lcrn cac thidt bi phu tra cua xucmg can lam vi6c theo ch£ d6 nay . Vi du: may lat
thepv duong con lan canh gia can dao chidu ( dudmg con lan cOng tac ) . . . d 3c diem cua che do
nay la may ham phanh thubng xuyen , co thl m 6i gid 1500 Iln hoac nhieu hon . VI vay didu
kien lam vide rlt n £ ng ne , De dan d 0 ng thidt bi nay thubng dung dan d 6 ng bang cac loai
dong co dien chuyen dung trong nganh luydn kim trong do co cac loai d 6ng co bien tan . Khi
v &n chuyen cac vat can vdi cac hanh trlnh nho thubng din d6ng blng khi nen. Vi vay ket
cau cua may se nho gon , khbi 66 ng phanh ham rlt nhanh .
%

Ngoai 3 che d6 lam vide da ndu trdn » mbt s6 thid't bi phu tro cua xuong can co the lam
viec theo chd d 6 dong - nglt .
'

155
 Chtrong 5
MAY CAT

5.1 . Cac loai may cat thudng dung trong xirdng can

^ ^
De phan doan san ph m can co th dung nhidu loai mdy va thi£t bi khac nhau . Trong
Xuorng can thep thudng dung loai may cat voi hai luPi dao ( vi v£y co th£ goi tat la keo cat ). Ban
than loai thiet bi nay cung co nhieu loai , chung thirctng dupe chia thanh bo'n nhom sau day :
7 . May cat ludi dao sang song ( hinh 5.1 a )
O day hai loai ludi dao dat song song voi nhau , loai may nay dupe dung de cat kim
loai a trang thai nong ( co the gpi la may cat nong ) va thuctng bd tri sau may can khai ph6i ,
may can phoi va cung co the dung di cat ngudi thdp hinh.
2 . May cat ludi dao nghieng ( hinh 5.1b )
0 day hai lu5i dao dupe dat nghieng vdi nhau m 6 t goc nao d6 . Loai may nay thuctng
dung de cat nong hoac cat nguOi thep tain , thep dai , cung co the ditng d £ cat thep day thanh
bo , thep hinh .

r'
*r
/ y /

a)

oC
7

Hinh 5, 1. So d <5 c£c loai may cat:

a - may cat dao song song ; b- may cat dao nghieng ; c- may clt dla .

156
 3 . May cat dTa ( hinh 5.1c )
6 day hai lu5i dao dupe chP tao thanh hinh dTa quay ngupc chifeu nhau. Loai may nay
chu yeu dung de cat nguoi th£ p ta'm , th£ p dai, cat tarn thanh nhiPu dai , cung co the dung de'
cat ngupi thdp day thanh b6 ( cat ngang ) .
4 . May cat bay

^
Day la loai may cat ngang vat can khi dang chuy n dpng . Loai m £ y cat nay se dupe
nghifin curu d mot chuong rifing.

6.2. Co so ly thuy £ t qua trinh cat kim loai

5.2.7 . Qud trinh cdt
Qua trinh cat kim loai dupe chia thanh hai giai doan ( hinh 5. 2)
1 . Giai doan ep vao kim loai: Hai lu5i dao ty viio be mat kim loai lam x 6 lech cac thd
kim loai nhung chua lam dirt ehung.
2. Giai doan cat:
Hai luoi dao tiPp tuc 6 p sat vao nhau lam cac thd kim loai bj trupt va tach khoi nhau .

5.2 .2 . Trd luc cat

nghifin ciru cac luc tac dung len dao ( hinh 5.2) , m 6t sP gia thiPt da dupe n £ u ra:
1. Bo qua trong lupng cua ban than vat cat .
2 . Khe ho giOa hai luPi dao theo phuong ngang ( phuong vuPng goc v6i phuong tiPn
vao cua hai dao bang 0).
3. Ap luc phan bo d £ u tr£ n mat ti £p xuc giua dao va kim loai ( tr£ n b<§ mat ngang va
mat dung ) va bang p.
Trong hai giai doan ep vao , tPng ap luc l £ n kim loai ia:
P = pbx ( 5 -1 )

-
trong do: p luc don vi ;
b va x - chifiu rfing va chi £ u dai cua doan kim loai bi ep ( mm ).
Quan he giOa luc cat va luc day ngang T dupe xet trong di6 u kiPn can bang cua vat cat
vdi phuong trinh bang mPmen:
Tc Pa = (5 - 2 )
trong do a va c lan lupt la khoang each giQa cac luc tap trung cua dao va kim loai tren
phuong ddng va tren phuong ngang.
P_ T
Vdi gia thiet 3 ta cP:
x 0,5z
0,5 z
T-P = Ptgy ( 5- 3)
x
trong dP z la dp sau cat tuyet dPi.

157
 Nhir vSy , n £u ytang thi lyc tang. Vi vay trong may cat thuctng dung tarn ep hay ban
ep de giam lyc ngang
0,5 z
a=x= ( 5- 4 )
tgy
h
c= 0,5z ( 5- 5)
cosy
Kfi't hap cac bieu thirc( 5-2 ) , ( 5- 4 ) , ( 5-5 ) ta co:

^ —
tg 2 y
a
gy
^

h
cos y
=
0 ,5 z

—tg Y

cos y
0 ,5 z
0 ,5 z

- 0 ,5 z
Q
X

2 tg 2 Y
^ 1 0 ,5 z z
cos y h h
2 tg 2 Y
iH* 2y
+ 1 =) 1 1
cos y ’ h cos 2 y

2 tg y sin y * 2 t g 2 V =f
tgy =
0 ,5 z
( 5 -6 ) Hinh 5.2. Qua trinh cat va phan tfch lyc .
h
Ket hap ( 5 -6) vdi ( 5-4) ta co:
x = V0,5 zh ( 5- 7 )

P = pb -7 o, 5 zh ( 5-8 )

Nhu vay P la m 6t hkni so bfic hai ddi vdi z va duac bibu thi bang duOng cong A tren
d 6 thi P( z ) ( xem hinh 5.3a ).

Pi A
pi T
t,
Pmax Pmax T max
B

Zd Zd
e* -
a/ b/ c/
.
Hinh 5.3. Quan he lyc cat tra lyc cat va db sau cat.

158
 Giai doan cat
Luc cat cua dao tac dung l £ n kirn loai la:
h
P = ib ~z , N hay kN ( 5-9)
cosy
trong do: X trd luc cat ( MPa).
^
Nhu vay trong giai doan cat , ap luc P la mdt him s6 tuy£n tmh d6i vdi dd sau cat
tuyet ddi z, ( xem dudng cong B hinh 5 , 3a ) .
Ve ly thuy £r ma noi tir 19a dd giao di £ m hai dudng A va B co the x5c dinh tri so lure
cat cue dai Pmax va dd sau cat tuydt ddi

Thuc nghiem cho thay rang quan hd giua luoc cat P va dd sau cat tuydt dd'i z ( xem
hinh 5.3b ) co nhung khac biet so vdi dudng cong ly thuyet nhu sau:
- C) giai doan cat dudng cong thay d6i tir tir khdng bi gay khuc ddt ngdt nhu d giao
didm cua hai dudng cong ly thuyet A va B.
- Khi hai ludi dao ep vao d£n mdt luc nao do con mdt phSn kim loai chua bi ludi dao
ti den cung tach ra ddt ngdt vdi et1 < 1 .
- 6 giai doan cat bdi vi T khdng phai la hang s6 nfcn khi z tang thi P giam . Khi z tang
dfin mot mure dd nao do thi v6t nut xua't hitn va k6o dai do do P giam cang nhanh.
- Neu dat E = z/h ( hd s6 cat sau tuemg ddi ) thi P cung la ham sd bac hai ddi vdi e. D6
lien nghien curu luc cat do thi P( z) duoc thay bang d6 thi T ( E ) nhu trdn hinh ( 5.3c ).

5.2 .3 . Cdc nhdn to dnh huang den luc cat

L Ttnh nang cua vat lieu
Khi gidi han bdn tang thi luc cat tang. Vi khi do tmh don tang , vfit nurt keo dai ( hinh 5.4b ) .
2 . Nhiet do
Nhidt do cat cao thi luc cat P nho tang ( hinh 5.4a ) .
3 . Khe hot ngang gitia hai ludi dao
Khe hd ngang A tang thi P giam ed tang. Chmh vi vay cd ngudi tang khe hd A de giam luc
cat P. Nhung khdng lh£ tang A qua Idn vi no anh hudng d£n chat luong vgt cat ( hinh 5.4c ) .
4 . Ban kinh goc lurn cua ludi dao
Ban kinh goc lugn cua ludi dao r giam thi P giam ( hinh 5.4d ).
5. Goc cua ludi dao
G6c cua ludi dao a giam thi luc cat P giam va tudi tho cua dao cung giam . ngudi ta
thudng chon a = 90° ( hinh 5.4d ).
6 . Toe do cat
Noi chung cdc do cat tang thi luc cat tang Idn ( hinh 5.4e ) .

159
PA
p A thep bien che PA

TJL <T2C T3
e
^ ^
• Thcplo xo

l
'5

0*n > <7M

T hep 204

^ Chi
a) b) c)

Hinh 5.4. Cac nhan t6 anh huang dtfn lire cat

DS tfnh toan lire cat ngirdi ta thuoug dung mO'i quan h 6 tret luc cat T va do sau cat
tirong dO i E . NhiOu thyc nghiem da tie ll hanh , nhi £ u dirctng cong T ( E ) da duac xay dung . Tren
' '

hinh 5.5 va 5-6 la mot trong s6' do.

a]
70 [ H6 t?

QQ Tn&pbxd tM
03 I
mr
§ 50 7
7 7
Tn pwx -10
^
4-* d 3yc3 p mp 3& - i I /
v» 0C3 V
u 40 \ <T3

1 Jn6p 20
§ \

:H2 3)1
7 Jn £ p lQ- 1 , . ( g
*
Mr

20
z
\

n& C
a I V
IMTC
10
l ^^g dua Q
H * nwc > UQM

0.1 02
EX5 ticti sau ti/Otig doi £ %
0.3
0.4 0.5 t e%
V7 c rtt

Hinh 5.5. Dirang cong tra lire cat dan vj Hinh $.6. Diremg cong tra lire cat dan vi
cua mot so loai thep c & t ngu 6i . cua thep ft cacbon ( 0 ,13 + 0, 2).

5.2 .4 . Txnh luc cat , cong cdty md / nen cat vd each chon cong sudt dong co cua may cat dao '

song song
I . Life cat P
Khi cat co dien tich ti £'t dien ngang la F( ) vai di £ u ki £ n quan h £ dirang cong c( x ) da
cho tnrac thi lire cat P dirac tfnh theo c6 ng thilrc:
P = t.F0
xPmux = Fn
Tvmax1 ( 5 - 10)

160
 Neu kh6 ng co sdn dudng cong X (E) thl dung ling sua t tuang duang giua tro luc cat
'

( ting suat cat ) voi gidi ban bdn ob:

( 5 - 11)
^max = kab
Trong do k la hp sd chuydn d 6i gidi han bdn keo sang gidi han bdn cat . Thdng thudng
la y k = 0,7 + 0 ,8.
'

Trong thirc tidn phdn Ion may cat dao nghieng va may cdt dao song song su dung co
cau true khuyu , lire cat P dupe tmh theo quan hd g6c quay a va dupe xet trong nidi quan lie
cua vong iron ma sat taj cac khcrp quay cua co ca u quay con trupt OAB nhu tren hinh 5.7 .
'

Luc tac dung l £ n tay bi£ n se la:

P
PAB ( 5- 12 )
cos(p + y ) - fsin (p + y )
trong do : P - g6c ldc cua tay bien ung vdi goc tay quay a :
sinP = ( R /L )sina ( 5 -13 )
R - ban kfnh tay quay ;
L - chieu dai tay bien ;
f - hd s6 ma sat gitia ban trupt dao va ranh dao , neu goc ma sat la <p thl :
f = tgcp ; ( 5- 14 )

Hinh 5.7. So d 6 ph & n tlch luc cit trfen co cdu true khuyu
co xet tdi anh hudng cua ma sat .

161
 7 la goc tao bdi phircmg tac dung cua lire tay bifen co tfnh dfen anh hudng cua ma sat a
hai khcip noi va duemg tarn tay bien .

siny =
PA + PB
L
hoac sin y =
PA - PB ( 5- 15)
L
Trong do pA va pR Itin luqrt la ban kfnh ban kt'nh ma sit cua cac khop quay A va B.
Khi chieu dai tay quay (d6 Lfech tarn R ) va chieu dai tay bifen L da biet co the thbng
qua phucmg phap do giai tim ra dupe hanh trinh truqt H va goc quay cua tay quay a ( dircmg
cong H = f ( a ) nhu tren hinh 5.8 . Thdng qua dudng cong nay co thfe tim quan he P = f ( z)
thanh quan he P f ( a ) . =
t
0%
C
^ AN
x
-
I fl1 \
\D
9 f 1
TJ E
IDS 7
fO C
3
o d
\
03 ' 0
T3 \ \
U ‘CO
o o
> - \ A NJ
d
-c
h
o
= -*o= >
3
Si
*
d
3 O 7
X
m1
a I 0'

^ 0 20 40 00
Goc true khuyu a 0
flO 1.00 120 140 100 130

Hinh 5.8. D6 thi quan he gifia hanh trinh dao H va goc quay a .

2 . Luc ep ngang T
Luc nay chua dupoc nghi6 n cuu dAy du nen duoc tfnh theo c6 ng thurc thuc nghi £ m sau :
Luc cAt co ban do: T = (0,1 + 0 ,18 ) P ( 5- 16 )
Luc cAt khong co ban do: T = ( 0 , 18 4- Ot 35 ) P ( 5 - 17 )

3 . Cong cat
TIT d6 thi t ( e ) ta co the tfnh c6ng cAt nhu sau :
Ed
A = F0 hjxdc ( kJ ) ( 5 - 18 )
o

Goi a = Jtde la cong don vi ( Nmm/ mm \ VI c6ng don vi a co the tfnh theo cong thuc:
o
a “
Ttb - EJ ( 5 - 19 )

162
trong do: xtb - trd lac cdt trung binh nfen ta co:
A = F0.h.a ( 5 -20 )

Nfeu chua co dufrng cong t ( e ) thi cung dung ly thuydt tuong duong gitta trd luc cit vdi
gidi han ben crbva do cM s & u tirang doi c vdi d 6 gian dai tuong ddi SG
trong do: Ttb = k ( .ab ( 5-21 )

ed = M a ( 5- 22 )

kj - hfe s6 ti le giua gidi ban bfen va gidi han cdt trung binh k = 0,6;
k 2 - hi s6 ti le giua lu<mg gian dai tuong dtfi khi bifen dang dan hdi va luong cit sau
tuong doi , thong thudng k 2 = 1 , 2 *1 ,6 .
4 . Momen tinh
Nhu da neu a tren phdn ldn cac may cat dao song song va ca dao nghieng sir dung co
cau true khuyii , true lech t £m . De tfnh toan do ben cho true truyen va edng suat dong co edn
phai xac dinh duoc momen tac dung len true lech t &m :
M (
— Mc + Mms+ M,k ( 5- 23 )

trong do: Mt - mdmen tinh tac dung lfen true lech tarn;
Mc - momen cat tac dung len true lech tarn ;
Mms - mdmen ma sat quy ve true lech tarn ;
- momen chay khong quy vfe true lfech tarn ,

Bdi vi dudng kinh true lech tarn kha ldn , ma sat tdn hao tai do khong nho, khong thfe
ude tinh theo hifeu suit ma phai tinh toan cu the.
Mdmen cdt va mdmen ma sat thudng duoc xet trong mtfi quan hfe cua vdng tron ma
sat tai cac khdp quay nhu tren hinh 5.7 . Sau do quan he giua mdmen cdt Mc va goc quay cua
true lech t & m a duoc the hien tren hinh 5.9 .

e
2:

u \
C
IS
a
g
o
< [V

0 goc quay a 0 20 °

Hinh 5.9. Do thi mdmen cSt Mc vik goc quay a cua true khuyu .

163
 5 . Tinh chon cong suat dong cd may cat
Trong truang hap sa b6 co th £ chon d 6 ng ca miy c & t va thdi gian cdt.
Nhung Vi ddng ca cua cua may cat c6 th £ l &m vi £c theo hai ch£ dd ( ch do khai d 6 ng
hay ch £ d 6 lam vi 6c lien tuc ) ntn d 6 ng ca may c& t phai dugc chon theo ch£ d 6 lam vide
tuong urng vdi no.
6 che d 6 khai d 6ng , d6ng ca khdng mang banh da cdng suit d6ng ca tmh theo chi do
dinh mire dugc xac djnh true tiep tir tri s6 mdmen tinh ci/ c dai t ic dung b true l£ ch tarn :
M max
^
( 5 - 24 )
Mdm = Kni
trong do: MJm - m6men djnh mute cua ddng Cd;
max - mdmen cue dai a true lech tarn ;
^i - ti so truy n chung tir true ddng co d# n true I6ch tim ;
^ truyen dong;
'

n - hieu suit
K - he so qua tai cua dong co.
6 che do lam
'
viec lien tuc , dong co mang banh da , khi chon c 6 ng suit ddng co co the’
dua vao mdmen tuong duong tinh toan tir dd thi mdmen tinh ( nhif trong pha'n tmh toan
mdmen can co mang banh da ) hoac tinh theo c6ng thuc:

Mtd =
lMatci ( 5-25 )
^ ck

trong do: Mld - mdmen tuong duong tac dung ten true ddng co ( Nm );
MC - mdmen cat tmh a lin cat thtr i ( quy doi \>6 true ddng co) ( Nm ) ;
1

tci - thdi gian cat d l £ n thu i (s );

tck - la thdi gian chu ky cat ( s ).
Momen dinh miic de chon ddng co la:
Mdm = ( 1 ,15 + l ,3)Mtd ( 5-26)

5.2.5. Tinh toan lire cat , cong cat vd cong suat cua may cat dao nghieng
1 . Dae diem
Vi qua trinh cat giQa hai ludi dao tao goc lech a n £n qua trinh cat co nhung dac diem
sau : ( xem hinh 5.10 ) .
•Ludi dao va vat cat chi tife p xuc nhau trdn mdt phAn chi£ u rdng
'

- Difin tich tang tir 0 ddn cue dai. Day la thdi ki bat ddu cat .
- DiSn tich tiep xuc giu d gia tri cue dai. Day la thdi ki dn dinh .
- Dien tich tiep xuc giam tir cue dai v& 0 . Day la thdi ky kdt thuc cat.
•Trong thdi ky dn djnh luc cat co gia tri cue dai va cd dinh ( ung vdi dien tich cat ldn
'
nha t ) thdi ky do dd sau cat tuong ddi e tdn tai trong khoang 0 + ed .

164
 “
7
1 ! \
! i
i
0

8
Nf ?
x \ Z
-* tH - r
i
1
1 T
_
L r
f/
nax

c
A
^ hiH
tg a
D
m/e . )
Y ,
lc
*

Hlllh 5.10. So do lire cat trong may cat dao nghieng .

2 . Life cal ( thoi ky on dinh )

Lay mot phan to dx d £ lighten ctfll, iron do chiu lire ph&n to : dpx = qx . d \
trong do qx la lire cat don vi chi6u dai cua vung tiep xuc .
P P
Vi : T- ~ -

Fn bh
P
trong do : rb = CN => qx = T- h
dpx = qxdx = xhdx
P= jxhdx
xtga
Vi :
h
dx = —tga de

Nen :

Vi :
P=

a = jtde
Th 2
J tga ds = tga Jxde — J

h2
Non : P=
tga
a , kN -
(5 27a)

Xet den ltrai dao bi cun , phai tang them 10 + 15 % vao ket qua tinh , nghla la:
, 2
P = ( 1 ,15 + 1 ,20 ) —a,
tga
kN ( 5 -27 b )

165
 Cach tinh sail day dugc Xelikov dua ra , sau do qua nhi&u thuc nghiem , Noxan da kifih
nghi lire c&t dao nghi £ ng ( xem hlnh 5.11 ) theo cong thuc :
P = P j + P2 + P 3

1
P = I V 2-
^
0.68 s
I+
105 5
, kN ( 5- 28 )

l aby x
2

trong do : \\ - lire cat thu £n tuy , tfnh theo cOng thuc ( 5 -27 ):
h2
P, = a voi a = 0,6crb .Sa ;
tgci

P2 - lire lam cong ph & n da cdt ( vung ED ) ;

etga
Z - he so phu thupc quan he X = ( hlnh 5 . J lb ) , khi 15 thi Z = 1;
5ah
- lire lam bien dang cue bo phan chikin bi cat ( vung APE )
P -*
y - he s6 xet toi anh huang cua khe ha ngang cua hai luai dao ( A ) va chi £ u day vat
cSt h : y = A/ h
Khi h < 5 mm lay A = 0,07 h ,
Khi -
h = 10 12 mm , lay A = 0,5 mm ;
x la he so xet toi tac dung cua ban ep (hlnh 5 - 11 c ) : x = c/ h
Luc tinh so bo lay x = 10
Sau khi tfnh phai tang ket qua len 10 den 15% de’ 66 phong dao bi cun .

OS
06
04

2 4 6 I 10 12 A
b)
. -
/

Hinh 5.11 Anh huang cua nh;\ n t 6 phu trong may cat dao nghieng :
4

a - anh huang cua bibn dang ; b - quan h £ cua z vb A.; c - anh huang cua khe ha ngang.
'

166
 3 . Cong cita may cat dao nghieng
Boi vi cOng cat co tri s6 bang tfch s 6 giua lire c & t va hanh tri. nh , nen cung mot dien
'

tfch cat nhir nhau hanh trinh bang nhau , thi dii co hinh dang thiet dien cat khac nhau ihi
cong c&t cung bang nhau . Do do co ihi doi hinh chu nhAt ABCD thanh hinh binh hanh
ADEF ( xem hinh 5.12 ) .
A = P. b . tga , kJ ( 5 - 29 )

[p~ A
c
b

Hinh 5.12. So do tfnh loan cOng cat m 3 y cat dao nghieng .

4 . Chon cong sudt dong co cho may cal dao nghieng

Vice tfnh loan chon cOng suat dong co b day cung tfnh toan chon ttrong tir nhir 6 may
cat dao song song nen khOng nhde lai .

5.2 .6 . Tilth toan lire cat va cong cat cua may cat dia
L Due diem ( xem hinh 5.13 )
May cat dia dung de' cat doc thep tain dang chuyfen dOng. DO sAu cAt tirang doi d6ng
.
d £ u ton tai ttr 0 den 8< j Trong tfnh loan day cung AB va CD thay cho cung AB va CD .

\
LT>

Hinh 5.13. So do tfnh loan may cAt dia .

167
 2 . Lite cat
Luc cat duoc tmh theo cong thurc :
g0t
P = P1, L + -— .z , , kN ( 5-30 )
S5 J
P.= h2
tga
.a

3~
^ b. -£<l
(

a la cong cat don vi ;

^
P ) la luc cat thu n tuy ;
Z| duoc xac dinh bang quan he giQa chieu day ta’m thep ( h) va chieu rdng ta'm thep (e ).
Khi e ,
15 lay z - 1 ,4.
Sau khi ti'nh duoc P theo cong thirc trSn phai tang ket qua len 10 defn 15 % de tranh dao
bi cun .
3 . Momen cat va cong c&t
Gia thie't lire P tac dung chfnh giOa day cung AB. Mdmen sinh ra trSn hai dla dao la:
M = PDsina , kN .m ( 5-31 )

trong do: D - ductng kt'nh dao;

a - goc tao bdi phuong chuye’n dong cua tam va tiep tuybn qua t &m cung ti £p xuc
(do chinh la goc ap luc ) .

Neu co m d 6i dTa dao thi cOng subt dong co c £ n thibt se la :

N = rrm
kM + M ms
30 iq
n kW . ( 5- 32a )

M + M ms_ v -
( 5 32 b )
N - 2 mf
1000 Dq
trong do: k - he so xet tctl do mon cua dTa, thuong lby k = 1,2 + 1 ,4;
M - momen cat cua m 6t d 6i dTa , kNm ;
Mms - mbmen ma sat tai 6 true dla quay dao:
Mms = Pdf ( d duong kinh ngong true , f he s6 ma s4 t tai 6);
Thuong lay Mms = 0,02 M , kN . m ;
q - hieu sudt truy£ n dong cua may cit dTa thuong lay 0,93 de'n 0,95;
i - ti sd truyen tu true ddng co den dia dao;
n - so vong quay trong mot phut cua dTa dao , vg/ ph;
D - duong ktnh dTa dao, m ;

168
 fi - he s6 ma sat giua lu9i dao va vat cat ( vat can ) thirdng I £y 1 ,2 -r- 1 ,4;
'

v - van td c cua vat cat ( vat can ) , m /s.

'

•Cach xac dinh goc a.

Vi D.cosa + EF = a (trong do a la khoang each tam hai dia dao)
A = D-S ( trong do S la lirong trung dao hai dTa ) .
D _ EF S _
2 2 _ 1 S + EF
cos a = 2
D D
AB + BD h + h - hej
EF =
2 2
= h ( l - Ed / 2 )

S+ h \~ —2
cos a - 1 - ( 5- 33)
D

5.3. Co cau va nguyen ly lam viec cua mot so may c4t dao song song va may cit dao
nghieng
Trong thirc tien t6 n tai ra t nhi 6 u ki£ u may cat dao nghifing va may cat dao song song ,
'

cung co the dirdi cat l £ n cung co th £ tren cat xudng , cung co thdi kidu kin ( ki u khung ) cung
co the ki£ u hd ( kieu c6ng xdn ) cung c6 th£ d £ n dOng bang didn hoSc din ddng bang khi nen .
^
Sau day se giefi thifeu mdt s6 may cat thudng g3p va chi tint hifiu nguyfin ly lam viec,
each tfnh toan mot vai chi tie't didn hinh .

5.3 .1 . Gicri thieu mot so mdy cat thudng gap

- Tren hinh 5.14 la so d 6 may cat true khuyu don cat trfen xudng, va trdn hinh 5.15 la
hinh ve ket ca u mot may cat dudi l £ n vdi lire cat la 2000 tan .
'

- Tren hinh 5.16 la nguyfen ly lam vifec va hinh ve , k£t ca u may true khuyu don , tay
'

bien di trtrot cat tren xudng va trfin hinh 5.17 ve ket ca u mOt may cat do vdi luc cat 160 ta n .
’ '

- Tren so do 5.18 ve so d 6 nguyen ly lam viec cua kifeu may cat thanh giang .
- Tren hinh 5.19 ve so d 6 nguyen ly lam viec cua ki £ u may cat true khuyu kep co
b a n ep .

169
 /
V
>
A-
1 /
\
%

'

0 0 0 P3II0 0
0
-
.
vx

Hinh 5.14. So do may cat true khuyu don cat tren xuong .

Hcma/TM

/
/
,

v
/
y\ ‘ 3050
iLll sr
££\

^
Hinli 5.15 . So do may cat true khuyu kep cat dudi len:
1 - than gia ; 2 - ban dao trdn; 3- ban dao dudi; 4- ban kep; 5- ludi dao; 6 - thanh dem;
7 - true khuyu dudi; 8 - True khuyu trdn; 9 - thanh giang; 10- xilanh can bang; 11- co cau day.

170
 IK
7
4
%

mip
Thanh giang ][ -9
][ ][
I 9
1
/0
lil [
S
' -3 Kim loai
J7 o
& » t u uf ^ TTO o
/2
oo o
% 2
7
4-
<-
/4
KWfW| Y7v7%777\ /> 7/ / /\
Y/
'
a) b) c) b)

Hinh 5.16. Nguyen ly lam vide ciia may cat true khuyu kep clt duoi I6n:
a - vj tri tay bi6n khi khfing cat; b- vi tri chuSn bj; c - vj trl cu<5i cCing cua ban kep dao; d- kdt thuc qua
trinh cat ; 1 - ban tri/gt cung dao dudi; 2- true khuyu; 3- tay bidn; 4 - true ban dao trfin; 5 - xilanh can
bang dao trdn; 6- canh tay ddn can bang; 7 - ddn ganh; 8- ban kep; 9 - xilanh ban kep; 10- ban trirot
dao tr & n ; 11- than gia ; 12- con ISn tnrOc san; 13- con Ian sau san ; 14- khi ndn hoin xung.

n U
T T
Y'
Ud-I
i
/ •
79

-T
_ 77
9
5
4
£3

m
vN
kim loai -Jsjy v 7TT
v \

2* I
l 72 /3 74
I

/ l
'' S/ / /2/ / 2/ / 2/ / / ; / / / / / / / / / 7 / 7 / / / / / /s / / / / /’ / // / / ' 777 / / 77 *
Hinh 5.17. So d6 dOng cua may cat don bay dang kin cat dtrOi len:
1 - than d6 may ; 2- don ba’y dtffli; 3 - lirdi dao dudi; 4 - lirdi dao trSn ; 5 - ban trupt tren ; 6 - don ba’y
'

trdn; 7 - true cd dinh; 8- true tua; 9- thanh gidng; 10- true noi ; 11 - thanh ndi ; 12 - true khuyu;
13 - banh rang di ddng; 14- bdnh rang dan ddng; 15 - cocdu true vft.

171
 Lfl
6
v
^- -
osnO fr - « 1200

rn
1

3IE3I± 2\
1

—
o o
r»
O
e» L
— !
s\
i

«1 4* e»
-
—^
&
I » 4
a
I ** J? »4lfl

*
Oil
r 4
iLljT 7t
i_ I
cfia4
)
1 Cp
b)

Hinh 5.18. Scf d6 nguyen ly cua kidu may clt thanh dang:
-
a - trang thai ban dau ; b- dao tr6 n dCrng lai; c dao difdi di !6 n; d - dao dirdi di 16 n ti6n hanh cat.

172
 C r,
-
r f ~£ D / r

S
c £
6 *U 0
A 8
c1
{ h- } 1

o /
^ a j

y> k
o
o
c t oO '"

r /
A y / / / / / / 7/ . / /
\
'<
/

a) b) c)
Hinh 5.19. So do nguydn ly mpt sP may cat true khuyu kep co ban ep:
a kidu dan ddng trdn, dPi trong khl ndn hoan xung; b- kid’u dan ddng dudi,
dPi trong Id xo hoSn xung; c - kiPu dan ddng du6i kh( ndn ho§n xung.

5.3.2 . May cat dao song song true khuyu kep kieu Xelilov - Tdvarski ( hinh 5.20)
Day cung la mot loai may cat true khuyu kep co ban ep nhu trdn hinh 5.19a nhung
dung 16 xo d 6'i trong hoan xung . May cit nay dung dd cat nong ph 6i thep hinh cd Ion .

1 . Mot so' yeu edit truyen dong

Chuyen dpng cua true nPi ( true Cac dang ) dupe phan thanh ba nhanh:
- Chuydn dpng ldn xuong cua ban dp.
- Chuyen dong ldn xuong cua luPi dao trdn .

- Chuyen dpng ldn xuong cua luoi dao duoi .

Trong qua trinh lam vide true khuyu ldch tarn kep ABC khOng ep dinh o mpt vi tri
nao. Vi vay true nay con dupe goi la “ true n 6i ” .
- Than dao trdn chi doi chuyen trong ranh cua than dao duPi.
- Than dao duPi di dpng trong ranh cua gia may .
- Tip. s6x ED
#

=
DO BC
AB
=1 ( 5- 34)

- Ban ep luoi dao trdn luoi dao duPi ddu chuyen dpng theo phuong thang dung .
- Didm E va D chi lac qua didm 0. Diem B lac quanh didm D. Didm A ldc quanh didm F.
- Luc chua cat. mat ban ep va luPi dao trdn co khe ho cP dinh . Didu nay cho phep luoi
dao dupi co mpt hanh trinh chay khbng .
- Trong qua trinh cat ban ep va luoi dao trdn cung di ien vpi mPt tPc dp nhu nhau .

173
 E D o
E
r * ?30

B B

‘-c A -
wi

51—
n A
I 21

=SK3 ±ATO U

a)
V
>
>
F
*** s S A O *. /
E D E

C
&
irr*
A
&

p e i r a-® XXF!

e)
r777T7 y 7) d) -
\y ' < • 7J

Hinh 5.20 . So d6 nguyen ly lam viec cua may cdt true khuyu kep kiCu Xftlikov - Tovarski .

2. f n / i /i / < / / / / viec
2,
1 - O vi tri ban dau nhd cac trong luong ban thin , ban dao dudi d vi tri cuoi cung , va
nhd vao ddi trong ban dao trdn a vi tri trdn cung ( hinh a ).
2 - Ban ep di xuong vi luc do trd luc trong ban ep nay la rit nhd . Diem B va C quay
quanh did’m A nhung die’m C chi trucft xudng . Do do diem A lac quanh diem F ( hinh b ) .
3- Ban dao dudi di len diem B dung yen diem A va C quay quanh diem B ( hinh c ) .
4 - Bat dau cat diem C dung yen , diem A va B quay quanh diem C , diem F tire ban dao
dudi cung di len ( hinh d ) .
5- Qua trinh cat ket thuc doan thep bi cat roi xudng va dupe chuyen di ( hinh e ) . Qua
trinh cat d day la che' dd cat toan vong ( hay con goi la chd dd cat toan chu ky ) xem hinh

174
5.21 a , Qua trinh nay chi thich hap vdi vat cat co chi £ u cao ldn ( x £p xi hanh trinh t&\ da cua
may ) . Neu vat cat co do cao tircmg d6\ nho chi phai dung ch£ do cat khAng toan vong ( xem
hinh 5.21 b).

vi irvchd clft I4n sau vifri. ch' au chd cAl ldn Sau
x . vi tn' bdt ddu a$t
vi iri bit iau cdt ldn ddu
vi tri bdi <3aa cat ldn Sau cat ldn iiepf ihto

lin trudc
cat xong
[ x cat xong V . cAt xonglinsau

Hinh 5.21. So d 6 ch£ do cat toan vong va khAng toan vong .

3 . Dae diem may cat kieu Xelikov - Tdvarski

- Co true n6i l £ch tam kep.
- Vet cat co do chinh xac cao (nhd vao quan ht chuy£n dAng tuong dbi giura ban dao
tr £ n dirai va ban ep).
- Chi co tay bi £ n chiu luc cat , gia may va dubng con lan khAng chiu lire cat . Vi v$ y
k £ t ca u may rit gon nhe .
'

- Nhd co dAi trong xung luc giam di ro r£ t ,

- Ba via c 6 huong di 16 n khAng can trd chuyfcn trd vat can tren duemg lan .
• Quan he giura lire 6 p va lire can bang ( hinh 5.22 ) .
E D
O

E
4
s R

RE

»u GI
Qcb
X Q

Hinh 5.22. So d 6 ti'nh Luc ep va luc can bang ,

Dat : Q - lire ep;

Qhc - luc eSn bang do dfi i trong tao ra ;'

175
 Gj , G 2 , G 3 G 4 G 3 G 6 G 7 - lan lugt la trong luong cua ban 6 p , tay don OE , thanh
giang DB, true khuyu ABC, ban dao tren , thanh dang , ban dao duoi ;
Rc - phan luc tai didm E;
Rd - phan lire tai di 6 m D;
R - phan lire tai diem O .
0

Xet rieng mot khau can bang , vie t plurcmg trinh can bang lire:
'

EY = 0 ; Q = Rc + G i (5-35)
Re + R - RJ = 0 0 ( 5- 36 )
Xet 2 khau can bang , vi £t phuong trinh can bang lire:
EM0 = 0 ; 2 RE - RD - G 2 = 0 ( chu y ti 16 da n £ u ) ( 5 - 37 )
Xet toan bo may ( trCr tay don va d 6i trong ) o trang thai can bang:
Ro = ^ G - Q,b ( 5- 38 )
T6ng hop ca bdn phuong tim dupe quan he giua luc ep luc can bang va trong luong cac khau:
Q = EG + G - Qcb , ( 5- 39)

5.3.3. May cat dao song song true khuyu kep kieu dan dong du&i , khi nen hodn xung
Tren hinh 5. 23 la so do k 6 t ca u va tr6 n hinh 5.24 la so d 6 nguyftn ly lam v|6c cua loai
' '

may cat nay . Vi no c6 nhidu di £ m tuong tu nhu may cat ki £ u Xelikov - TOvarski ( kei ca u '

con gon nhe hon nen khong nhac lai o day ) .

r» 2. 5?
JMI
ct
M2

7y

^77r ' / 7 ,

14 13
4
4 8
2
& X]
iSTTC
7
6 !
k 1
15
5
16
r

Hinh 5. 23. Gian do ke't ca'u may cat dao song song true k h u y u
kep ki 6 u dan dOng duoi khi nen hoan xung:
1 - dong ca; 2- bo khong ch£ ; 5- hbp giam tdc; 4- khdp n<5i Cac dang; 5- xilanh can
bang true n<5i; 6- true l £ch tarn ; 7 - ban dao dirbi ; 8- tay bi6n; 9 - than may;10- ban dao
tren; 11- true tarn; 12 - xilanh ban ep; 13- lirdi dao tr6n;14 - ludi dao dudi; 15 - I6 xo;
16- xilanh can bang ban dao dubi; 17 - xilanh can being ban dao tr6n; 18 - ban 6p.

176
 c V
[
)

tp t) -o
U

n '/ VI

a)
j
U
c)
ft
c

\
(s
i o l
cu r
j

I ftd)
.

rs e)

Hinh 5.24. So dd nguy & n ly lam viec cua may cat dao song song kep
kie’ u dan dong dirdi , khi nen hoan xung :
a- vs Iff ban dau; b - dao tren ha xudng; c - dao tr 6n dC/ng dao di/di di xudng vi tri
cao nhat ; d- dao dudi ha xudng vi tri thdp nhat ; e - dao trdn trcr vd vi tri ban dau

5.4. Chon va phan ticli thong so may cat dao song song va dao nghieng
5.4 . 1 . May cat dao song song
May cat dao song song co ba th 6 ng stf chu y u sau :
I Thong so I dm vice
- Lire cat P.
- Gioi han ben crb cua vat Celt .
- Tiet dien ngang cua vAt cat F.
- S6 lan cat tdi da trong mot pheit ( hay con goi la s6 ebay khong ly thuyet ) .
Trong do thong so ve lire cat P xac dinh theo phin da n £ u a tren . Trong trirang hop
yen can do chinh xac khong cao , c6 th £ chon lire P theo c6ng thirc sau day :
- Cat nong P = 0,86a ,F. ,
- Cat nguOi P = 1 ,2 EdobF.

177
 2 . Thong so ket can ( xem htnli 5.25 a )
- Hanh trinh cua Urai dao H H =H | + j+q +S ( 5 - 40 )
,
trong do: H - khoang each tir dirang lan den ban Pp, thbng thirong chon :
Hj = h max + ( 50 -5- 75 ) mm .

^j maX
-
- dp day vat can ti'nh bang mm ;
khoang ho giuta ban ep va lirSi dao tren ;
S - do trung dao thirong chon S = ( 5 + 25) mm ;
Q - dp ha dirang lan va lu0i dao duPi , thirong lay q = 5 -1- 20 mm .

a)
r\
\
N
m •mm

,
a: a:
•*
1 « • I
© \

b)
t
- mV
1
I
~

V
\
B 3

85
T O!
m
/

—— —
150 85 5 id [S
350 Ck
BOCJ, ^

Hinh 5. 25. Quan he hanh trinh cua dao ( hrnh a ) k £t cau lirdi dao (hkih b ) .

3 . Thong so Itfd'i dao

Dao thirong lam thanh kieu nlur hinh ve . 6 day co bon liroi cat liic mon co the' d 6 i vi
tri lap ghep thay nhau dung . 6 gitta dao d6 t nhurng 16 co ranh de ghep bu I 6 ng d &c biet de de
phong dao long ra .

178
 Thirctng chon chieu dai dao: /
/
=
=
(3
--
4 ) bmax ( mm ) ( cat thep hinh ca nho ) ;
( 2 4.5 ) bmax ( mm ) ( cat thep hinh ca trung ) ;
/ = -
( 100 300 ) + bmax ( mm ) ( cat thep hinh ca lcrn ) .
Chi £ u cao dao
hd = (0,65 l ,5 ) h -
Chieu rdng dao bd = h / ( 2 ,5 + 3)
Ytw c£ u ludi dao phai co d6 bin cao , tinh chiu mon tot . Doi vdi cac loai may cat ndng
con yeu cSu ludi dao chiu diroc nhiet d6 cao khong bi “ nhu bien'\ Vat lieu lam dao thudng la :
Thep cacbon cao ( 0 , 5
Thep Cr , Ni.
- 0 ,6 ) %C.

Hop kim han dap ludi dao.

Mot so mac thep thudng lam ludi dao nhu CrVSi , 5CrV 2Si, 9Cr , 55CrNiV , 55CrNi 2P . ..
Dd cumg ciia dao can Ion han 55 HRC.

5.4.2. May cat dao nghieng

Cac thdng s6 cua may cat dao nghieng tuong tu nhu a may cat dao song song , chi co
them thong so goc nghieng cua dao ( a ). N£ u a tang thi luc cat P giam , nhung lire day ngang
T tang, tham chi vat cat co the bi diy ra ngoai.
Thudng chon a = 1 ,5° + 6° (cat thep tarn mong ).
a = 1 , 5° + 6° (cat thep ta rn day ) .'

5.4. 3. May cat dia

Doi vdi may cat dia ngoai cac thdng so nhu a may cat dao song song con co cac thong
so sau :
- Dudng kinh dia dao ( D) .
- Chidu day dia dao (5).
- Khe hd ngang giura hai dia dao ( A ).
L Chon dieting kinh dia dao D
Vi A - D. cosa + h = D-S
h+S
Nen D= ( 5- 42 )
1 - cos a
Nhu vay co nghla la dudng kinh dia dao tang khi goc a tang . Ngudi ta thudng chon
dudng kinh dTa dao theo kinh nghidm:
D = ( 40
- 125 ) h
( trong do h la chieu day vat cat ) gia tri Idn dung cho tarn day va trung , gia trj nho dung cho
tam mong .
Con goc a duac chon nhu a may cat dao nghieng .

179
 2 . C hie it day at a d\ a
5 = ( 0 ,06 + 0 , 1 ) 0
3 . Khe k& n gang giita hat htffi
A = ( 0, 1 + 0, 2 ) h
( Gia trj nho dung cho thep mem , gia tri ldn dung cho thep curng ) .
4 . Luang ti ling duo
Thircmg UYy S = (1 + 3 ) mm .
Khi cal tarn day Ion han 5 mm co the giam Urgng trung dap, th & m chi khPng co lugng
truing dao ( S < 0 ) ma co khe ho S’ 0 ,5 h .
=

j, s

-6

Hinh 5. 26 . CAc thdng s6 cua mAy cit dia .

180
 Chirang 6
MAY CAT BAY

6.1. Khai quat chung

May cat bay la loai may cat ngang kim loai ( vat can ) trong qua trinh dang chuydfn
ddng ; thucfng dung dd' cat thep ti'm , thep day hoac thep phdi c5 nho , cd trung. No ra ddi
trong qua trinh san xult tu dOng hoa va y &u ciu n 3ng suit cao .
May cat bay dupe bd tri trong day chuy 4 n cdng nghe , phia trudc no thudng phai bd tri
'

ducmg con lan dan lieu .

Cac ydu ciu co ban ddi vdi may cat bay:
1 . Phai cit dupe chidu dai dinh trudc , thoa man yen ciu cua ngudi dung ( trong pham
vi dung sai cho phep). Do la yeu cdu con dinh thude .
2 . Pham vi dinh kich thude phai rdng , nghla la co thd cat dupe nhieu chi £ u dai kich
thude khac nhau .
3. Vet cat phai bang phing.

^
4. Tdc do cat ( thanh phin theo hudng chuy n ddng cua vat can ) phai bang hoac Idn
hon chut ft tdc dd dan lieu , thucmg chon v = ( 1 -> l ,03) v0, trong do v0 la van tdc dan lieu .
D i thuc hidn cac y 6 u ciu tren , may cat bay thucmg phai co cac co cau sau :
^
- Co cau cat .
- Ca ciu dinh thude .

- Co ciu didu chinh khe hd ludi dao.

- Co ca'u truyen din ddng.
6.2. Cac loai may cit bay
Tuy theo edng dung, kit ca u dac diem chuydn dong cua dao , may cat bay dupe chia
'

ra cac loai sau :

6.2 .1 . May cat bay ddn bdy lac

Day la loai may cit bay a nhung the hd dlu tidn . Loai nay cung kha da dang.
- Hinh 6.1 la so do may cit bay kieu Etva dan dong bang khi nen hoac hoi node nen ,
tdc dd cit nho , chi khoang 0 ,5 + 1 , 5 m /s ; cd thd dung de cit phdi thep 100 x 100 mm . Luc

181
xilanh lam vi6c till dao chuyen d 6 ng lac d 6 ng thoi ti£n lai gin nhau . Luc cat xong , dao tr6 n
vat cat bi vat cat diy len tro vi vi trf ban d £ u . Txudrc khi cat , 6 mat tren va mat duoi cua
piston dill chiu ap lire khi nen . Luc mo may , khi nen 6 mat dirdi cua xilanh bi day ra ngoai .
Sau khi cat xong, khi nen tu d 6 ng thay d 6 i chieu , di vlo tu phfa duoi xilanh .
- Hinh 6.2 la so 66 may cat bay kiiu don bay lac dan dong bang diin. No lam vice

nho vac mot true khuyu kep khien hai luoi dao xfch lai gin nhau . True khuyu quay m 6 t
vong thi cat mot lan . Lo xo co tac dung lam cho hai luoi dao tro vi vi IrX cu . May cung co
toe d 6 cat nho , chi khoang 0, 5 +1,5 m /s . Co th £ dung di cat phAi thep 100 x 100 mm .
- Hinh 6.3 la so d6 may cat bay kiiu ddn bay - dla quayt tdc d6 cat nho c6 thi dung de
cat thep day , thep hinh co nho ( co liit di £ n nho hon 30 x 30 mm ) . May cit bay g6 m mot dla
tron ( dong theti la hanh di), trfcn co lap hai cin gin dao. Luc mat dau ph 6i thep di qua may
bao tin hicu , may cat bay phat lenh khien con lan ( 4 ) ep vao can dao lien hanh cat , sau do 16
xo (3) sc day can dao tro vi trf cii . T6c d 0 vong cua dia phai 16n hon chut it so v6i t 6c d 6
vat can . Nhuoc diem co ban cua loai may cat nay la 16c do cat tha p , chi £ u dai dinh thir6c
'

khong chinh xac . Hien nay it dung .

May cat hay kiiu hai dia
Hinh 6.4 ve so d 6 may cat bay loai nay . No g6m hai dia dat cheo nhau m 6 t g6c 60° so
voi phuong chuyen dong cua vat. can . Hinh chi£u van toe vong ciia dla tr£ n phuong chuyen
dong cua vat cat bang van t6c cua vat can . Luc chua cat , vat can di vao 6ng d 5 n dat lech v
ben trai cua luoi dao . Khi vat can gap phai may bdo tin hieu , 6ng dan quay vao phfa du6i dla
dao va tien hanh cat . Dia dao di xudng vi trf cu thi 6ng dan tro vi vi trf b£ n trai . May cat bay
nay co the dat ttfc d 6 kha cao ( khoang 10 m/s ) , nhung v£t cat bi xien 16c h .

V,
i
<D 0.
/777

Hinh 6.1. So d 6 lam viec cua may cat bay Hinh 6.2. So d 6 lam viie cua may cat bay
kiiu Etva dan d6 ng bang khi nen .
^ ^
ki u d6 n b y lac dan dong bang dien .

182
Hinh 6.3. Sa d6 lam viec cua may cat bay kid’u d 6 n bay lac + dla quay:
1- liroi dao ; 2 - true ban l § ddn bay dla dao; 3- Id xo ; 4- con Ian ep.

b) c)

H'inh 6.4. So d 6 lam viec cua may cat bay kidu hai dla quay :
a - vSt can ct vi tri trude khi clt; b- vat can a vj trf sau khi cat; c - vat
can chui vdo O'ng loa de vdo may can tinh;
1 - tam dan hirbng; 2- dia dao tr6n ; 3- ta m dan; 4- dla dao; 5- cCra d'ng
’

loa ; 6- vat can chira cat ddu; 7- vat can da cat dau.

183
6.2 .2 . May cat bay hai tang
Day cflng la loai may cat bay ra ddi kha sdm ( nam 1918 ) , nhimg van dirge dung rat
r6 ng r9i, chit y£u d £ cat thep ttfm , thep hinh c5 nho. Hinh 6.5 a ve so d 6 b6 tri dao tren tang ,
hlnh 6.5b vS ket cau cua mdt loai may cat bay kieu nay . Loai may cat nay co co tde do cat
kha cao ( tren 15 in /s ) nhimg v&n co nhirge die’m la v£i cat bi xien lech .

6 :2.3 . May cat buy ( ay quay thank truyen

Loai may cat nay ciing co nhiiu kieu . Tren hinh 6.6 ve so d 6 mOt may cat loai nay . No
co ket ca u kha phurc tap , van 16c tuong &6i tha'p. Nhirng vl hai mat cat trude cua hai lirdi dao
'

luc cat 6 in the giao nhau , con hai lirdi cat song song vdi nhau n £ n lire cat giam xudng ma
vet cat vin phang .
Gia dao dirge lam thanh dang can ( 1 ) . Mot dau can dirge noi vdi true khuyu ( 2) , con
dau kia n 6 i vai can lie (3). Chidu dai cua can nay Ion han mot ft dd l £ch tarn cua true khuyu .
Mot dau cua can lac n <5i ban le vdi khung trirgt ( 4 ) . Luc cat theo che d 6 gian doan ( m 6i vong
cat mot lan ) thi khung trirgt chuy £ n dOng l£ n xudng nhb vao co cau (6 ) khdng che hanh trinh
.
chay khong cua dao thong qua true khuyu (5) Van tfle vong cua true khuyu nay chi bang
mot nua van toe vong cua true khuyu ( 2 ) .

a)

Hinh 6.5. Sa d 6 may cat bay hai tang :

a- lap ghep dao tr& n tang: 1- true dan ; 2- tang Icip dao ; 3- li/Oi dao ; 4- true dim di ;
b- k t clu may cat bay hai tang: 1- v6 may; 2- thanh dimg; 3- n5 p may; 4- bu Ibng giang ;
5- bu I5ng ghep; 6- tang icip dao; 7- con Ian dura phbi.

184
 3

V0
4

I
5
5» i

c* 6

s
\

Hinh 6.6 . May cat bay tay quay thanh truy 6 n:

- -
1- ban dao ; 2- true khu u tr 6n; 3- cln lac; 4 khung truot; 5 true
^
khiryu dufli; 6- co clu khdng ch6 cat (ca clu chay khdng ).

6.2 .4 . May cat bay true khuyu lech tam

Tr6 n hinh 6.7 ve mot mly cat bay ki 6 u true khuyu lfich tam . (!) day hai ludi dao
chuySn dong song phlng. True khuyu kep ( 9) ( BCD ) n6i ban 16 vdi true ldch tam ( 12) 0 do
lSch tam e. True khuyu kep con rtdi ban 16 vdi khung keo (10 ) thdng qua thanh truy 6 n ( 6)
( AB ) . Luc khung keo quay , true khuyu kep se dupe quay theo cung van tdc goc . Ludi dao
( 15) c 6 dinh tren gia dao ( 8 ). Mdt diu gia dao ndi bin 16 vdi thanh lac ( 7 ). Thanh lac nay
ndi ban le vdi than may . Nhd su ndi ddng giua true khuyu kep , gia dao va cln lac ma hai
ludi dao ( rude thdi di6 m cat thuc hidn duoc chuy 6 n ddng song phlng song song vdi nhau tao
ndn vet cat bang phing .

Thdng qua viec thay ddi ti sd van toe g6c giua true ldch tam va true khuyu kep de
thay ddi ban kinh quy ti'ch luai dao va tu d6 di6 u chinh dinh thude .
Loai may clt nay thudng dupe bo tri sau may can phdi lien tuc d6 cat phdi vudng.

185
 10 t?

12

$
Is
Pi
LA I

K
is
,5
- * eX min ( 0t $0 H / I

max 100 M 100 HM

9 *
- 4-

.0
6

]i
7 - *s«
1900

M 777

Hinh 6.7. May cat bay true khuyu lech tarn :

1- banh ring nho; 2,11- banh ring chuydn dbng khung keo; 3, 4- khdp nfii ban Id; 5 - dau ntfi
edng true khuyu kdp; 6 - lay biSn; 7 - edn lac; 8- gid dao; 9 - true tay quay khutfu kdp; 10- khung
keo; 12- true lech tarn; 13,14- banh ring truydn dbng true lech tam; 15- manh dao; 16- o’ lie.

6.2 .5. May cat bay can lac

Tren hinh 6.8 la mdi so so d 6 ket ca u loai mdy cat nay . Day la mdt thie't ke' cita edng
'

ty IH 1 ( Nhat Ban ) . No duoc dung dd cat thep ta m co chidu day nho han 6 ,4 mm .
'

Khi chuyen dOng den khu virc cat , hai ludi cat song song vdi nhau . Gia dao tren ( 1 )
ndi ban Id vdi true khuyu a diem ( 2). Ban dao dudi ( 2 ) duoc ndi Vdi tang quay ( 8 ) nho vao
thanh truydn kidu I 6 ng ( 4 ) . Vong lech tarn ngoai ( 6) , vong lech tam trong ( 5 ) va ban dao
dudi ( 2 ) truqt trong ranh ban dao tren ( 1 ) . DO lech tam cua ban dao dudi ( va ban dao tren ) so
,
vdi true quay la e va dd lech pha 1A 180°. Ltic true khuyu ( 8 ) chuyen dong thi ludi dao tren
va dao dudi chuyen dong ap sat vao nhau va tidn hanh cat .
Tren true khuyu chi nh (8 ) con co dd lech tam e 2 . Do lech tam nay duoc noi vdi ddu
'

true ( 11 ) nhd co thanh dang ( 12) , thanh lac ( 9) noi ban Id gia dao tren tai diem ( 1 ) . Nho vay
khi true quay ( 8 ) quay thl thanh lac ( 9 ) , ( 10 ) va thanh truydn 3 lam cho ban dao tren va dudi
lac qua lai ( xem hinh 6.8 ) . Neu hai vong lech tam trong va ngoai ( 5 ) va ( 6 ) chuyen dong
khong dong tdc vdi true khuyu ( 8 ) thi qua trinh cat khdng xay ra .

186
 tro v 6
tro ve

Hinh 6.8. May cat bay can lac IHT:

1- ban dao trdn; 2- ban dao dirdi; 3- tay bidn; 4- tay bidn long; 5 - <5ng long
lech tam trong; 6- fing I6ng I6ch tam ngoai; 7 - true chfit; 8- true tay quay
chinh; 9, 10- can lac; 11- dau true c3 n lac; 12- tay bidn.

6.2.6 . May cat bay true khuyu thanh lac

Tren hinh 6.9 la set d 6 m £ y cat bay nay . Gia dao tren ( 1 ) ghep ban Id v6i gia dao diroi
( 2 ) qua true ldch tam ( 4 ) . Gia dao duoi chuydn d 6ng nhd vao gia dao tren ciing voi tay quay
( 3) va lac qua lac lai quanh 6ng I 6 ng lech tam ( 5 ), true ldch tam ( 6 ) . Muon didu chinh $6 lan
cat ( hd s6 chay khong ) phai thay d 6i vi trf lech tam giua l6 ng 6'ng ( 5 ) va true ldch tam ( 6 ) .

187
 \
a-
i
1
0,
3
4 vj3M
vft c3t
:Jir II /
9

Hinh 6.9. May cat bay true khuyu thanh lac:

1- gia dao trdn; 2- gia dao dudi; 3- tay quay; 4- true ISch tSm; 5 - 6ng
Ifech tarn; 6- true lach tam; 7 - co clu didu chmh khe hd dao.

6.3. Che do lam viec va nguyen ly dieu chinh kich thitdc cua may c & t bay
May cat lam vide theo hai ch £ dO:
- Ch £ d 6 khoi dOng : luc cat thi dong co lam vide , luc khdng cat thi ddng co nghi
- Che do lien tuc : Dong co lam viec trong su 6t qua trlnh cat .
6.3 .1 . Dieu chinh dinh thude a chi do khoi dong
'

Co hai phixong phap:

/ . Khong che bang tay

188
 Ngucti diiu khidn dua vao mat va kinh nghi£ m quan sat vit cat ddn gin noi quy dinh
thi mo may . Phirong phap nay khdng chfnh xac.
2 . Khdng chetu ddng
Dat may bao tin hidu ( thucmg la t £ bao quang didn con goi Ik “mat thin” ) tr6 n duong
di cua vat can ( hinh 6.10 ). May bao tin hifiu niy lidn he tu ddng vdi may cat bay . Khi diu
mut cua thanh kim loai ( vat can) gap miy bao tin hieu thi miy cat dupe bio chuin bi cat .

3 2 3
4

ni
i (
i
w

HT- — V0 .tj

a) b)

Hinh 6.10. So dd bd tri may cat bay va miy bao tin hieu :
a - ti bao quang diin dit trude miy cit; b- ti bio quang di$n dat sau may cit;
1- may cat bay; 2 - con lin din liiu; 3- t £ bio quang didn; 4- dudng con Ian.

ChiSu dai cit dupe tinh nhu sau :

L = L’ - v0 . t0 ( khi “mat thin” dat trude miy cat ) ( 6- 1 )
va L = L’ + v0.t0 ( khi “mat thin” dat sau mdy cat ) (6- 1 )’
trong do: L " - khoang each tinh tir tarn cua tang dao cit d£n may bio tin hieu ( m );
v() - van toe din phdi lieu ( vat can ) , ( m /s );
t 0 - thcri gian gian each dupe tinh tir luc co tin hieu deh luc cat (s ) .
*

Co the thay ddi ba thdng sd L \ v0 t() dd nhin dupe nhung chiiu dai khac nhau , nhung
>

thuc te thudng thay ddi t0 bang each dung ro le thcri gian .

- Cat xong mdt lin thi ddng ccr dimg lai 6 mdt vi tri nhit dinh. Dd tiep tuc cat lin sau ,
doan kim loai da cat phai dupe chuydn di rit nhanh . Do dd tdc dd cua con lan b phia sau
may cat bay phai ldn hern tdc dd din lieu.
Ro rang la, khi giua hai lin cat ke tiep nhau , neu nhu dong co hoan thanh dupe ca qua
trinh khdi ddng va phanh ham , luSi dao xuit phat tCr vi tri ( 1 ) d£n vi tri (2 ) tie'n hanh cat rdi
'

189
lai tro ve vi tri ( 1 ) cho c & t I4n sau (hlnh 6.11) thi do 1 & che d 6 cat khdi dong dan gidn Ch£ .
d 6 cat nay co the ap dung khi cat san pham co chieu dai 16n ho& c c & t dau , du 6i . Nguoc lai ,
*

phai dung che do c & t khdi dong phvtc tap ( 6- 1 lb ) , 6 do ( 1 ) la vi tri ch6 c <h , ( 2) 1& v| tri c & t ,
( 3 ) la vi tri dao chieu quay cua dao.

Hlnh 6.11 . Duong di cua luoi dao a ch £ do c& t khoi dong .

6.3 . 2 . Dieu chinh dinh kich thu&c 6’ che dd lam viec lien tuc
Che do lien tuc dimg trong truong hop tdc do can ( cung la toe d 6 di chuyen Vftt cat ) rat
Ion .
Chieu dai dinh thu6c tmh theo edng thuc :

L = vnt = TID 0
no k , m ( 6- 2 )
n
trong do : v „o - toe do dan li 6 u :
TtD „ n 0 ,
vo ^ 60
m /s

tgc. - theti gian gidn each giua hai ldn k £ ti £p:

60 ,
1 gc - k s
h
n •
D0 - dudng kinh con lan dan li <S u ( m );
n 0 - s6 vong/ phut cua con lan dan ;
n - so vong/ phut cua dao. tuc la s6 vong/ phut cua true chinh may cat bay :
k - $6 vong quay cua true chinh cua may cat bay hoac luoi dao da di qua giua hai

190
 1in clt lidn tiep. No dupe goi la “hp s6 cdt hd" hay con goi la “ hp so bpi thudc ”
cua may cat bay . Nfiii dao quay 1 vong tien hanh cit 1 lan thi k - 1 , neu quay
hai vong cit mpt lan thi k = 2 , . . .
Luc v0 kh6ng ddi ( nghia la D() n 0 khdng d 6i ) , mu6 n diPu chinh chieu dai L co the
l

thay doi s6 vong quay n va hp so k. Tir do din tori hai phuong phap dieu chinh sau:
1 . Phuong phap thay dot so' vong quay cua true chinh de dieu chinh dinh thude
Truong hop toe dp cua vong dao 6 s6 vong/ phut co dinh nao do mdi bing t 6c do ddn
lieu . So vong/ phut do dupe goi la s6 vong/ phut co ban ( ky hipu la ncb ) . Chi £ u dai cat ting vdi
so vong/ phut co ban dupe goi la chi £ u dai co ban . Luc k = 1, chi 4 u dai cc/ ban dupe tinh nhu
sau ;

LCbi “ m ( 6- 3 )
" eb

Chieu dai co ban luc k ^ 1 se la :

—
Lcb kLcbl ,

VI trong thuc te s6 vong/phut cua dao thay ddi trong pham vi n

m ( 6- 4 )

= ( 1 -s- 2 ) ncb, nen chiPu

dai dinh thude chi dupe thay d6i trong pham vi:
Lcb = (0 ,5 -s- l ) kLcbl , m ( 6-5 )

Quan hp cua Lcb va Lcb ] dupe the hipn tren hinh 6.12. Tia OA ting vdi ncb - n va tia
OB img vdi n = 0 , 5 ncb , tia OC ting vdi n 2 ncb. =
Noi chung nftn tranh diing ch £ dp lam viec vdi n < ncb, bdi vi tdc dp phoi lipu se ldn
hon toe dp dao, vat can dl bi cong va quin vao tang gdn dao r£t nguy hieYn . Nhung mat khac
khong mong muon tdc dp cSt ldn hon tdc dp phdi lipu qua nhiPu , bdi vi luc cdt lai sinh ra
ting suat keo lam pha hong bP mat vpt can va tang tai trong va dpp cua may . i

V i v & y phuong phap nay chi dung trong tmdng hop cat nong thep ta’m hoac thep hinh
'

co nho khi cat vat can di ra khoi gia can cuoi ciing .

C A B
5
4 ?
3 //<v
Q
- <>
^ 2

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
L / LCD
Hinh 6.12. Pham vi di (§u chinh chi £u dai dinh thildc khi thay doi s6 vong/phut true chinh .

191
 Luc may clt bay , may nan con lan va con Ian din lieu duoc mot dong co din ddng
nhu tren hinh 6.13 thi chidu dai dinh thudc duoc tinh theo quan he:
ndc
L - 7tFD 0
ndc
k - 7tD0
^ .
7- k
1
m ( 6- 6 J

trong do: n < jc - s6 vong/phut cua d 6 ng ctf ;

i0 - ti s6 truydn tir ddng co d 6n true din li £ u ;
i - ti so truyfcn cua may cit bay .

vat can
*
o o 12
D 3f
-
Q 10
r Y Si
4 1
6^ - 3
7 -
Hinh 6.13. So do bd trf truyen din may cat bay ,
6 g^O

may nln va con lan din lieu tir mdt ddng co:
-
1- may nan; 2 - con lan dan; 3 - mly cat bay; 4 hbp truyen lire; 5- bb truybn blnh rang vi sai;
- -
6 hbp giam tdc; 7 - ddng ca chinh; 8 d<5ng ca di£u tbc ( thuy luc); 9, 10- may phat xung.

2 . Thay doi “ he so cat lid ” k de dieu chinh dinh thuctc

Ban than phirong phap nay lai chia thanh hai nhom ldn:
so lan gap nhau cua hai ludi dao theo ti le van tdc goc true chinh dao tr£ n
( 1 ) Thay ddi
va true chinh dao dudi . 6 day lai co nhimg bien phap nhu sau:
- Thay ddi ti sd so lirong ludi dao lip tren hai tang ga dao theo bdi s6 hoac ude so cua
nhau ( hinh 6.14).
- Thay ddi ti sd dudng kinh hai tang ga dao theo bdi so hoac ude sd' cua nhau ( hinh
6.14 ) .
- Ket hop giQa ti so' dudng kinh va sd luqng dao ( hinh 6.14 ) .
- Thay doi ti le van tdc goc true chinh dao tren va true chinh dao dudt sao cho hai ludi

192
dao gap nhau theo b6 i s6 hoac irac s6 vong quay thich hap. Ch
&ng han , n£u quy rich chuy £n
d6ng cua luoi dao tren la khdng d6 i , co the? thay d6i s6
lin gap nhau cua hai luoi dao
nhan duoc chi £ u dai dinh thudc khac nhau.

Hinh 6.14. So d6 6\6 u chinh dinh thuac bang each thay d6i
so lucmg luoi dao va ti l£ dirang kinh .

Hinh 6.15. Quy rich cua dao may cat bay kiiu tay quay true khuyu

193
 nhau a nhumg thai di6 m va so vong
( 2 ) Thay doi quy tich ciia hai dao d £ hai dao g & p
quay thich hop. Vf du tr£ n hinh 6.15 ve quy tich cua dao mdy cit bay ki £ u lay quay true
khuyu .
Trong qua trinh thiei ke may c & t bay , d 6 nh & n duac khoang dieu chinh dinh thuac
rong , thuemg phai sir dung d6 ng thai cac phirang phap tren .
3 . Co can dieu toe
Khi di £ u chinh dinh thuac bang phuang phap thay ddi s6 vong quay true chinh n
phai dam bao quan he phdn luang van toe cua Itfdi dao tren phuang chuyin dong cua vat
can hoac xap xi bang van toe vat can . Trong may cat bay , co c £u dam bao quan ht do goi la
co cau dieu toe ( hay con goi la ca cA'u dong birac ) . Trong thuc te co nhiPu kiem loai ca can
dieu toe , nhirng co the chia thanh hai nhom Ian :
Co can dieu toe cua may cat bay co true chinh chuyen dong khong deu
Luc sir dung ca ca'u nay , chi6 u dai dinh thtrdc L duac thuc hien thPng qua vi £ c thay
d 6 i so vong/phut trung binh cua true chinh may cat bay n .
'

Ca cau dieu toe 1dm theo kieu true khuyu kep: (hinh 6.15 ) co the di 6 u chinh duqc do
lech tarn e . Luc e thay d6 i thi ttfc dp goc turc thai cua tang gdn dao a tung vi tr£ sc thay d 6 i .
Mup n tang chiPu dai dinh thude thi giam s6 vong quay banh d & n va chon khoang each e
'

thich hap sao cho toe dp c & t bing toe dp dan lipu ( hinh 6.16) .

tnx; hi ain o .
ft) 0
£3
PTS
1
2 1

6
M
J

a)
ci4n

Hinh 6.16. Co c £u di 6 u t 6'c lech tam:

a - so (36 nguyfin iy ; b- quan he van t6c.

Boi vi sir han chfe cua <36 lech t&m nen s6' vong/ phut cua dao n chi duac thay ddi
'

trong pham vi:

n = ( 0, 5 l ) ncb
trong do ncb la so vong quay urng vefi e = 0.
'
-
194
 n <l >

1
z 2
3

-C
C Cl
G G

0 180 380 540

Hinh 6.17. Quan he vAn t6c d 6 ng b6 cua may cat bay:

-
1 - khi n = ncb (vdi e = 0) ; 2 khi n < ncb ( v6i e > 0 ) ;
Dudng net dCrt bi£ u thi quan h £ van t6c khi cat d t6c de cue tieu .

Pham vi di£ u chinh dinh thiroc se la :

L = ( K 2)Lcbk ( 6- 7 )
Khoang lech tarn dugc x £c dinh nhu sau:
L ~ Lcbk ~

e= (6- 8 )
L + Lcbk ^
Cong thiic (6-8 ) dirge chung minh nhu sau :
Vi: vA c° A ( r + e ) vB <oB( r - e ) , va vA
= 1
= = vB
nen :
_
( r -h e ) tu B ncb
-
( r e ) TD B ncb

Mat khac: L- Lcb ] ^

^
-
tb
k

L
ncb
nfen
Lcbk ntb (r e) - Lcbk
Tir do co th £ d6 dang tim ra duqc c6 ng thtfc (6-8).
Co cdu dieu toe kieu cap bdnh rang elip
Dua tren nguyfen ly an kherp cua cap banh rang elip, vdi c£ c tam quay true banh rang
,
trung vdi tieu diem cua elip ( hinh 6.18 ) , true chu dfing quay d £ u vefi van toe goc to thi true
bi dan se quay v <5i van toe goc bid n ddi co chu ky , trong pham vi:
'

1 -e2
vcfi : co 2 = CO , RRi = ®i
,
l + 2ecostp + e 2
(6 - 9)
2

195
 a-c
c02 min
a+C
( 6- 10 )
a+c
^2 max ^1 a - C
trong do:
- Rj R2 lin lirot la ban kmh cong tai diem d6i ti£p cua banh chu dAng va banh bi din ;
»

- a , b lin lircrt la ban true dai va ban true ngin elip;

- e la khoang each d6i xurng tir t& m elip d£n ti£ u cir;
- cpi la goc quay cua true chu dong .
Trong qua trinh cit , van t 6c cua lirai dao se dirqc dilu chinh dong b6 voi v 4 n toe din
lieu . Nhung trong thirc t £ no gap nhi £ u trie trd cua qui trinh d 6 ng lire hoc nen loai ca cau
nay it dirqc sir dung .

i
JQ
R2
e 1

-O
i

Hinh 6.18. So d6 tmh toan co ca u di £ u tdc cap banh rang elip.

'

Co cau dieu toe cua may cat bay co true chinh quay Iron deu
Khi may cat bay co true chinh quay tron d6 u thudng sur dung co cau di £ u tdc htrdng '

.
kinh . Khi thay ddi chi £ u dai dinh thucrc bang each thay ddi so vong/ phiit co ca'u didu tbc
lam cho quy tich cua ltrdi dao ( dudng tron ) co ban kinh thay ddi trong pham vi Rmax v » Rmin
.
( hinh 6.19 ). Luc d 6, cac th 6ng s6 van tdc chi£ u dai dinh thude duoc tmh theo quan he:
_ „n 60 v 0
v = 2 nR - —
60
~ vo hay n=
2;tR
( 6- 11 )

60v 0
^ cb va L = 2 nR max ( 6- 12 ) , ( 6-13)
2 TTR max
L = 2itRk (6-14 )

—Lo = ( 0,5 + l )k ( 6-15 )

Cac k ( hidu cua bieu thtre trdn da dan (xem muc 6.1).

196
 Vo

Hinh 6.19. Quy ti'ch luoi dao m £ y cat bay khi sir dung co ca'u didu tdc hudng kinh .

6.4 Tinh toan lye, cong c3t cua may e t bay

^
6.4.1. Tinh toan iuc
Khi tinh luc cho may cat bay phai can cur vao dac trung tiep xuc giQa luoi dao va vat
can ( theo kidu cat dao song song hay kifiu cat dao nghidng ) ma sir dung cac edng thurc tuong
ting . Ngoai ra c£n chu y : Khi cat d may cat bay khdng bd tri cd ca'u didu toe thi qua trinh cat
thudng gay ra ling sua't keo tren vat cat . Ung sua't nay dude tinh theo cong thurc cua dinh luat
Hook nhu sau:
A1
CT = E ( 6- 16 )
1
trong do: E - modun dan hdi cua vat cat , ddi vcri thep d 800‘’C, liy
E = 45.000 + 55.000 MPa;
1 - chidu dai doan kim loai (vat can ) tinh tir gia can cudi cirng den mut cudi vira cat
xong ( m );
A1 - luong gian dai tuyfit ddi cua doan kim loai dang tinh ( m )
A1 = Al , — Al0
trong do: Al , - luong chuy^ n ddi cua dao do trdn phuang nam ngang trong thdi gian cat;
- ^
Al 0 luong chuy n ddi cua vat cat trong thdi gian cat : Al0 = v() t .
Thai gian cat ducrc tinh nhu sau ( xem hinh 6.20 ):

t =
<p ( - <p 2 2 rtR
( 6- 17 )
360 v

vdi C0S <P | =

_A - h = 1 - h + s 1
2R 2R
( 6-18 )
h ( l - e) + s
cos cp 2 = 1 -
2R
Al| = R (sincp! - sin (f >2 ) (6-19 )

197
 Cin phai chi ra rang do anh hucrng cua lire cat va lire keo ddng thdi t 6 n tai , then gian
cat duqc nit ngan nen lire keo phu cung giam xutfng . Nhung khi tinh toan lire cat cua m £ y
’
cat bay nha t thifi t phai dira lire phu gia nay vao.
'

Hinh 6.20 . Thfing so hinh hoc cua qua trinh cat tr£ n may cat bay .

6.4 .2 . Tinh chon edng sud t dong ca mdy cat bay

'

Theo ch£ dd lam vide khac nhau, dpng co duqc tinh chon theo cac cOng thurc khac
nhau .
d che d 6 lam vide khoi ddng, edng su £ t ddng cd cua may cat bay hau nhur duqc quygt
^
dinh bdi di u kidn gia 16c cua he thd'ng. Beri vi m6i lSn cat thcri gian tang td'c yeu cau ra't
ngan ( co luc khoang 0, 1 s ) , lire cat hSu nhu khdng anh hucrng den cong sua t ddng co.
'

0 ch£ d 6 lam vise lidn tuc may cat bay co mang banh da ( hoac mfimen vd lang ciia he
'

thong kha lorn ) thi edng su £t dong ca duqc tinh theo edng sua't cat trung binh trong khoang
thcri gian giua hai lin cat k £ tifi'p nhau:
A
N = — E, , kW (6- 20)
t
trong do: A - cOng cat (tinh theo may cat dao song song hoac m £ y cat dao nghieng tuong
ling ), kNm ;
£ - he s6 xet tori ton that ma sat trong ndi bd may cat giOa dao veri khdng khi. Doi
veri may cat co k £t c3'u dcm gian: £, 5. Dd'i veri may cat co kd t ca u phuc tap va
= ' '

-
dac biet su dung co c £u di £ u t <5c: t, 15 20 .
Cach xdc dinh thOng s <5 mdmen qudn tinh cua may cat bay: Vi thcri gian cat cue ky
ngan, dong dien trong cac cudn diy khdng kip tang l£ n (do tu cam ) , cong cat duqc thuc hien
htiu nhu nher vao vide giam thi u dOng nang ciia khtfi luqng cac chi tiet quay da tich duqc
trong do:
^
198
 E-
GDV , Nm ( 6- 21 )
730
C6ng cat A phai bo ra diroc x &c dinh bang hifiu s <5 ddng nang cua he thd ng trudc va
'

sau khi cat :

GD 2
A=
730
(?
» - «§ ). Nm ( 6 - 22 )

trong do: GD“ - mdmen v6 lang cua he thd ng chuyen d6ng quay quy ve true dpng co;
'

nb n 2 - s6 vong/phut cua ddng co trude vk sau khi cat.

Co the dung he s6 truot cho ph £p u cua ddng co de’ tfnh:
,
n - n2 «
u ( 6- 23)

730A
do do: GD 2 = 2 2
, kg . m 2 ( 6-24 )
n (2 u - u )
Vai tri so m 6 men vo lang vtra tinh duqc , phu tai d6 ng ca khong dirqc vircn qua tri s6
cho phep.
Trong trirong hqp m 6men v6 lang thay d 6i theo thdi gian thi m6men v 6 lang cua cac
chi tiet quay nen chon 16n han m 6t chut di dir phong nhffng phu tai dong phat sinh . Dac
bidt , doi veri cac may cat co sir dung bo di £ u toe thi sau khi tinh th6ng s 6 GD2 theo c6ng
there (6- 24 ) con phai ting tri s6 ldn 30 lin ( tham khao [ 3]).

199
 Chtrcmg 7
MAY ClfA

7.1 . Dai cirong

Khi vfet can co tife t difen phirc tap hoac quy each thay dfeii ludn, thi vifec dung may cdt
'

( keo cdt ) de chia doan vfet can trd nfen rdt kho khan. Luc do bude phai dung may cua .

May cua chu yeu dung de cdt thep hinh cd 16n, thep dng , thep dudng ray , thep ddm ,
thep tron a ( rang thai nong . Mdy cua thudng dung nhdt la may cua dia, trfen do co rang .
(Thfep hinh co nho va thep dfey thuctng khdng cdt bdng may cua ma dung may cdt ).
May cua dhng trong nha mdy can thudng c6 cct cd'u sau day:
- Co cdu quay dia cua. Day la co cd u chu yfe u cua mdy cua.
' '

- Co cau ddn dia cua dang quay di vao kim loai theo phucmg song song vdi mat phdng
dia cua . Ddy la co cdu an vao.
Cl nhung xuong can hifen dai , dfe’ tang n & ng sudt lam vifec cua mdy cua , thuctng bd tri
nhieu may cua cung cdt mot luc nhOng vat edn dai thanh nhi£ u doan c6 kich thuctc thich '

hop. Vi vay o mdt s6 may cua edn c6 co cd u day mdy theo chidu doc dudng con Idn ddn vdt
' '

can.

7.2. Ket cau va phan loai may cua

Theo each an vao , ngudi ta chia may cua thanh 3 loai :
- Loai can ldc.
- Loai ddn bdy.
- Loai ban truot .
Ngoai ra con co ung dung may cdt bay. No tifen hanh cdt khi vat can dang chuyfen
ddng .

7.2 .1 . Loai can lac ( hinh 7.1)

Dia cua ( 1 ) ldp trfen edn ldc ( 2), edn ldc nay quay quanh true ( 3) c6' dinh trfen gia ( 4).
Trfen dia edn ldc cd ldp ddng co ( 5) qua day dai ddn ddng dia cua.
Mud'n dua luoi cua an vao kim loai co th £ dung phuong phdp thii cong hoac ldp them
mdt co cdu ddy edn ldc vao .
Loai nay hanh trinh bi han chfe' nfen hifen nay it dung.

200
7.2. 2. Loqi don bay ( h'rnh 7.2 )
Dong co ( 1 ) qua d & y dai d & n d 6ng dTa cua (2 ) . D0ng ca dia cira deu lap titn gia lac
(3) va lac xung quanh true ( 4 ) . Tay don (5) di £ u khi £n luoi cua di xu 6ng cdt vat can .
Loai nay c 6 khuy £t diem la hanh trinh an vao nho, nang sua t thifp, vice 12y phoi cua ra '

khoi mach cua cung rat kho khan . VI v & y hien nay kh 6 ng che tao nua .

3 4

/
y
_
I /

> 7777 ' / / / y .* / / / /// / S >S 7? s /

Hinh 7.1 . May cua can lac : Hinh 7.2. May cua don bay:
1 - dTa cua; 2- c5 n lie; 3- true; 4 - gia ; 5 - dong ca. 1- dOng co; 2- dTa cua ; 3- gia lie; 4 - true ; 5 - tay ddn .

vft c6n
Can I3n
l \ 2 1
6 7 8

Hinh 7.3. May cua ban trugt:

1 - than may ; 2- ban trucrt dTa cua ; 3- dTa cua ; 4- dOng co quay dTa cua ; 5 - co cau
day cua an vao ; 6- ray dan dTa cua; 7- ddng co; 8- banh ring thanh rang .

201
7.2 .3 . Loai cua ban trucrt ( hinh 7.3)
Dong ca ( 4 ) din ddng dla cua ( 3). Dbng co va dTa cua d£ u dat tr6 n gia ( 2 ). Gia ( 2) co
the truot trbn than may ( l ) theo phuang n & m ngang chiia mat phang dta cua ( phuang vuong
goc vai ductng con lan dSn vtlt can ) nhcf co ca'u ( 5 ). Toan bd may cua lai co thfe di dang trdn
phuang nSm ngang vudng goc vdi mat phang dla cua ( phuang song song vcti dudng con lan
vat can ) theo ray dan ( 6 ) nho vao dang cd ( 7) .
Loai may cua nay co hanh trinh an vao Idn lai co th£ di£u chinh theo chi u dai doan
mudn cat , nang suat cao, vt vay loai mSy cua n y dung r£t phb bi£n .
^
^
7.3 Tinh toan luc cua va cong suat cua
7.3 .1 . Phan tich va tinh loan luc ( hinh 7.4)
Luc cua dla cua phai chiu cac luc nhu sau :
- Luc vong T ( hay con gpi la luc cua ) .

- Lire hudng ki'nh R .

- Luc an vao Q.
- Mdmen cua M.
Lite vong T xac dinh theo cong thuc:

T = pms — , N ( 7- 1 )

trong do: p - la ap luc cua trfen 1mm cua didn tich phoj cua ( N/mm hay MPa );
-
m dd day cua phoi cua do m6i rang cua cat ra < mm );
s - chi £ u rdng cua mach cua ( mm );
t - bucrc rang cua ( khoang each giOa hai rang cua ) ( mm ) ;
1 - chieu dai cung tiep xuc giua dTa va vat cua ( mm ) .

R
Q
e»
T m

i T=
ar 1 J

a) b)

Hinh 7. 4. So d6 tinh todn luc cua:

a - phan tich luc ; b - hinh dang phOi cua do mftt rang cua cat ra.

202
 Dipn ti'ch phoi m6i rang cua da cua di Ik ml, mm2.
Goi dien tfch phoi cua dupe tao ra trong mpt giky la nkng suk't cua f :

f = —t lOOOv , mm 2/s . ( 7- 2 )

trong do: v la vAn t6c vong cua dTa cua ( tinh b£ ng m /s ).

Mat khac vi nang suk't cua : f = uh , mm /s .
u la tpc dp tinh tien cua cua ( mm /s);
h la chieu day vat cua ( mm ).
N6 n:
ml uh
( 7 - 3)
t lOOOv
Va luc vong:
uh
T = ps , N ( 7 -4)
lOOOv
Nang suk't cua co th £ tim th &'y tir eke sP lieu thuc nghipm ( vi du bang 7-1):

Bang 7.1. Nang suk't cua cua m6t vai loai thep

Kim loai cua Nhi6t dP cua thep t°C Nkng suat cua cua f (mm 2/s )
Thep ( 0 ,1 * 0 , 2% C ) 750 + 900 2000 + 3000
Thep ( 0 , 1 -r 0 , 2 %C ) 900 + 1000 3000 * 4000
Thep ( 0 , 1 + 0.2 % C ) 1000 + 1100 4000 + 60000

- Luc hupng kinh thudng tinh theo kinh nghiPm :

R = ( 8 -s- 15 )T ( 7- 5 )
- Luc in vao : Q = Rcosa - Tsina ( 7-6 )

73.2 . Cong suat may cua

Cong suk't may cua co thfi tinh theo hai phuong phap sau:
7 . Phuong phap thong dung
Tir luc vong , cong suat cua ckn thiPt co th 6 tinh:
Tv uh
N- = PS , kW
1000 106
PSf
Hay N = ‘
kW ( 7- 7)
10 *

203
trong do: S - chieu day mach cira , trong tinh to£ n so b6 co ihl \Sy s bAng chi £ u day dia cua
8 hoac lay theo quan he s = 5 + ( 2 + 4) mm ;
f - dien rich bi cua di trong m6t gi & y ( n £ng suAt cua ) mm 2;
P - ap lire cua don vj ( N/mnT hay MPa ).
Theo Xelikov :
P = ( 1200 1300)obl trong do abt la ling suit bln cua vat can d nhiet dd cua .
Theo Xelikov va ddng nghiep, khi cua thdp 20, tiit dien 29 x 29; 40 x 40 mm vdi
=
cac thong sb thuc nghiem tr £ n may cua D 800 mm ; S 3,75 ; s = 4 mm ; v = 62 m /s ; thi =
-
P500 2660 * 4250 MPa ; P 100C = L 600 MPa . ,
2 . Phifenig phap tinh edng sudt tiing phan
Dua vao thuc nghiem , mdt sd nha chuySn m6 n dua ra each tinh edng suit may cua N
theo cac cong suit thanh phin tifiu hao nhu sau :

N=
,
N + N2 + N3 + N4
- N A E , kW ( 7-8)
In
trong do: N| - edng sua t cin thiet d £ cua ( kW ) ;
'

-
N 2 c6 ng sua t kep (c6 ng sua't tieu hao do ma sit 6 thanh bfen mach cua trong qua
'

trinh kep gift Iuoi cua ( kW );

N 3 - edng sua't khdng tai, thudng ia'y theo c6 ng sua't dinh mure ciia ddng co;
N 3 = 0,25. Ndm , kW;
N 4 - edng sua't lam bi£n dang phoi cua, trong tinh toan cct thd bo qua .
NAE edng sua t do dong nang (quan tinh ) sinh ra trong qua trinh cua ( kW ).
'

Tinh N ;
Gia thie t the’ tfch cua phan tit kirn loai do mot rang cua cat ra la
'
trng vdi cong cat
tieu hao la thi edng sua t cat don vi tuctng ung la:
'

a , =—
V
* k (l -t- costp ) , Nmm /mm 2 ( 7-9 )

trong do: k = 0/ -/3 - trd luc cat , ( N/ mm 2 hay MPa ) ;

a - tro khang khi biin dang ( N/mm 2 hay MPa ) ;
p - goc di trupt mang kim loai khi cua cat, khi g6c trude cua rang cua y > 0"
(

<p = 45" + y - X; khi y 0“ thi <p = 45°- ( X - y )/2;

y - goc trude cua rang cua ( luong dai sd ); '

X - goc ma sat trong chuyfen dong tuctng ddi giua phoi cua va mat trude cua rang cua.
Tit cac quan he trdn, tiep tuc tinh toan cong suit cua cua ca tiit dien.

204
 Trong thuc te thiromg tinh Nj theo quan he:
N , » —psf , kW ( 7-10 )
106
Cac dai luqng libn quan nhu trbn da din.
Tinh A/ 2
Thucmg tmh theo c 6 ng thurc :
N2 = (iv —M ,
c
kW ( 7 -11 )

trong do: q - hb sb ma sat giOa vat cdn va dia cua;

v - van tbc vbng ciia dia cua ( m /s ) ;
M - bidn do dao dbng cua dia cua ( mm ) , c6 thb tham khao trong bang 7 - 2;
c - he s6 ti'nh toan co th £ tham khao trong bang 7- 3.

Bang 7.2. Gia tri bibn db dao dbng cua dia cua M

Bibn d6 dao dbng ctia dia cua M

Ductng kinh
T6c dO an vio u ( mm/s)
dTa cua D
0 ,5 + 2 2+5 5 + 10 10 + 20 20 + 100
2000 0 + 2, 2 2 , 2 + 3, 2 2 ,6 + 3 ,6 2 ,8 + 3,8 3+4
1500 0+1 1 + 1.6 1,4 + 2 1,6 + 3, 2 17 + 2, 3
1200 0 + 0,5 0 ,5 + 0 , 9 0 ,9 + 1 , 3 1 + 1,4 1 , 1 + 1 ,5
1000 0 + 0 ,35 0 , 35 + 0 , 65 0, 65 + 0 , 95 0,8 + 1 , 1 0 ,85 + 1 , 15
800 0 + 0 , 15 0, 15 + 0, 45 0 , 25 + 0, 55 0 , 35 + 0 ,065 0, 45 + 0 ,75
600 0 + 0 ,05 0 , 05 + 0 , 25 0, 2 + 0 , 4 0,25 + 0 , 45 0, 3 + 0 , 5
500 0 + 0 , 02 0,02 + 0, 18 0 ,1 + 0 , 3 0 , 15 + 0 ,35 0 , 2 + 0 ,4
400 0 + 0 ,1 0 ,01 + 0 ,09 0, 09 + 0 ,15 0,14 + 0 , 22 0 , 15 + 0 , 25

Bang 7.3. Gia tri he sb c

Kfch thuflc dia cua ( mm) H b s<5

Duong kinh D6 aay C = M /Q ( mm / kN )
2000 9,0 1 ,8
1500 7 ,8 1 ,6
1200 7 ,0 1 , 29
1000 6,3 1 , 15
800 5.6 1 , 10
600 4 ,9 0 , 92
500 4,5 0 ,81
400 4 ,0 0 ,71
Ghi clue. Q la ap luc ph £ p tuybn cua mat bbn mach cua , kN.

205
 Tinh N & E
Trong qua trinh cua van t6c dTa cua giam xu6ng , cac chi ti£t quay cung true dia cua sc
phong ra m 6t ddng n &ng AE:

AE ~ —2 I 900
— In
^
2
20 s
- n2 - ^
“
i
18 25 '
/
J
~
°2 ) (7-12 )

trong do: I - momen quan tinh khdi lixdng cua dia cua (kGm );
n 2 ( }, n 2 - lan luqt la s 6 vong/phut cua dia cua khi bat ddu va sau khi cAt dut ti£ t di £ n
'

( vg/ph ).

NAE co the tinh theo c6ng thuc :

AE , kW ( 7 -13)
N A E * 103 t „ r
)I

trong do t0 - tdng thcri gian cua cat tifit dien ( s ).

7.4 . Thong so chu yeu cua may cua

7.4 .1 . Thong so ket cdu
May cua dTa co cac thdng s <5 chu ye'u:
D dudng klnh dTa ( mm ).
5 chieu day dTa ( mm ).
,
D dudng kinh ban kep dTa.
H chieu cao true dTa cua ( so vdi mat dudmg con lan ) ( mm ).
L hanh trinh cue dai cua dTa cua ( mm ).
/ . Dudng kinh dTa ct / a ( luc m&i , khi chua qua mai dua Iqi )
Duoc tieu chualn hoa va lay dudng kinh dTa cua de goi ten may cua ( vi du may cua
1500 , may cua 1800) .
Dudng kinh dia cua duoc xac dinh theo nguySn tic : Bao dam trong mdt hanh trinh
true mang dia cua tinh tie'n phai cat dut het v(U cat co kich thuoc ldn nhat, nghTa la chieu cao
Ion nha t cua vat can chuyen dong trAn dudng lan thong qua phla dudi true may cua khdng
'

bi vuong . d6 ng thdi mep dudi cua dTa cua phai tha'p hem mat phlng dudng lan mot khoang
40 -5- 80 mm (dd'i vdi dTa cua mdi co the dat 100 4- 150 mm ).
- Thep vuong : D = 10 A + 300 mm ( A chieu dai canh hinh vuong ) .
- Thep trdn D = 6d + 300 mm (d dudng kmh thanh thep) .
- Thep goc D = 3B + 350 mm ( B chieu dai canh goc tiet dien ).
- Thep chu U ,I: D = C + 400 mm ( C chieu cao tiet dien ).
Lucmg mai dua cho phep la 5 10% .

206
 2 . Chieu day dia cita 6
Khi 8 tang thi c6 ng suit cua tang , nhimg khi giam 5 thi do b6 n giam . Thucmg chon
5= -
( 0,18 0, 2) D 1 / 2 , mm .
3 . Dudng kinh ban kep dia cifa Dt
Thucmg chon D, = ( 0, 35 -r0 ,5)D , mm
, 4 . Chieu cao true dia cUa H
Khi tang H se han che luong mai dua lai , nhung khi giam H thi luc d £ y ngang tang
len , kho cua .
Thucmg chon H = D/2 - ( 45 -H 120) , mm
5 . Hank trinli cue dai cua dia cua
Thixong chon L theo chieu rOng vat can , nfe'u cua nhidu cay thep ciing mot lan thi chon
L theo sd cay thep .
Tieu chudn Lidn XO TOCT 5579- 50 quy dinh cac thOng so chu ydu cua may cua dia
nhu trong bang 7 -4 .
Bang 7.4 . Cac thOng s6 chu y £u cua may cua
Dudng kinh dia cua
D(mm)
ChiSu
day cua
Hdnh
trinh cilia
^
Kho ng
each tutam
Dudng
kinh cua ChiSu
Kim loai bi cat
Chidu rang bmat (mm)
Dudng Dudng kinh dia , S dia , L <JTa cua d£ n ban cap , cao Luc D Luc D bang
kinh nho nhat ( mm ) (mm ) tam dudng ,
D ( mm) hmax nho danh nghla I
danh khi mon tdi con Ian, ( mm ) nhlit
nghia , D han, Dmin H (mm)

1000 900 6 800 . . *U

410 500 120 • 450 470
1200 1080 7 1000 490 570 160 560 600
1500 1350 8 1200 620 750 200 660 740
1800 1620 9 1400 700 900 260 730 880
2000 1800 10 1500 850 900 350 730 930

7.4.2 . Thong so cong nghe

1 . Van toe vdng v cua dia cua ( tdc la toe do cUa )
Khi tang v thi n 3ng sudt cua tang, nhung luc li tam cung tang 16n . Van t 6c vong v cua
dia cua phai dua vao d <5 b £ n cua ludi cua di xdc dinh .
D6'i vdi may cua nong , luc dudng kinh dia cua la 1000 mm thi van tdc vong lay
.
khoang 80 den 100 m /s luc dudng kinh dia la 2000 mm thi chon van tdc tir 100 ddn 180 m/s .
Thucfng chon v = 100 140 m /s.
2 . Van tdc an vao u
Xac dinh theo chi £ u cao h cua vat cua va ning su 3t cua f :
u = f /h , mm/s

207
 Bdi chieu cao cua vat cua khdng phai la hing so ndn van td'c an vao u cin didu
vi
chinh trong mdt pham vi can thiet . Trong thirc t£ san xuat , van tdc an vao u thudng la'y tir 30
den 300 mm /s.
7.5. Dia cira
Hinh dang rang ala

Hinh dang rang cua phai thoa man cic y & u ciu : dd bdn cao, it tdn cdng san xui't , tudi
tho cao, ft tieng 6 n, chi phf chd tao va mai dua thi p.
'

Tren hinh 7.5 gidfi thidu mdt sd dang rang dla cua thudng dung vdi cac thong sd chu
yeu la goc trudc y, budc ring t’, goc dinh rang 0 , chidu cao rang h. Trong do dang rang hinh
tam giac ( hinh c ) co dd bdn cao, chd tao va sua chfia dd dang , nhung tdn cOng suit, tidng on
ldn . Dang rang hd ( hinh 7.5a ) t6'n ft cdng suit, ft tidng dn , nhung kho chd tao va sua chfla.
Dang rang chudt ( hinh 7.5b ) tieu hao cdng suit tuong ddi ft , tuong doi dd che tao, tieng on
tucmg ddi nho. Hidn nay thucmg dung dang rang chudt vdi goc trudc y = 0 \ hoac vdi dang
l

rang ho' y = -10", chieu cao rang h * t’/3.

De giam bdt ung suit tap trung ndn chd tao chan dia cua hinh vong cung . Dd cai thidn
dieu kidn lam viec , tdt nhit la lam cho chidu day cua dia cua tang din theo chidu cao cua
rang, goc trudc cua rang li goc im .
Vat lieu dung lam dia ciia
Thudng la thep co dd ben ab 800 -r- 950 N/ mm 2 , dd dan tuong ddi 5 = 12 ^ 13% .
=
Kinh nghiem cho bidt ring , ciing crb nhu nhau , nhtrng 8 tang thi tudi tho cua dia cua
cung tang.
Dd giam bdi nut ne , dia cua thudng lam bing thep mangan va thep niken vf du thep
-
chda ( 0 , 8 l ,15 % ) Mn va ( l ,54-2% ) Ni .
Nhiet luyen dia cua
De’ tang tudi tho cua rang, rang cua phai duoc toi rit ddng ddu d tat ca cac rang vdi dd
rln HRC = 56 -s- 63. Con tam dia cua cung phai nhiet luyfin co do rin be mat HRC = 29 4- 37.
Tuoi tho cita dia ci/a
Dia cua thong thudng cua duoc 5000 dd n 10000 lan hoac cua duoc mdt didn tfch la 50
'

den 100 m 2 thr hong . Dia cua thudng hong vi vdt nut theo hudng kfnh . Dia cua thudng duoc
cd djnh bing hai mam cap hai bdn va phai duoc can bing that tdt ( ndu khdng se sinh ra hifin
tuong dao va ly tam cue bd ).
Dp ben ciia dia ci/ a

Duoc xac dinh theo luc ly tim . TJng suit keo do luc ly tam sinh ra la :
o = pv2.14 4 [o] , N/ mm 2 hay MPa
“

Ddi vdi dia cua bing thep thudng lay [cr] = 160 N/mm 2

208
 -1 1.

a L7
a)

Hinh 7.5. Dang rang ctia thirong dung cua dia cira :
a - dang rang hd; b- dang rang chudt; c- dang rang tam giac can.

Lam nguoi dia rang cua

Ludi cua trong qua trinh Dm vide phai duoc lam ngudi bang nude v6 i voi phun ap suit
tir 6 den 10 at , n£u didu kidn lam vide ra't nang thl ap suat nude phai dung tdi tCr 20 den 40
at .
Nude khOng nhung co tac dung lam ngudi ma con c6 tac dung day phoi cua ra khoi
rang cua .
Dan dong dia cua
Dia cua duoc din dong bang ddng co qua hd thdng day dai ho&C true tiep lap tren true
dia cua thdng qua khdp nd i true .
'

Vi van tdc cua dia cua khdng cin didu chinh ndn thirong dung ddng co khdng ddng bd
de dan dong dia cua .
Neu dudng kinh cua dia cua khoang 1700 mm thi momen vdlang cua no la 100 den
300 kGm . D6 cho phu tai cua ddng co ddng deu co the' dung mdt banh da khdng ldn lam dd
lap them vao.
Dong co dan dong co can an vao
Dong co dan dong co ca u an vao cua dia cua thudng la khi n6n, thuy lire hoac la ddng
'

co dien mot chieu kich tu song song didu chinh duoc tdc do.

209
 Chiromg 8
MAY NAN

Vat can thirang chiu nhi £ t d 6 khong diu ( trong khi nung , khi can , khi lam ngu 6i ) va
nhieu nguydn nh &n khac lam cho san pham can bi cong v£ nh. Hi6 n tirqng nay th & y ro nh£t a
cac san pham thep can hinh , can 6ng , can t £m. Mutfn san pham can dep cdn phai nAn thang.
Khac v6i qua trinh can , qua trinh ndn kh6ng lam thay d6 i hinh dang va dien rich tiet
dien vat can.
8.1 - Sa liroc ve cac loai may n&n
Vi dai the may n & n co the chia lam 5 nh6 m ca ban sau:
1 . May nan kieu diem ilia .
2 . May nan con Ian .
3 . May nan ong .
4 . May nan keo cang .
5 . May nan uon keo cang .

^
Tu 5 nhom may nay co th chon m 6 t so loai cu th£’ hon. Sa d 6 nguy£ n ly va c6 ng dung
cua cac loai may nan the hien kh 3 i qu3t trong bang 8.1.
Bang 8.1. So d 6 nguyfcn ly va c6ng dung cac loai may n £ n

T 6n goi Sa 66 nguyGn ly Cdng dung

a. Ki&j dung

l\l£ n cac loai d3m, thep hinh

101 cd Idn, thep 6ng.
1
n
Z*7P.S7?9 vilnin
’
b. Ki6u nam

M £ y nSn £ p lire

Nan cac loai dam, thep hinh

c<316n, thep 6ng.
2

210
Bang 8.1 ( hep thco )
Ten goi Soddnguyen ly Ceng dung
c . Kieu di£u chinh true trfen dec i§ p

*
%
* f

N£ n cac loai thep hinh,

t f
! i
i
thep tarn.
i /1 '
m

s. 1

U0U
d. Kilu didu chinh true trfin toan be song song

*s
I I
l
!
t III
!

Nln thep tarn d£ y cfl trung.

2 f i .
/

1 T

May nan con Ian

e. Kieu didu chinh true trdn tap trung tao gdc lech

A Nan thep tdm cO mong vb

cd trung.

f. Kieu di £ u chinh true trSn tirng phan tao goc lech

c -
p

,,. \
\
* a
- v .-V--vc..; 7^
^
~
T .* X.y
* ~ /
X -- v ,
/ N
||
v.
It
* '» r r-
\I
- Nan thep t £m c0 mong.
' / ' ' y v
-

a' \

- \ r xi\ ;" a
--
/
/
>4 y > , * .• i\ ^
\ \ s / \
'
\

g. Kieu dat cheo co ban

Nan thep 6ng va
thanh thep trebr .

May nan (5ng h. Ki£u dat chfeo <313>

Nan thep 6ng.

211
Bang 8.1 ( liep theo )
T6n goi So do nguyen ly CGng dung
i. Kieu true I6ch tSm
Nan thep ong vo mong.

k . Kie’u k 6o kep

3 & Nan th6p ta'm m6ng

ijBa 1 \ \
>
don chi £c.

^3-
Mdy nan keo
cSng

I. Kieu keo cang lien tuc

.
4
Nin th§p deii cupn, ho§c
dai cudn kim loai mau.

m.Kieu keo u<5n k 6t hgp

V Nan thep cupn trong
May nan u6n keo
4- to may li £ n hgp.

8.2. Ca so ly thuyet nan

Qua trinh nan tren mdy nan di£m tua dirge Vty lam ca so nghien curu ly tbuyft nan.
8.2 .1 . (Juan he monten noi luc va icng sudt nan
I A hoc lai gidn do Huckcf
v l li£ u) .
(Gian d6 Hucko hinh 7.1 a da dirge nghien cuu ky trong giao trinh Sue ben |

I)
*b
ABC A D
°S

o es 0 Es Eb
a) b)
Hinh 8.1. Gian d6 Hucka:
a - d6i v6i vSt lieu deo thuc te"; b- d<5i vOi vat lieu deo ly tirdng.

212
 Diem A ting vdi gidi han ti 16 .
Didm B ting vdi gidi han dan h6i.
Di 4m C ting vdi gidi han chay .
Diem D ting vdi gidi han b£ n .
Ba didm A , B, C rat g £ n nhau , trong thuc td' co thd xem nhir trimg nhau tai diem C.
2 . Mot so gid thiet
- Trade va sau khi bien dang tid t didn ngang cua vat nan van phang va vudng goc vdi
'

dirdng tam cua vat nan ( gia thiet Becnuli ).

- Trong khi bien dang , vat nan chi chiu '
ud nthuin ttiy ( khoang each gitia hai diem tira
hay khoang each gitia hai con lan cling phia ki hiSu la t Idn hern nhi £ u so vdi chidu day h ciia
vat nan , t » h ) .
- Khong xet tdi anh hudng cua bid'n ting ( vat ndn Id mdt loai vat lidu dan hdi deo ly
tudng , gian do Hucka duefe thay bang gian do dan hdi deo ly tudng ( hinh 8.1 b ).

f9

s
Hinh 8.2. Quan h$ ung su &t va bien dang tren cac th6 kim loai
cua v£t li£ u dan h6 i deo ly tiremg .

3 . Momen not Ivtc ( M f I j )

Momen noi lire a tren ti£t dien nhir hinh 8.3 se la :

li

'/
z
Hinh 8.3. So dd tlnh toan mdmen ndi ltrc khi udn
vat lidu dan hoi deo ly tudng ( tidt didn hinh chut nhat ) .

213
 M asdF.z
bieu di £ n o qua

a£ = 2 |
j( as — dz b.z + 2 J

^
()
. dz- b -z
zo z
°
h2 z02 A
Mni = crsb — 3
( 8 -1 )

z0 la khoang each ttr duerng tarn den thd bie n dang deo hoan toan .
'

Nhu vay mdmen npi luc ( Mn!) phu thude vao z0.
Neu mat ngoai vita mdi bie(n dang de'n es ( tiic la z0 = h/2 ) thi:
Mnl = asW ( 8- 2 )

trong do:
4 h /,2 '2
W= —
h o1
11
fo. z bdz ( 8- 3 )

Doi vdi tiet dien hinh chu nh&t thi:

bh 2
Mn ( = <y s
6
( 8- 4 )

Nhu vay momen noi luc bang mdmen chd'ng u6n dan h6i , ky hidu Mw .
M„| = Mw ( 8- 5)

Neu toan bo tiet dien dat toi bien dang deo ( nghTa la z( ) = 0) thi:
Mnj — osS ( 8- 6)

trong do:
h/2
z. b.dz. ( 8- 7 )

Doi vdi tiet didn hinh chu nhat thi:

bh 2
Mnl "°S T~ ( 8 -8)

Nhir vay momen noi lire bang momen ch <5ng uon deo, ky hieu Ms.
Mnl = Ms ( 8-9)

Giua Mn] & Mw t 6n tai quan hd:

e= Mw = S/W ( 8 - 10 )

hay: M , = e.Mw ( 8 - 11 )
He so e phu thuoc vao hinh dang tiet difin va dupe cho trong bang 7.2 .

214
 Bang 8.2. Gia tri he $6' e

Hinh dang Chur Hinh Hinh

tie't diSn nhat
ChCr U Chur I Chur L Ray 6ng

—
trdn vudng
Vj tri Mt
di6n luc nan I
I l
n
C Mi u X o
Ti s6
1.5 1 ,7 2,0 1 ,6 1,2 1 ,8 1 ,2 1,5 1 , 4 + 1 , 6 1 , 5+ 1 , 7 1 , 3 + 1 , 6
e = S/ W

Trong truang hcrp tren tiet difen vita co bi £n dang dan h6 i vira co bi £n dang deo thi
momen noi lure se la :
Mnl = a, ( W + S) ( 8 - 12 )

Do'i vdi tiet dien hinh chu nhat :

2e,
3 1
Mn , = c^. b. h 2/6 2 2
h
1
( 8 -13)

ro
8.2 . 2. Ouan he giua lKang bien dung tuang doi ( E) v&i do cong ban ddu Id Hr(h do cong
khi bi uon 7 / p .
Ta hay khao sat mot vat n & n co do cong ban d & u la l / r( ) , bi uon ve phfa ngUOc lai c6
do cong la 1 / p ( hinh 8 4 ) .
,

Hinh 8. 4. So d 6 tfnh toan do cong va bien dang.

215
 Lugng bib'n dang tucrng dO i 6 thd each duerng trung hoa mdt doan la z se dugc t ( nh nhu
'

sau :
( <Po + cp| ) Z _ ( < p 0 + (p ) Z , _Z <p Z, ( 8- 14)
E
„ r„ < p 0
i

( r0 - z ) cp h> <PoP
Bcri vl z < < r0, nftn r0cp0 = pegj va :

Ez =Z — —J
Vro
1
+
1
P
( 8- 15 )

1 1
K 6t kuan : Lugng bien dang tucrng d <5i ( e ) ti le thuan vdi z \ a
'
— +— .
Vo P J
Tir cong thtre ( 8 - 15) ta rut ra: z = ez ( 8 - 16 )
I 1
—rO H
P

= 1 es ( 8 - 17 )
Zo
——
«0
4-
1
P
(
1
- + -)£
ro
1
P
1 1
Nhu vay z( ) phu thuoc vao GS E va > +_
10 *

P
8.2 . 3 . Momen nan thang
Tiet dien ting vdi d6 cong ban dSu l /r 0 la A 0 A ( ). Sau d 6 u 6n v& phfa ngirac lai co do

—
cong 1 / p di den vi tri AJAJ ( hinh 8.5 ) .

—
h h
2 ro
i

4o
*t
Hinh 8.5. Quan hb bien dang va ung sua't trbn ede thd
cua tiet dien khi udn va khi h6i phuc.

Khi cat bo tai trgng thi trong khoang CB ( bien dang dan h6 i ve vi trf CB, con trong
,
khoang BiA vtra co bi£ n dang dan h6 i , vua co bien dang deo . Phan bien dang dan h6i
'

A 1 A 2 BB1 phan bien dang deo la A3 A 2 B.

216
 Bdi vi khoang each theo phuong nim ngang cua A 2B va AtC ( tile BB dung bang es.
^
Gian d 6 tirng suit va gian d 6 bien dang ti 16 vdi nhau n6 n gian d6 bi6n dang tren hlnh ve
cflng dai di6 n cho gian dd ting suit .
Sau khi cat bo luc di , theo gia thi£ t Becnucli thi vi tri A 2 BBA2 khbng tdn tai ma phai
trb v6 vi tri A 2AS. Luc do trong vat nan se sinh ra ring suit nen du ( bi £ u thi bang hinh
A2 A 3D ) va ling sua't keo du ( bi6 u thi bang hinh BDC) .
Mdmen tmg sua't du ddi vdi didm C se can bing:
McA, 2 A 3 D -
^ DBC

Theo phuong trinh ta tha'y mbmen ndi luc khi nan thing bang mdmen cua hinh
, ,
A A 2 BC dbi vdi di m C, d 6 ng thbi c6 tri s6 bang mOmen cua hinh A|A C ddi vdi di m C.
^ ^
,
Bdi vi gia thiet Becnuli sau khi cat bo luc di thi tidt di 6n A A ( se di d6'n tiet di6n A 3 A , :
'
-
MCAA1A 2BC
Mbmen phuc h6i nay , theo giao trinh siic b6 n vat lieu se la:

M= —ElP ( 8- 18 )

trong do: E - mddun dan h6i cua vit lieu;

J - mbmen quan tmh .
-
Tir phuong trinh ( 8- 1 ) , ( 8 15 ) , ( 8-18) ta co the giai ra trj sd cua mdmen nan ( M ).
Trong trubng hop vat nin bi bidn dang ldn: z0 « h /2
luc do: M = Ms = osS.
Trong trubng hop vat nin bi bidn dang nho: ZQ = h/2
luc do: M = Mw = osW

Vdi tiet dien hinh chu nhat: s

- “l
4
Tuy theo do cong khac nhau cua vat nin se co the thay doi trong pham vi:
Mn = ( 1+ 1 ,5 ) Mw
8.3. Qua trinh nin thing tren may nan kieu con Ian
8.3 - 1 . Dal van de
N6'u vat can c6 dd cong mdt chidu thi co thd dung may nin kidu didm tua va chi cin
uon mot vai lin la xong . Nnung trong thuc t6', dd cong cua vat nin co dd ldn khac nhau lai
cong theo nhOng chieu khac nhau . Vi viy khdng the dung miy nin kieu diem tua ma phai
dimg mot kieu may nin co the udn li6 n tuc . Do chinh la may nin kidu con lan .

217
8.3 . 2 . Cdc phuamg an nan
I . PhUcmg an bien dang nho
* Dac diem:
D6 cong bi uon tir con lan thu 2 ddn con lan thu ( n - 1 ) din din giam di va di den ch 6
gin nhu bing khong , sao cho do cong sau khi nin nim trong pham vi dung sai cho phep.

ra m
— l'> (h
—
Vrj

O 2 A, 2‘ 1 O 2 2’ A, 1
D
B
D D’
l
B

c
t
5)
(
v/ / / ,- rrs/ / >;;/ Zr777/ h' / / T/ / s/ :VW / /
4
/ / // / / / / / /7 ZL -
/ / / / / / / / rf // / // / / / / / / / / / / / < /'
. . S/V77ft
© © 7 7

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—
0
ra m
a n
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1
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D’ D

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bJB 7
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c
i
H'inh 8.6. Qua trinh nan khi sir dung phuong an bien dang nho.

* Con lan thu nhat chi co tac dung lam didm tua.
* Con lan thu 2 :

+
1
ib
Qua u 6'n + —P1 > con du + —ro1
1 1
Qua u 6’n + * con du 0
r <> Po
* Con lan thu 3:
1 1
+ Qua u 6n con du 0
rn Po
1 1
0 Qua u 6'n + > con du
Po

218
 * Con lan thu 4 :

r o Qua utfn + —Pi1 con dir + —

12
1

1
ri
Qua udn + —Pi1 * con du 0

Tuang tLT nhu the co the nan tie p tren cic con lan kMc .
'

Tom lai: tu ch6

1 +1 -1 +1
+ —
r > > > r2 >
»0
() h) *
11

N6u tang s6 true \tn thi cuoi cung d6 cong ti£n dSn t6i 0.

2 . PhitcfHg an bien dang Ida

* Dac d \im\
'

Con lan thu hai , thur ba udn mot db u6n rat 16n lam cho vAt can bien dang cr trang thai
dec toan bo . V & t can v6n co db cong dir hai chi £ u bien thanh dd cong m 6t chieu . Tu con lan
thu tu tra di thi n £ n theo bi £ n dang nho.

_ l_ , 1
^ fp ro m
in r a D

‘
<r~
— I

r
0 0 2 2 A2 1 o o 2 ( 2' A> i;

»
X | <N '
B B
{
0 0

ft
/ / Ss / SSS/ / /S/SyS/SS/ / / / / / / / / / / / ;/ /' / / / / / / / / / SSr/ / / / / / / / /

© //

f3
/ / // / / A
/

•
!m
1 A -v 2 2 0i ( V
4 D '

D
X I CM iR
i !
B
C

Hinh 8.7. Qua trinh nan khi su dung phuemg an bien dang 1cm .

219
 * Con lan thu nhat chi co tac dung tua .
* Con lan thu hai trcr di:
] l
1 +—
1 1 1
+—
r0 —— ri-y 4
r2 *3
1 + -I

——> + —ri1
I
Po 1 + —
1

ro r2
So sanh hai phuang an:
Vai phuang an bien dang nho: lire ph 4n b6 tuong doi d £ u trerv cac con lan , do do d 6
mon cua cac con lan cung tuang dtfi d 6 ng d £ u , nhimg 66 cong dir mfit di ch$m , stf con lan
phai dung kha nhi £ u mai dam bao y£ u eziu.
Phuang in bi£n dang 16n: Hi6 u qua nin rit tdt , s6 con lan phai dung ft han , nhimg lire
phan b <5 khdng d £ u tren cac con lan , tr£ n con lan thur hai va thtr ba chiu lire rat Ion do do
thuemg chong mon va chdng hong , di£ u ki 6 n dua v $ t can an vao cung rat khd khan . 17 vay
trong tlufc te thtf &ng dung platting an thit nhat .

8.3 .3 . Luc Ide dung ten may nan

Co nhieu phuong phap d £ xac dinh lire tac dung lfen may nan , nhung a day dung
phuang phap Xmirnov.

1 . Tien de gia thiet

Mdmen tac dung I6 n cac con lan thur hai , thur ba , thu tu deu bang nhau va bang
( 1)
momen bi £n dang deo.
M2 = = M 4 = Ms ( = as.S = os. b. h 2 /4). (8 -19)
(2)Momen tac dung I 6 n cac con lan thu tu, thu ba , thu hai phia cuoi cimg bang nhau
1

va bang m6men dan hdi.

Mn., = Mn -2 = Mn -1 = Mw ( = aL.h.w = as. b.h 2/6 ) ( 8- 20 )

( 3) Con lan thu nhat va con lan cudi cung vat nan khdng chju momen uon .

M , = Mn = 0 ( 8 -21 )

2 4 n- 3 n- 1
O O O P 3 O
7T O V O O O
i
^ n -2 n

2. Life nan
Luc nan la luc con lan tac dung vao vat nan lam cho no bi bien dang.

220
 Cach xac dinh :
Tach tir con l & n thu hai tra di , xem v&t nan la dtfi tirong nghi£ n ciru . d 6 ng thai khong
xet den trong lirong ban than no ta co:
?

t
tn

Hinh 8.8. Phan rich lire tac dung tren may nftn con l&n.

t
Pi - ass ( 8 - 22 )

= MS
2
P,i
t
Tach t £r con lan thii 3, ta co:

,
P t ^
t
P2 - = - M 3 ~ Ms ( 8 - 23 )

6
P2 = MS
t
( 8- 24 )

urong nr.
8
P3 = MS
t
( 8- 25 )

Pn = MW
2
( 8 - 26 )
t
6 MW
Pn - t t
( 8 - 27 )

8MW
Pn -2 ~
t
( 8- 28 )

Ap luc t £c dung l£ n con l & n trung gian co th6 l & y bang gid tri trung binh cua P3 va Pn _ 2.
'

221
 Neu muon tmh tOng ap lire tac dung l £ n toan bd cac con lan thi co thi dung cac cOng
tiuic:
Pi = (2n - 4(P, + Pn )
^I ( 8- 29 )

hay

3 . Momen ndn
Pi =
^Y^ (MS + MIIW ) ( 8- 30)

Mdmen nan la momen quay con lan dd lam cho vat nan bie n dang . '

Hinh 8.9. Quan hd momen va chuydn vj trdn mdy ndn con lan .

Mdmen nan duqc u nh nhtr sau :

'

Gia thid t vat nan bi bien dang deo hoan Loan va dira vao dinh luat bao toan nang
'

lirong : edng can dd bien dang vat nan Iren con lan nao do ( Ani ) bang cong truydn vao con lan
do ( A ’ m )

Ani A n j
trong do: Ani = MS0 J

vi : e , = t /2r ,
nen Ani = ( t /2 r, ) Ms
A ni = Mni <P
trong do : Mn| - mdmen nan edn co truydn vao trdn con lan thtr i ;
cp - chuydn vi goc edn thid t khi ndn ;
'

cp = coT - to van tdc goc cua con lan co = 2 v/D

T - thdi gian ndn trdn mot con Un /T = t /2 v
A ’„i
= Mn , t / D
Msi/2rj = Mnit/D
Mn = ( Di/2 r, )Ms
222
 Do) vcti mot may nan thi D/ 2 la hang s6, khi vat ndn da dinh thi Ms cung la hang so,
chi co l / r; la thay d 6 i tren timg con Ian . Cho n £ n m 6 men ndn tbng c6ng se Id:
D 1 D 1 D 1
Mn = lMni = MS 2 r0 2 r2 ,
2 r

(8 - 31 )

Cach tinh Ei/rj : Khi vat ndn co do cong m6t hudng ( nhir dudng ray , thdp chi? U ) thi:

Y — = — + 2"fV?—i
i 1
( 8 - 32)
h r0 2 fi
Ntfu vat ndn co d 6 cong nhidu hudng:
n-2 :
I
- —
i i 1
£- =
^
r
+- +
r0 r2 3 ri
( 8- 33 )

Gia tri r ( ) = (10 +200)h ( ddi voi thep hinh ).

- Tri so nho dung cho cd nho .
- Trj s6 Ion dung cho cd Idn .
r0 = ( 10 -^ 30 ) h ( doi vcti thep ta'm ) .
- So tri nho dung cho thep tdm day .
- S6 tri Ictn dung cho thep tam mong .
' '

8.4. Cong suat dan dong

Cdng suat ddn d 6 ng con Ian ti'nh theo cdng thtrc:
w , d' 2v ( 8 -34 )
N=
D „
trong do: Mn - la mdmen t6ng cdng ( Nm );
EP - t 6 ng ap luc tdc dung len tdt ca cac con Ian ( N );
p - he s <5 ma sat Ian cua con lan d6'i vdti vat ndn ( tmh bang m ):
Doi vcri thep hinh p = 0,0008 + 0 ,0012 m ;
Doi vcti thep ta m'
p = 0,0008 m ;
f - sd ma sat cua 6 true con lan:
Neu la 6 truett. thi f = 0,05 + 0,07;
Neu la 6 bi thi f = 0,005;
d - dudng kinh cua c 6 true con lan ( m );
D - ductng kinh cua than true con lan ( m ) ;
v - van tdc ndn ( m /s);
p - hieu suat may .

223
8.5 . Cac thong so chu yeu cua may nin
Cac thOng s6 chu yiu cua may nan g6m c6:
- Ducmg kinh thin con lan ( D).
- Khoang each giua hai con lan ( t).
- S6 lupng con lan ( n ).
- Tdc do nan ( v ).
Nguyen tic chon:
( 1) Dam bao t6c d6 nan .
( 2) Uhg suit tiip xuc giua vitnin vi con lan nho hem ung suit cho phep [ a ].
( 3) Dieu kien ket ciu cho ph 6p.

8.5 , 1 . Cach chon duang kinh con Idn D

Duong kinh D cua con lan chiu su rang bu 6c cua khoang each t.
- Doi vdi thep hinh D = (0,75 + 0 ,9)t.
- D6i vdi thep tarn D = (0,9 ^ 0,95)t .
8.5 .2 , Cach chon bucrc con lan t
Truoc ti £ n hay xet din cac nhan 16 anh hudng den t .
nan ( Mn ) giam, chit lupng nin giam .
( 1 ) t qua 1dm thi p tang , 1/ p giam , mdmen
( 2) t qua nho thi p giam, 1 / p tang , mAmen nan ( Mn ) tang , chat lupng nan tang .
Nhung D giam , ung suit tiep xuc ( <rtx ) tang do do d be mat vit nan sinh ra r6, chit
lupng hi mat kern , con lan cung chong hong.
Vi vay thudng chon t trong pham vi:
^min — t tm a x
a . Cach chon / min

Vi: atx = 0,418 [4* * 2CTC

_ 8 asb. h 2
= P3 = MS
8
trong do liy: P
t T 4
R = D/2 = 0,475t ( liy D = 0,95t )

t > 0,43 hj-c = tmin

b . Xac dinh t m a x
Thirc te cho bie't rang chat luang nan se dam bao khi 2/ 3 tiet didn dude bi6 n dang deo .
NghTa la :

224
 f i + -o i hri i _
£
Zo - Zo —
lro P
+ - > es - °s
3 2 [ tQ p E
Ndu gia thiei them l /r0 = 0 thi bdt dang thirc tr6 n cang dupe thoa man .
h 1 GS
~
6p E
1 6
>
R - 0 5h E h
f , ^
Neu lay R = 0,5t va xem 0,5h 0 thi:
&

t<
—
E h
as 6 X 0,5
Eh
3os —Eh
= 0,33 a = t max
Tom lai:

/
0,43h E/ as < t < 0,33 —
° s
( 8 - 35 )

Trong thirc te thucmg chon t nhu sau :

Thep hinh t = ( 5 - 20) h
( trisP nho dung cho ca 1cm ) .
( tri so ldn dung trong cd nho ).
Thep tarn t = ( 8 - 200 ) h
( tri sP nho dung cho ca day ) ,
( tri s6 lPn dung cho cQ mong).
8.5.3. Toe do nan v
Toe dp nan thircmg can cur vdo lupng nang sudt dfi dinh doat , dong thoi xet tori nhiet dp
va chat lupng cua vat ndn .
Ndn nguoi thep tam v = 0,06 + 2,5 m /s.
Ndn ngudi thep hinh v = 0,8 + 2 m /s.
Noi chung vdt ndn cang day tpc do ndn cang nho.
'

8.5.4. So lucmg con Idn

So lupng con lan thudng dua theo yeu cdu chat lupng vat ndn va chidu day vat ndn de
lua chon .
Doi vPi thep tam :

Chieu day vat ndn ( h ) ( mm ) 0 ,25 + 1.5 1 ,5 -5- 6 >6

S6 lupng con lan ( n ) 19 + 29 11 + 17 7 + 9

Doi vPi thep hinh: Co Ion n = 7 + 8.

CS nho n = 7 + 11.

225
 Chtrang 9
MAY CllON VA MAY TO CUON

Cong dung cua may cuon la gom tu cac loai vat c £ n qud dai ( thep tam , thep day ... )
thanh cuon , rut ngdn chit:u dai nha xuong . Con may to cu 6 n co nhiem vu ngUOc lai : hoc tach
t£m hoac dai thep tir trong cu6n ra . Trong day chuyen c 6ng ngh £ can tam mong , may cuOn
\ a may to cuon thirong phoi hap vai nhau tao lire cang truac va cang sau may can hoac dai

trong he thong may xir If be mat ( nhtf trang , ma ... ) . Vi v4y , hai may nay ihuang k(5t hap lam
mot va goi chung la may cu 6 n . Thep dirge cuon co the a trang thai nong ho&c trang thai
nguoi , va vi the co may cuon nong va may cuon ngu 6i . Sir bo tri\ chat luong lam viec cua
may cuon anh huang true tiep den chat luong san pham .

9.1 . So luge ve may cuon nong thep day va thep hinh ca nho

_
othtsoo
^
6

b)

Hinh 9.1 . Set d6 va nguydn ly kb t cd u m & y cuCn huang true:

' '

a - so do nguybn ly: 1- 6ng dan thep ; 2- true treo quay ; 3 - dng xo §n; 4- I6ng chan ; 5- tang qu6n;
6 - may to cubn ; b- kbt cau mdy cubn: 1- <5ng dan thep; 2- co cau didu Khifen 6ng dan nude Idm ngubi;
3- 6ng dan nude lam ngubi; 4- dbng co.

226
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Hinh 9.2. So d 6 nguyen ly mbt s6 mdy cu 6 n kib’u tiep tuyen:

'

a - Kieu bP tri trbn sdn c6 gia dP vong dby : 1 - IPi cuon ; 2 - tay hUng; 3 - Png din ; 4 - vong chan; 5 - gia treo;
6 - khbp quay tay hirng; 7 - gia tua ; b - Kibu bo tri trbn sdn co gia dP hobn tobn vbng dby : 1- Png dan;
2 - khung quay ; 3 - tay hUng; 4 - long quay; 5 - xilanh diPu khibn long; 6- banh rang quay long ; 7- mang lat ;
c - Kibu bP tri dacri san: 1- Png dan; 2- ctf cbn bang 3- bbn quay; 4- ban hung; 5- mat san; 6- may day ,

Trong cac phan xuong can thep day va thep hinh co nho t 6 n tai rat nhieu kibu may
cuon . Tren hinh 9.1 trinh bay so d 6 ket ca u may cupn thep day kieu huong true . Tren hinh
'

9 , 2 trinh bay mot so so do may cuon thep day kieu tiep tuyb n . '

227
9.2 . May cuon nong thep tarn
May cuon nong thep tSm c6 nhidu loai : Theo vi trf lam vice c6 loai tr£ n san va duai
san theo ki £ u ket cau co loai c6 tang cuon , loai khong co tang cuO n , trong do loai dlltfi san
,
'

co tang cuon dirge dung rong rai ban ca .

9.2 .1. Bn tri va yeu cau cong nghS doi v&i mdy cuon thdp du&i sdn
I . Bo tri
May cuon dirac bo trf phfa cudi va a phfa duai | m t san duang can cua may can thep
tarn ( hoSc thep dai ) li £ n tuc . Di6 u kien lam viec cua may cuOn dudi san r4t nang ne , rat hay
phat sinh sir co. De dam bao sail xiuVt thudng xuyen phai b6 trf ba may cuon , trong do hai
may lam vice luan phien nhau . con mot may dir phong. VI phai tao cho cuon thep dirac lam
nguOi den dudi di £ m chuydn pha ( doi vdi thep cacbon vao khoang 540 den 620°C ) , non
khoang each giua cac may phai dii lan ( thOng thuang chung a cu ly 60 den 200 m, tuy theo
tain mong hay day va dieu kien thong gio ) . Tren hinh 9.3 th 6 hien su bo tri va k £t c & u may '

cuon duai san kieu ba con lan trong t 6 hap may can 1700 lien tuc can nong thep ti&n. No co
th& cuon thep tain day 1 , 25 den 12.7 mm , t 6c d6 cuOn 20 m /s , trong lugng cuon len tai 30 tan .

2300

n
<t>- -ol” '

f
a
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8
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A
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S' / ,

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Hinh 9.3. Ket ca u may cuOn thep duai san :

'

1 - tang cuon ; 2 - con lan kbo ; 3- con I3n d§ n; 4- binh thuy It/c; 5- cSnh tay keo; 6 - binh thuy' lire .

228
 2 . Yen c an cong nghe cudn
p

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Hinh 9.4. So d 6 che do vAn tdc cac nguyen cOng may cuon thep
(b6 tri cung vai may can nong 1700 ):
I - trang thai chuaVi bi; II- trang thai on djnh; III- trang thai thu cu6n.
ar tang tdc Ian dau ; a 2- tang tdc lAn 2:
F - may can tinh; G- difdng con lAn ra ; P- con Ian keo cang; M- tang cudn;
W- con Ian trg cudn; A- dau dai thep 16 ra khoi gia can F ; B - dau dai thep an
vao tang M; C - dudi dal thep tidp cAn giA F ; D- duoi dai thep ra khoi gia can
F ; E- duoi dai thep tidp cAn con Ian P; K - dudi dai thep rdi khoi con Ian P.

Tac dung ciia may cuOn la khong chc lire keo cang ( keo trnac ) cho may can va cuon
dai thep thanh cuOn .
Ngay sau khi dAu ra cua dai thep xuat hien sail may can tinh till may cuOn diroc dura
vao trang thai chuan bi lam viec . Luc do con Ion keo cang fren (con lan co duang kinh 16n )
ha xuong , cac “con Ian no qudnM so vai tang duoc khong che tuang ung vai chieu day dai
thep. Nhcr co tarn din dat phia truac con lAn keo cang , dai thep di vao khe ha giura hai con
lAn keo va sau do di vao khe ha giura tang quAn va cac “ con lAn tra quan k Sau khi dai thep '

da cuon len tang diroc ba den nAm vong dAu tien , qua trinh tao cuon da duoc On dinh ( hi lire
6 p ciia cac “con lan tra cuon " da diroc rut bo, may cuon diroc dong ca khong che theo “chi
dd dong diin con bong diem O" va cung diroc khOng che lien dong vai may can de tao cuon
mot each nhip nhang a toe do cuOn cue dai .
Luc duOi cua dai thep sAp rOi khoi gia can thi may cuon a vao trang thai thu cuon . Toe
do cua may can va may cuon ddu giam xutfng . Cac “con lan tra cudn ” cung thu ep va bop
chat lay cuon thep.
Lite duoi ciia dai thep tach khoi gia can cuOi cung thi con lAn keo cang phai ep chat .
Dong ca dien a vao trang thai phat dien tao sure cang cho dai thep dang con nAm a giura tang
cudn va con lan keo , tirinh hien tuang keo long va xien lech a nhung lap ngoai cung cua
cuon thep .

229
 Luc thao cudn cac “con lan trp cudn ” dupe tach ra , “ ban xe lan chd cudn” dupe nang
len dd lay cudn thep , chd cho tang cudn tu co lai nhudng chd cho xe chd cudn thep di. Qu £
trinh cudn thep kd't thuc. May cudn chu £n bi sang giai doan 12tm vide mdi .
Quan hd toe dd ciia cac nguyen edng noi tren dupe md ta trdn hinh 9.4 . 6 trang thai
chua n bi , toe do cua dai thep khdng ndn qua cao nham tranh gay kho khan cho sir an vao cua
'

dai thep vdi con lan keo cang va dudng din hudng. Toe dd dudng lan phai Ion hen tdc do b
gia can cu 6i cung de tranh un tic. Tdc dd con lan keo cang phai ldn hem 16c do can nham
tao thuan lpi cho viec an vao. Toe dd con lan tro cudn phai ldn hon tdc do con lan keo cang .
Luc cudn da vao thd 6n dinh phai gift dupe dd 6n dinh cua hi£ u s6 tdc dd giua tang cudn va
vat can . May cudn phai co kha nang tang tdc cin thidt di phit huy tdi da nang lire cua may
can . Khi chua’n bi ket thuc cudn , tdc dd cua con lan kdo cang phai giam thip hon tdc dd cua
tang cudn, tdc dd dudng Un cung cin giam xudng nham tranh cho du6 i dai thep chao dao
quin vat. Luc thu cudn , phai dam bao tdc do tang cudn nham trinh su cd xay ra khi vat cin
ra khoi gia can .
Cac qua trinh c6 ng nghe trdn day ngay nay ddu duoc khdng che tu dong qua ht thong
may tfnh. Tdc dd cudn co thd Un den 30m/s , trong lupng cudn 45 tin , chidu day thep 25 mm .
Noi chung , trong khi sir dung may cudn ndng phai quan tarn ddn cac ydu ciu :
- Co tdc dd an vao va tdc dd cudn cao .
- Co the xir ly cac cudn co trong lupng 1cm.
- Co the cudn dupe tarn vi cac dai th6 p co dd day va cac san phim khac nhau.
- Co kha nang cao vd khdng chd tdc dd
- Co kha nang tao dupe luc cang ldn cho phep cudn thep a nhidt dd tha'p.
-
Phai tao dupe cudn chit , tay bang.
- Phai tao dung dd cin bang ddng tdt cho miy cudn cho phep cudn 6 tdc dd cao.
- Dudng kinh tang co thd phinh to hoic thu nho dd ti6 n cho vide thao cudn .
- Phai chiu dupe nhidt dd cao va tien cho vide duy tu , bao dudng .
9,2.2. Mot so ket cd'u cum chi tiet dac trung cua may cudn tdm
Trong may trp cudn co mdt sd chi tiet hoic cum chi tiet kha phGc tap . Sau day chi giai
thidu mdt sd chi tidt hoic cum chi tidt do.
* Tang cudn : Tang cudn li bd phdn cdt loi cua may cudn. Ydu ciu co ban doi vdi no la :
- Chiu dupe dd bdn cao ung vdi cudn co trong lupng ldn (co thd ldn tdi 45 tin ) quay
vdi van tdc cao va gia tdc ldn.
- Phai co kha nang co nho dudng kinh dd’ rut cudn va phinh to trd lai khi cuon thep .
- Lam vide b nhiet dd cao , phai dupe lam ngudi va bdi tron tdt.
Trong thuc td da xuat hidn nhieu loai tang cudn:
- Kidu chdt tru mil trupt nghidng.
- Kieu thanh dang.
- Kieu lang tru bac tid giac hoac nhidu canh.

230
 Hlnh 9.5 trinh bay tang cuOn kh 6 ng dung h6 p giam tCfc; dung cho may can ta m ngu 6i
'

co d 6 day san phalm tir 0, 2 d £n 2 ,5 mm , chi6 u rOng ta'm 1050 mm ; tffc d6 cu6n 15 m /s ; trong
lirpng cuon 15 tan .
0 JiOC
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Hinh 9.5 . Tang cuon thep ta m khong dung hop giam tbc :
1- tang cu6n; 2- true tang; 3- tru dO; 4- dng I6t true; 5- vo may; 6- tru da.

231
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Hinh 9.6. May cuon dang cOng xOn va tang cuon loai vong khuyfin:
-
1- vong khuy6n, 2- c £ nh quat ; 3- tfim d£ y; 4 binh thuy lire; 5- vo may; 6- nap may; 7- khdp ndi; 8 - binh thuy luc;
9 - khdp khuyfin; 10 - chPt ; 11- IP xo; 12 - can tang; 13 - true chinh; 14 - gia; 15- gia dCr; 16- vdng; 17- con trtrert.

232
 Tr £n hinh 9.7 la may cuOn co tang cu6n dang nem dung cho ta'm rOng 1500 mm; voi
do day 2 mm, lire keo 2,5 tan, t6c d<5 cu6n v = 7 m/ s, trong luong cu6n 4,5 t£h.
545 MS -
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Hinh 9.7. May cuon co tang dang n£nj:

1- Png boc dan hudng; 2- Png lot true; 3- true chtnh ; 4- 6ng do; 5 - binh thuy lire tac dung hai chiSu.

233
9.3. Cac thong so ky thu & t ca ban cua may cuon ta m '

May cudn t£m dupe xac dinh bdi mdt s6 thdng sd ky thuat co ban sau day:
'

- Chieu day tain thep cudn ( mm );

- Chieu rdng ta m thep cudn ( mm ) ;
'

- Gidri han chay cua vat lieu thep cudn ( MPa ) ;

- Dudng kmh cudn ( mm ) ;

- Trotig lirpng cuon ( ta n );

'

- Dudng kmh tang cudn D ( mm );

- Luang phinh ducmg kfnh tang cudn AD (mm );
- Td c do cudn cue dai v ( m /ph );
'

- Luc cudn cue dai F ( kN ) ;

- Cong sua t ddng co P ( kW );
'

- Sd vong/ phut cua ddng co n ( vg/ph );

- Ti so truydn i ;
- Goc trupt lang tru a;
- Dudng kmh xilanh phinh co Dx| ( mm ) ;
- Hanh trtnh xilanh phinh co Hx ] ( mm );
- Sd lupng xilanh phinh co;
- Ap luc chat long trong xilanh p ( MPa ).
Cach xac dinh cac thdng sd trfin trinh bay trong tai lieu tham khao .

9.4. Tinh cong suat may cudn

Khi cuon bang hoac tarn, tokn bd chi£ u day cua chung chiu mdt ting suit gan bang
gidi han chay , vat lieu chiu trang that ting sua't chay udn do raomen udn gay n £ n .
bh 2 ( xem 7 - 2 )
iM
Vlu = aws W
TTcu = CTs
4
, kN m

trong do;
b - chieu rong bang ho3c ta m , mm ;
'

-
h chieu day bang , mm;
*
rs - gidi han chay cua vat lieu , kN/mm .
<
Mdmen uon tac dung a mat phang vuong goc voi true ngang cua tbi cudn , co thei dat
vao true quay cua tdi cudn .

234
 Qua trinh cubn c6 lire keo cang nbn phai ti'nh thdm mbmen do luc cang T gay nen:

MCB = T.R = oc . b. h.R , kN.m

trong do:
2
ct ting suflLt keo cing (kN/mm ).

Khi cubn bang vbi chidu day h > 1 mm Chi ac = (0,1 + 0,3cs).
Khi h < 1 mm Chi oc = ( 0, 3 + 0,8os).
• R ban klnh tbi cubn , mm .
Cbng suat dbng co dan dbng tang cubn co the xac dinh theo cbng thtic:

N < jc = (MU + MCB ) — - , kW ( 9- 1 )

trong do:
( MJJ + MCB) , kNm ;
v - tbc db cubn bang , m /s;
D - dubng kinh tang cubn , m;
r| - hd sb huu ich cua bb truydn.

9.5. May tb cuon

May tb cubn dung dd to cubn thep khi can ngubi, cat thanh doan trong xudng han ong ,
trong cong doan tay rira va gia cbng nhibt luydn . Co nhidu loai mdy tb cubn , sau day xin gibi
thieu hai loai :

1 . May to cuon dang hai edn

Tren hinh 9.8 gicri thibu loai may t6 cubn dang hai cbn , dung dd to cubn thep hoac
bang thep co chidu day h = 1,5 -s- 5 mm va chidu rbng b < 1500 mm , tbc do tb vT < 1 m /s.
Nhb xe chb cuon cat ngang phan xubng cubn , cubn dupe dua tori ban , co cau true vtt
nAng cubn thep de d 6ng true vbi hai cbn . Co ca'u true vit ( dbi khi dan dong thuy luc ) phai va
trai ( 3) . Hai cbn dich chuydn gan lai va tu didu chinh , tidp xuc chat toan bb bd mat cubn
thep. De tao luc keo cang cho bang thep khi tb cubn dbng co lam vibe b che' db ham .
Khi giam tbc db tb cubn , mbmen da cua bb phan d £ n dbng se giam di nhb vao phanh
gubc hai cbn .
May tb cubn dang hai cbn dupe sir dung khi luc keo cang bang va tarn khbng lbn hon
3 tan . Nb u luc keo cang qua lbn se lam hong (dap hay nat ) nhQng vong bdn trong cua cubn thep.
'

Trong lupng cua cubn thdp lbn hon 15 ta n , chung dupe tb nhb may tb cbng xon vbi co
'

cdu chem dang hinh quat .

235
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Hinh 9.8. May to cuon dang cOn :

1- d£ may trOi; 2- binh thuy luc; 3- ban triM Mi; 4- d£u cOn; 5- ban truot phai; 6- d£ may phai; 7- dOng co va bo
phan dan dong; 8- co c§'u dan dOng thanh rang; 9- hOp giam t<5c; 10 - sensor diOu khien; 11- cOng tac hanh tririh .
2 . May w cuon dang cong xon
Tren binh 9.9 la may to cudn dang cong xon , co tang cuon dang vong khuyen dung de
to cu 6 n thep co trong ltrong tcri 45 tan , t 6c dp to cu 6n 1cm hon 3 m /s .
'

236
 May co de la thep due ( 5) va ( 15) , nap may ( 6), true chinh (13) dirge
hip cac 6 bi dfla
cfln d5 chan de quay tang a d 3u c6 ng xdn bang dOng co ( 18 ) qua
khop nO i ( 7) va hdp giam
'

t <5c hai ca'p. '

®450 ~ t> /0

i!

J 75 0
0480

Hinh 9.9. May to cuon dang cOng x 6 n :

1 - vbng khuyen; 2- canh quat; 3 - ti(m day; 4- binh thuy lire ; 5
- vd may ; 6- n3p may’;
7 - khOp nd'i; 8- binh thuy lire; 9- khdp khuySn; 10- ch6t; 11- lo xo; 12
- can tang; 13
true chinh; 14 - gia ; 15- gia dd; 16- vdng; 17- con tnrgt ; 18- ddng co.

237
 DSdich chuyfcn may t & cuon theo gi £ da ( 14 ) nha h £ thong thuy lire dat a be may
.
Dau kia cua true chfnh dat binh thuy lire ( 8 ) ceSn ( 12 ) dat trong loi true vdi he thong 16
( 10 ) .
xo la ( 11 ) . Dill trade cua can ( 12 ) diroc n6i vdi 6ng trirot ( 17) , dau gdn v6ng khuyen ( 1 ) co
cac chi tiet hinh day quat ( 2 ) , nham dieu ehinh d 6 idn> nho cua tang cu 6 n .
True tai dich chuyln trong long ong ( 2 ) , nha pittong ( 8 ) cua xilanh hai chieu . Di
thudng xuven trung true cua tai ta vdi true cua may ta cuon, truac khi bat dau to cuon can
phai xcm xet kha nang dich ehuve n than may ta vdi gia d 5 n . Su chuydn d6ng mem mai nay
'

duac thtfc hien nha binh thuy lire dat tren gia ( 4 ) va (8), hoat dong cua chiing duac tu ddng
hoa hoan toan .
May to cuou loai nay dung chu you cho thep cuon loai 45 tifn, toe do ta den 7 m/s,
Chidu rong tim 1500 m , chieu day tarn khoang 2 mm , sue cang den 2 , 5 tan .

9.6 . Co cau udn va gor dau bang 6 dang cuon

Sau khi dat cuon thep len may ta cuon cSn phai go dau bang thep ra khoi cuon va dua
no vao true can di gia c 6 ng tiep theo. T6 n tai hai dang ca c £u ga dSu cuOn bang. Ca c £u gcr
uon nam cham , ca cau go - u6n k\6 u moc .
l ren hinh 9.10 la ca ctfu ga udn ki £ u nam cham .
'

v
67S I
J *
True a& n

'll 11
10
DU& ng c£ o
B-4 ng
s
S' 6
?>
is \ 7
S
22 \' <s \v
&?<£>

Hinh 9.10 . Co ca u go- u6 n dau bang kidu nam cham :

'

1 - ong n<5i; 2, 3 - canh tay don; 4- nam cham difin; 5 - con Ian dan; 6 - true dd; 7 - con l§n bi dbng; 8 - true
Khuyu thanh truydn; 9- con Ian udn bi ddng; 10- con I3 n; 11- true quay; 12- ngong true ; 13 - tay gidng.

238
 Co cau g6m d£u da 11am chain (3) va cac con Jan keo d & n hucmg ( 10) , (9 ) , ( 7 ) . Con Ian
trfen ( 10 ) duqc dan dOng bai mot dqng ca vai c6 ng suat 15 kW , cac con lan (9 ) , (7) duai bi
dong . Trirac khi ga d & u bang co do day khoang 4 mm , rong tdi 1000 mm , cac con lan duai
( 9 ) , ( 7 ) ha xuong nho true khuyu thanh truy £ n ( 8) quay xung quanh true ( 6 ) theo con ldn dan

hu6ng (5). Nam chfttti dien (4) duqc lap tr £ n hai canh tay don b£ n ( 2 ) , ( 3) chung duqc n6i
voi nhau bang 6 ng giang ( 1 ). Ong nay quay xung quanh true ( 11 ) nhet c£ c canh tay don ben
'

co co ca'u d 3n bang hai blnh thuy lire . Ngong true ( 12 ) nO’i cau dien ha xuong tdi khi tidp xiic
vdi cuon bang thep , hut lay d £ u cudn bang uon va nang no l £ n . Sau do nho cac thanh truydn ,
cac con lan duai nang len va nen ddu bang thep vao con lan d £ n ddng ( 10 ) va bat diiu to
cuOn , cac con lan u 6n bang thep ve mdt phi'a , dua d u bang thep vao true can dti can nguOi .
^
T6c dd to cuon vao khoang 0,5 m /s , ap luc nen ldn con lan trdn khoang 10 ta n , trong luong
'

cudn thep khoang 15 tan .

Hinh 9.11. Co cau uon - go d 4 u bang dang cao:

1- d3u cao; 2 - dSu do; 3 - con ISn bi ddng; 4- co c£u canh tay don
song song; 5- blnh thuy luc ; 6- canh tay dbn; 7- con lan dan dbng.

239
 Ca ciu udn - gd din bang dang cao tmg dung cho cudn kim loai mau ( bang kh 6 ng co
iir nh ) hinh 9.11.
ti'

Cao ( 1 ) duoc ch £ tao tir thep hop kim co dd bin cao ( thudng bang thep Cr , Mn ) gdn
chat vao dau dd ( 2 ), diu g0 nd'i khdp ciu vai canh tay ddn ( 6 ) . Nhd he thdng canh tay don
( 4 ) cd ca cau din ddng la binh thuy luc ( 5 ) , moc duqc nen chat vao cudn bang , khi quay tdi
vao cudn kim loai thi ca cau bit diu gd ud'n diu cudi ciia bang . Con lan uon ( 3) ning bang
l £ n con lan din ddng ( 7 ) va dua no vao true cdn .
Kiiu gd udn nay co ciu tao dan gian nhtmg lai bin trong khi sir dung .

240
 ChironglO
MAY VA CAC THI T BI
DICH CHUYJ&N PHOI VA SAN PHAM CAN ^
10.1. San ldn va ph £ n loai san Ian
San lan la hinh thuc van chuyd'n vat lidu true tidp nho cac con lan quay xung quanh
true cua no . San lan trong xudng can la hinh thuc chu ydu di v$n chuyen kim loai, trong
luong cua chung Idn tori 40 ddn 60% toan bA trong luqng thidt bi trong xudng . Co th £ phan
loai san lan nhu sau :

7 . San Ian cong tac chink

Chung duerc dat true ti£p b cac gia can ph£ , may can khai phAi , didu kidn lam viec
nang nd chting durqc goi la con lan gia cdn .

2 . San lan phu tra

La cac con lan ducrc l£p dat nA'i tidp vdi con lan chinh b cac hang gia can , no tham gia
true tiep vao qua trinh van chuyen phAi. D6i khi phAi can co chidu dai ldn han chieu dai ban
than con lan .
3 . San Ian van chuyen
La cac con lan dua tdi va dua di phAi can , cac con lan dua phAi can tdi 16 nung , tdi cac
gia can va cac con lan dua phAi can ra khoi khu vuc gia can toi cac thid't bi phu ( may cat,
may cua , may nan . . . ) dAi khi chung vtra la con lan dua toi vira la con lan dua di ( cac con lan
b gan gia can )

4 . San lan nhan him loai

La cac con lan duqc bA tri b diu day truyen cAng nghd trude va sau 16 nung , nhiem vu
chu ydu cua chung la nhan phAi can do c &n day dua tdi, no lam vide trong didu kidn nhidt do
cao va va dap ldn .
5. San lan nhom
La loai san lan lap dat nghidng , dAng thdi dich chuyen kim loai doc va dich chuydn
ngang con lan , gom nhat phAi thanh bo trude va sau may cat, dich chuyen mdu diu thira
cua phAi vao bun - ke , hoac gom phAi can thanh nhdm nhd vao tarn chan trude khi dua vao
san nguoi .

241
 1 3

Y ! II J ( I

rrm a)
i
?
V
i

± ± ± ± ± it it it
* + +

» I l

IWrMflYiwflW
T
r+ ~
i
± ± ± ± t ± 1c
czb izb cb zb zb cb cb
b)
^
Hinh 10.1 . So d6 con lan nhom b6 tri nghifing ; San lan thu 6c 16 nung:
1- con I3n iSp ISt nghifing; 2- tlm chin; 3- phdi c $n.

6 . San lan Id
Cac con lan nay dat true ti £p a n6 n 16 (16 u thep tarn ), 6 bi va co c &'u din ddng dat
ding sau tuong 16. Chung dude ch£ tao r 6ng d£ lam ngudi bang nu6c , truy£ n d 6 ng bang xich
( Hinh 10.1 b )

7. San Ian nang ha

Dung d £ dich chuyln kim loai. theo phuong ngang, nang hoac ha kim loai theo phuong
thing dung , ling dung cho ban nang ha cua may can pha ba true , dua vat lieu vao 16 nung ,
cho may cat loai nang . . .

8 . San lan dich chuyen

1
Chu y6 u dung d £ dich chuy£’n ngang va doc kim loai theo hudmg can , ung dung cho
ban dich chuydn kim loai ciia may can ray dao chi6 u , may c£ n 6ng.
Trong can hinh con lan dua phdi tori , dua ph6i di chi D tuong ddi no phu thu 6c vao vi
tri 16 hinh .

10.1 .1 . Kick thu&c ca ban cua con lan

Cac kich thude ca ban cua con lan la:

242
 Du - dudng kinh con lan .
L - chi £ u dai con 1an.
S - budc con lan .
Tat ca cic kich thudc nay d£ u dugc chuin hoa .
* Duong kinh con Ian dugc lam cang nho cang tit , vira giam trong lugng vira giam
mdmen da d 6 giam cdng suit ddng co. Gidi han giam dudng kinh phu thudc vao do ben ,
di £ u kien lam viec , kfch thudc 6 cung nhu co ciu din ddng.
* Chidu dai lim vide cua con lan
Chieu dai lam vide cua con lan thudng phu thudc vao vi tri, cdng dung cua chung , d
cac con lan chfnh chiiu dai nay liy bang chidu dai phin lim vide cua true can , cac con lan
phu cua may can hinh liy nho hon phin lam viec cua true can . Cac con lan van chuyen
chieu dai phan lam vide ldn hon khoang 150 + 200 mm so vdi chieu rdng cua phoi hoac bo
kim loai .
* Budc cac con lan
La khoang each hai dircmg tarn cua hai con lan nim kd nhau . Tir didu kidn kim loai
can van chuyen it nhit cung nim trdn hai con lan , ding thdi budc con lan cung khong dugc
ldn hon nira chieu dai cua phdi van chuydn . Nhung didu kien nay duoc thoa man , phdi duoc
van chuyen dm , khong gay va dip , 6 dd ben hon. Neu phdi can qua dai , budc con ldn ldn se
gay uin phoi do trong lugng cua chtnh no. Dd lam giam kha nang nay ngudi ta dat thdm con
lan khdng dan ddng xen ke con tin din ddng nhung vdi ducmg kinh nho hon .
* Tic dd con lin
Con lan lam vide d chi dd dong ngit lidn tuc (chi dd khdi ddng) , 16c dd co thd khac
rat xa tic do dinh mure cua con lan , nhung tuong dii vdi t 6c dd vong dinh muc cua ddng co.
Cac con lan dao chieu thi tic dd thudng ldn hon tic do dinh muc. Cac con lan lam viec d
chi do dai han dugc lip ddng co di bd co toe dd tuong thich vdi tic dd lam viec cua chung .
Cac con lan d gan gia can toe dd cua chung liy ldn hon tic dd can khoang 5 den 10 %
nhim loai trir kha nang tao bd, tan dung dugc nhidt dd cua kim loai .
Cac con lan van chuyen co tic dd can bang nang suit cua may can , con lan dua kim
loai vao 16, vao gii can khai phdi cd tic dd 1, 5 2,5 m /s. (*) miy can tim mong lidn tuc , can
hinh nho cd toe dd con lan tdi 12 m/s .
Tic do dinh muc cua con lan xac dinh bdi tic do dinh mire cua ddng co vdi ty si
truydn hgp ly.
.
10.1 .2 Tdi trong len con ldn
Tai trong tac dung ldn con lan cd thd la : Trong lugng cua kim loai van chuyen , tai
trong phu xuat hien trong qua trinh lam vide cua con lan , tai trong ddng do phdi dd trdn con

243
Ian gfty ra .
* Tai trong do trong luong phdi gay ndn.
Khi tlnh toan tai trong ttnh d£ chon cdng suit dOng co cho con lan c&n phai tlnh tdi ca
trong luctng ciia phdi , kich thudc ti6't didn , dd dai , ngin cua chung. Gia sir con lan van

^ Chu y la doi khi phai van chuyen ph i qua ngin hiu nhu tai trong chi
chuy n phoi day va ngin , chi tua len hai con lan m 6i con lan chiu mdt tai trong la Q = G/2.
6 , tap trung vao
mdt con lan . Khi ph6i dai tai trong chia ddu trdn cac con lan.

**
.
y t
* «
.U P T
I
J
I
a) b)

Hinh 10.2. Tai trong dOng Idn con lan :

-
a khi phdi ra kh 6 i 16 hinh true can ; b- khi lat ph 6i.

* Tai trong phu

Xua t hien khi phoi can ra khoi true khdng c6 mang d (in huong 6 ede con Ian d £ u tidn ,
'

ngan can phoi c6 xu hudmg xud'ng dudi. Ap luc dupe tlnh tir di £ u kifin ud'n deo.
p = qSWcu ( 10-1 )
c
2
trong do: CTS - gidi han chay ciia kim loai . N/mm ;
Wcu - momen chong ud'n cua tifit di£ n ngang , mm ;

C - khoang each giua true can va true con lan , mm .

* Tai trong dOng
Xua t hien trong trudng hop phdi co trong luong ldn roi trdn con lan vdi do cao h . VI
'

du: phdi ra khoi true can dupe nang I6n do ap luc dudi r 6i roi xudng dap ldn con Ian , trudng
hop dudng can cao hon dudng sinh cua con lan , hoac khi lat phdi diu tidn phdi nam doe theo
canh sau dd nam doe theo mat tiep xuc cua con lan v . v . ..
Tai trong ddng co th £ xac dinh tir dieu kidn cho rang ddng nang roi ciia phdi E , ma't
,
mat do va dap E va nang luong bidn dang con lan U ( cho ring khi va dap phdi hoan toan
khong dan hdi:

244
 E - Ev =U
Nang luong mat mat khi va dap d£ bid n dang con lan co th £ xac dinh theo cOng thurc:
'

E - E1
Q+ K G 2 , , 00- 3)
2g
trong do: Q - trong luong cua phdi trdn con lan khi roi;
K ) - he s6 quy ddi khdi luong con lan khi tinh ddng nang;
G ) - trong luong con lan ;
v - van tdc chuyd’n ddng cua ph 6i va con lan tai thoi di m roi .
Toe d 6 v co the xac diinh dupe nho vao phuong trinh khdi luong chuydn dOng:
^
Q. v Q + K 2 Gt
g g
u ( 10- 4 )

trong do: v - vin tdc roi cua phdi trude thoi di £ m va dap;
K 2 - he so quy ddi khdi luong con Un khi tinh khoi luong truyen ddng .
- -
Til hai phuong trinh ( 10 3) va ( 10 4 ) ta cd:

1 + K1
G ,
2
Qv Q
E-Ei
2G
(1 + K 25f Q
)2

Qv 2
Tur phuong trinh ddng nang co thd thay thd bang edng thurc cua no khi roi Qh
2g
( 10- 2 ) :
G
1 + K 1, ->
Q
U = Qh = ( 10-5)
< I + K 25 > I 2

h - chieu cao roi .

,.
He so quy ddi khdi luong con lan K K 2 phu thude vao hinh dang con lan , vao gia tri
bidn dang va vao diem va dip.
Khi tiet didn thanh khong ddi , didm tua thanh tuydt doi cung , didm dat ( roi ) cua luc
d gifra thanh rht K ( = 0 , 49 , K 2 = 0,625. Khi thanh cd dang con lan cd thd la'y K i, = 0 , 55,
K 2 = 0 , 7.
Nang luong bidn dang cua con lan co thd vi£t thanh tdng:
U = U + U2 , ( 10-6 )
trong Jo: Ut - nang luong lam bidn dang con lan ;

245
 U2 - nang luong lam bien dang di£m tua cua cua con lan.
Thay tac dung va dap bang luc P. Xac dinh th£ nang bid'n dang con lan theo c6 ng thtic:
p v * 2*
p v rP> 2 fa 3 \
U , 21 2 EJ —
dx + 2 Jf dx = ^J -c
3
+ —h
C

C
2EJ l 12E i

,
trong do: J va J 2 - mflmen quan tfnh mat cat con lan va c6 con lan;
E - mbdun dan h6i cua vat lidu ;
a , c - mot nua khoang c £ch ter di £m dat luc tdi di£ m tua va ditim tua tdi phdn lim
vide cua con lan .
P c
jr J t J
/
T

1-

P/ 2 P /2
a a

Hinh 10.3. Tai trong va dap dat 6 diSm giSa con lan .

Hinh 10.4. Tai trong va dap dat tai di£ m giua con lan .

'
Nang luong bid n dang dilm tua con lan a dang 6 dd , khung v.v .. . co the bi £ u thi qua
d 6 cumg cua no:

246
 U2 = Rt
= 2 Plf±
2 [P
trong do: t - d6 bi £n dang cua 6 da con lan dn6i tac dung cua tai trong P dat tai diem giua;
( t /P) - dai lirong bi6u thi dd cimg cua 6 da hay gia tri bi £n dang cua 1 /P tai trong
trtn con lan .
Nang lupng bi £n dang chung cua he diroc vifift:
1) 2 { 3
5 \
2 / . \ •

U
P
- a - C3
+ +?L.
t SL ( 10- 7 )
12E h h 2 VP
Luc P xac dinh tir hai phircrng trinh ( 10- 5 ) va ( 10- 7 ):

1+K
G ,
Q 1
P = Qh ( 10 - 8 )
G 1 a -c 3
c3 3
1[ t
(1 + K 2 1

1 Q 12E h
+
J 2
+
2 P
—
D£ phan tich phircrng trinh ni)y cho rang dd bi £n dang cua 6 d3 con lan bang khdng ,
'

thi irng suat dong do lire va dap gay ndn co th£ ti'nh bang:
, Kl ,Jh G
Pa
= 2 W1 Q-h.
+
± G) .2 aW 2 )
1 (1 + K !
Q

trong do: W , - m6men chtfng u6n cua mat cat lam viec con lan .

/ 0.7 .3* Mdmen vd edng suat dong ca ddn dong con lan
Mdmen va cong suit ddng co din ddng con I 3n diroc xac dinh bdi 3 ydu 16 :
a . Mat mat ma sat a 8 dd khi kim loai dich chuyen theo con lan

b . Mdmen truat do kim loai

thanh ddn hu&ng
Mms = (Q l + n G ) pms
trUfft ^
tren be mat con lan , co the do kim loai vtidng vao
( 10 - 9 )

Mtr ( 10- 10 )

Hai thanh phan nay khdng thay ddi khi van t <5c kim loai la hang sd' va tao thanh
mdmen tinh cua bd phan din ddng :

Mr - Mms + Mtn

247
 c ) Momen dong sink ra do kim loai dich chuyen tren con Ian co gia toe :
dco
M <J - J s = ( 10- 11 )
Jdt
Trong cac cong thtic tu ( 10- 9 ) d£n ( 10- 11 ) cac ky hidu la:
Q , - trong luong kim loai c &n van chuyen;
Q 2 - trong luong kim loai tr6n m6 t con lin;
G - trong luong kim loai cua chi'nh con Un;
n - so con lan ma dOng co c £n din d 0ng ;
dc - duemg kfnh c6 con lan ;
Dd - duemg kfnh cua ph£n lam viec cua con lan;
Pm ,,. - he s6 ma sat a 6 da con lan , cho <3 lan thudng = 0, 005 4- 0 ,008;
|iT - hfi so ma sat trirot giCra b£ mat con lan vdi kim loai , khi kim loai nong
pT = 0 , 15 ji = 0,2 , khi kim loai nguOi pT = 0, 3 ;
'
J - mOmen quan tfnh cua khdi luong m , quay vdi gia t6c e .
D: 2
m R j2 - m 2
J=
r • kgm ( 10- 12)

trong do : D; duemg kfnh quan tfnh cua chi tid t quay , chi tifi t quay co dang hinh tru thi :
' '

V =
Rj = -7= 0 ,7 r ; D, = 2Rj = l , 4r
2
trong do: r - ban kfnh ngoai cua hinh tru .
dco
£ = gia ttfc goc cua kh6i luong quay , s .
at
Dai luong mD2 goi la mOmen da cua khdi luong quay m .
Khi con lan quay vdi gia t6c £ thi kim loai tr£ n no chuyen dong vdi gia t6c a . D6 quy
d 6i mftmen quan tmh cua kim loai chuy£n dong thang v6 true quay cua con lan , cho ring
khfii luong cua chung tap trung tai m6l di£m tren dufrng sinh cua con lan. Luc do momen
dong khi tang hoac giam tdc duqc tmh:

[n (mciDici ) + nikiDC | £ ( 10 - 13)

trong
^
do: mtl , my - khoi luqng cua con lan va Midi luemg cua kim loai .
^

N6u trong thuc chi cho a cua kim loai dich chuyen , de tfnh gia tdc goc e ciia con
lan ta dung quan he sau:
dv dco
a=— =r
dt
—
dt
= re
a
e =-
r DCL
Neu tdc do con lan a dang vong/ phut thi gia tdc cua chung duoc tfnh nhu sau:

248
 E = dm _ ndn _
n dn
~
n _ G
dt
“
30dt 30 dt 30 °
Chu y rang khi kim loai dich chuydn theo be mat con lan vdi gia 16c a trung binh de
tranh hien tuong trugt tai chd thi luc quan tinh khdng thi ldn han lire ma sat giua kim loai va
con lan :
Luc quan tinh: ,
ak < Fm< = mkl |imsg
a Fmsg ( 10- 14 )
2
Khi kim loai nong: akl = 0,15 x 9 ,8 = 1 ,5 m /s
2
Khi kim loai nguAi: akl = 0,3 x 9,8 = 3,0 m/s
Tong raflmen din d 6 ng n cua con lan bang:
Nc] = MT + Mj , kNm ( 10- 15 )
Cong suit cin thife t
'
dan d6ng n con lan la:
Ntl = Mc mcI ,
| kN
Cong suat ddng co cin thi£t d £ din dOng n con lan la:

Ndc
ac =
—Nci
IT]
, kW ( 10- 16 )

Chon cong suat ddng co cin phai tinh tdi dac diim lam vide ciia con lan ( che do dai
han , ngin han hay ngin han Up lai ).
10 J .4. Cau tqo san ldn vd 6 dd con ldn
San lan co thi din ddng nhom hoac din ddng ridng re hay dan ddng nira nhom ( mot
hai con lan din ddng mot dong co) ddi khi cung co loai khdng din ddng , loai nay lam
nghieng di mOt goc , kim loai tir dich chuy£ n nhd vao trong lugng cua ban thin .
San lan din dOng nhom lam vide trong di £ u kidn nang ne , van chuydn phoi co trong
lugng ldn , ngin , nhidt dd cao, tai trong tap trung chu ydu vao mot vai con lan. Chung lap a
cac gia can khai phoi , cac may can tim day , can dam cd ldn . .. mdi mdt nhom con lan thanh
mot san lan co dd dai tir 5 6 m din ddng boi mot ddng co.
Cac con lan dirge din dOng qua mOt true din dOng co lip banh rang non , nd u bude con
'

lan qua ngin , lip banh rang tru ngay trdn true dong co.
Khung cua san lan din dOng nhom doi hoi cd dd cung vung cao nhim dap ung dd
chfnh xac cua 6 dd, true din ddng cd dd dai ldn va su an khdp cua binh rang ndn , chiing
dugc che tao bang phuong phap due hoac han tir thep tim cd dd day thich hgp.
Dong co ciia san lan din ddng nhom thudng dugc chon la ddng co di bo lam vide d
ch £ dd ddng ngit lidn tuc , cd khoang di £ u chinh tdc dd rdng.
Sau diy la mdt s6 san lan din ddng nhdm dugc ung dung cho may can khai phoi va
may can tarn day . Trdn hinh 10.4 vi 10.5 la san lan cua may can khai phdi 1000.
Trdn hinh 10.6 1i san lan gia can cua may can pha tim mong 2800 . San lan co cac con
lan din ddng rieng re, mdi con lan din ddng boi mdt ddng co hoac hai con lan din dong boi
mdt dong co.

249
 Loai san lan dan dong rieng le urng dung r6 ng rai cho loai phoi co d <> dai 16n , tai trong
phan btf d6 ng den Iren cac con lan , co d6 b£ n cao, nhimg gia thanh cao bii lai co thi chtf tao
va san hanh t 6t .
800
a
Ifr 1\ ^ 9500
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Hinh 10.5 . San lan nhan ph 6 i cua miy can khai phdi 1150.

-
m* 20, l 20 , O' 080
1700
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1390
0
Hinh 10.6 . Mat cat con lan diu tien tr£ n hinh chi 6 u durng:
1 - ddng co; 2- banh ring din dOng; 3 - bdnh rang n6n; 4- true dan dflng;
5- 6 dd; 6- vit dieu chinh ; 7- vo dd; 8- khung ; 9 - thanh giing; 10- nip.

250
 * 800 1

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Hinh 10.7. Cac con lan gia c£ n pha cua may c£ n ta'm mong 2800.

D6 ng co dung cho con lan nay thucmg la loai dj bd I6ng xdc , di £ u chinh toe dd nho
vao didu chinh tan $6 dong didn tCr 5 + 60 Hz qua bd bie n tan . '
-
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Hinh 10.8. Con lan dan dong rieng re tir d$ng co co mat bfch qua khap ntfi rang .

251
 Co ba loai dong co dung eho san lan dan ddng ridng re , loai binh thircmg co tai lap vao
de may . co loai ga lap vcri mat bfch ii ga lap vdi mat bich cua true con lan va loai chuyen
dung co true dac , m 6 i loai d £ u co uu nhuac di £ m rieng.

«7
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Hinh 10.9. Con lan dan d 6ng ri £ ng re co hOp giam t6c.

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Hinh 10.10. Con lan dan d 6 ng rieng re - true dac.

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Hinh 10.11 . Hai con lan din dOng bang m 6t ddng co - true dac.

252
 * Hdp giam tdc cua true din ddng con lan
Hdp giam 16c thudng duac ch£ tao 6 dang rang tru thang , c6 dang mdt cap banh rang
cho tting con lan din ddng ( xem hinh 10.8). N £ u bude con lan qud be thl hop giam toe cho
hai con lan , ting dung hdp giam toe an khdp trong , no dude dat ngay trong vo cua con lan .
* Hinh dang con lan
Chung duac ch£ tao tuy thude vao vi tri ting dung.
- Con lan hinh tru ph<5 bifcn han ca, duqc ting dung cho may can hinh , can tAm.
- Con lan tru bAc duac ch£ tao cho con lan gii can cua may can khai phdi , dudng kmh
cua no thay ddi phu thude vio chifcu sAu ciia 16 hinh irdn true cAn .
- Con lan dia ( trdn true con lan niy duac ch £ tao co gd dang dia ) no duac ting dung
chu y £ u cho may can tA'm trung binh va tA'm day , cho san lam ngudi ciia chting va 16 nhiet
luyen tA'm .
- Con lan dang hinh edn dung cho loai can Ufin , can dAy , dung de lat phdi tam.

phdi tru va 6ng.

^
- Con lan hinh con hai diu ( xem hinh 10.9 va 10.10) dung d dich chuy£n phdi tAm ,

* Ket cA'u cua con lan rA't khac nhau , no phu thude vao di £ u kien lam viec co dang dac
hay rdng , la mot khd i th 6 p ren hoSc due.
'

Con lan lam nguyAn khd'i ch£ tao tti thep ren gia thanh cao, no duac ch£ tao rA't han
chfis tti dieu kidn lam viec rA't nang n £, chu yd'u cho may can khai phdi hoac cho may cat co
luc cat ldn .
Con l n rdng ch£ tao tir thep due hoAc 6ng th£ p ting dung cho loai phdi thep co tai
^
trong vtia va trung binh , cho cac ban nAng ha. Di£ u ca ban la chon duac duang kmh lam
viec cua con lan va do day cua thanh con lan sao cho vtia du dd b£ n vtia giam duac momen
da cua con lan trong che dd lam viec ngAn han lap lai.
Con lan lam bang gang due re han nhidu , no duac ting dung rdng rai cho loai phdi co
trong lucmg nho, cho may can tA m mong , cho cac san lan din san phim di cua cac loai may
'

can . No duac dtic cirng mat bich r6i lap chat ldn true thep bang then .

s \i / {7l/7A

Hinh 10.12. Con lan bang gang lap trfin true th6 p.

253
 * O bi c & u la dang ph 6 biftn cho c3c con Ian. Cac con lan gia can cua may can khai
phoi d6i khi lap 6 bi c6 n hai day nham khtf luc doc true , b6i tron cho cac 6 nay bang m5 nh &
h £ th 6ng tuin hoan tu d 6 ng.

10.2. Ban nang ha

10.2 . L Cd'u tao bdn nang ha
Ban n & ng ha duqfc umg dung cho may cAn t £m hai true, ba true , chung dtroc dat a ca
hai phfa cua gia can . O cac gia edn pha ba true chung cung dugc sir dung rfing rai. Cac gia
can hinh ca nho ( DT < 600 mm ) ban nang ha khbng dugc sir dung , vai tro cua no dugc thay
the bai ban nghieng va cac mang din hudng hai ting .
Khi ph 6i can co dd dai tir 5 ^ 10 m ung dung loai ban nang ha song song, phan Ion cac
loai con lai la nang ha kidu lac .
Co ca u ban nang ha thuemg la true khuyu hoac la true lech tarn . Ban nang ha cua may
'

can ta m mong hai true , ba true b6 phan can bang cua no thudng dung bang 16 xo, vai loai
'

ban nang ha co trong luong Ion b& phan can bang thuemg dung ddi trong .
Ban ning ha cua may can ta m day , can hinh ca lcfn , ray dam , may can pha ba true
'

dugc chd rao theo so d <5 hinh 10.15. Ban nang ha d hai phia cua gia c£ n dugc n 6'i vdi nhau
beti thanh rang dat dudi him cua gia can , din dbng bai m6t d6 ng ca qua co ca'u true khuyu
thanh truydn .
Nhung nam gin day m6 i ban nang ha dugc din d6ng rifing re , tranh dugc thanh dang
°
dai , goc lac cua tay noi ndi d6'i trong lac vao khoang 40 4- 60 dd thanh nang ban gin nhu
chuydn d 6 ng thing .

t
\
\
l

V w V.

Hinh 10.13. Sa d6 ban nang ha kidu song song.

254
 Hinh 10.14. So d6 bkn n & ng ha ki £u 12c:
a - can bang 16 xo; b- can bang dfii trong .

H3
i !
y

Hinh 10,15. Sa d6 bin ning ha loai nang.

Do dai ban n & ng ha duoc xic dinh ttr hai di£ u ki £ n:

• Khi ph6i can co do dai nho hon 10 -s 15 m , ban ning ha cung dong
- vai tro san c6ng
tac co d6 dai nho hon khoang 2/3 d6 dai ph 6i ldn nhi't .

• Goc nghi£ng cua ban ning ha kh6ng lay 1cm hem ty 16 1: 10 hoac 1 : 1 5 nhim dap
ling d6 ben vumg khi dua phoi vao true can , tranh u 6n ph 6i .
Con lan tr£ n ban nang ha din dong nh 6 m hoac din d6ng ridng re. N6n chung co trong
lirong khong Ion , duoc dat ngay trong khung cua ban . N£u co kich thuac va trong luong 1cm
thl duoc dat tr6 n nen mong ri £ ng nhim giam trong luong chung cua ban .

255
 J

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- LU LLLLL
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$ ® 5$ ® $ Cg ®
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m (IT m m it j+| ft
c h IJ
d)
t

Hinh 10.16. So d 6 dan dong con lan cua ban nfing ha :

a - dan ddng nhom ; b- dan dfing nhom - ddng ca dat trdn
khung cua ban nang ha ; c, d- d6ng ca dat rifing khung.

256
 Hinh 10.17 la ban nang ha cua may can hinh ba true c5 ldn 650 , trfen ban bo tri hai co
ci u
'
can chinh dang con ’
lan ( 1 ) , va ca ciu lit ph6 i ( 2) . Ban co thi dich chuye n xa gia can
mpt khoang 500 mm ( khi thay thi true can ) nhd vao hai binh thuy lire 3 di dich chuySn 6 lac
ciia ban qua canh tay don , 6 lac cua ban lap babit . Mdi ban nang dupe din dong bdi mot
dong co ridng loai MT63- 10, edng suit 60 kW , n = 757 vg/ph . Thdi gian nang ban khoang
2 +3 giay . Phoi can ban nang co trong lupng khoang 3 4- 3,5 Ufa, bien do lie ban dupe dieu
chinh nhd lop dem , no co thi thay d6i ban ktnh cua tay lie. Vi trl ngoai cung cua ban dieu
chinh nhd ldp d 6 m 6 g6i cua tay ning ban .

Hinh 10.17. Ket ca u

'
ban nang ha cua miy can hinh ba true cd ldn 650

Tr £ n hinh 10.18 Id bin nang ha cua mdy can tim trung binh ba true 2350. Trfen ban co
lap dat co ca u thirctc can chinh va co ca u lat ph 6 i , phdi can co trong lupng tir 3 4- 4 tin , san
' '

phim co chi u day tir 2 4- 4 mm . Ban duoc din dOng bdi hai d 6 ng co qua hdp giam toe , co
^
ciu true khuyu thanh truyin 1 . Mpt phin san lan vP phia gia can cua ban ning duoc lam
dang did nhim lam giam bude ciia con ldn . Cac con lan chin le cua ban duoc din ddng rieng
nhd true nd i (2). Ngoai ra cac con lan lam dang c6 n d 6 co the lit phoi tim .
'

257
 r'
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Hinh 10.18. ITinh chieu bang va hinh chie u dung ban nftng ha
'

cua may can tarn trung binh ba true 2350.

258
10.2 .2 . Tilth loan co edit ndng cua ban ndng ha
Co cdu nang ha cua ban nang lam vide theo nguydn tac con lac d £ nang ban . Theo
nguydn tdc do , vi tri trung gian cua ban nang ha chi'nh Id vi tri can bang ( hoac bang 16 xo,
hoac bang d 6 i trong ) . Vi tri trdn cung chi'nh la vi tri qua can bang. Lam vide theo nguydn tdc
'

nay nang luong duqc tie t kidm va bdn tu d 6ng chuyd’n vi vi tri trung gian khi c6 su cfl.
' '

Sau day la nguydn tac ti'nh toan co ca u ndng ban .

'

a
I
c2

Hmh 10.19. Tai trong tlnh tac dung Idn co ca u'

ndng ban .

a . Xdc djnh tdi trong tTnh tdc dung ten thanli CD

Tu phirong trinh m 6 men do'i voi didm E ta co:
G|a i + G 2 a 2
Q= ( 10- 17 )
a4
,
trong d 6: G , G 2 - trong luong ban vd phdi 6 trdn ban ;
a , . a: va aq - canh tay d6n cua cac luc tuong urng v6i didm E .
Mdmen cac luc d6i vdi true 02 bang:
'

Mo2 - QbQ
bq canh tay don cua lire Q d 6 i v6i diem 02 .
'

Dd don gian hoa qua trinh ti'nh loan , ta cho rang huong tac dung cua luc Q kh 6 ng thay
d6 i , tir ddy ta co thd’ xac dinh diroc so b6 d 6i trong G va canh tay don cua no r .
'

^
QrD = Grk ( 10- 18 )
trong d6: rK va rD la d6 dai cua ednh tay d6n cua khung D02K .

259
 Dd tranh mdmen da qua 1cm , dd dai canh tay d6n do'i trong thucmg lay nho hem rK =
(2 + 2,5)rD.
Mdmen cua dd i trong G doi vdj difi’m 02 chng vdi mdmen cua lire Q vdi didm a'y lam
'

cho ban nflng ha lam vide theo nguydn tie con lac .
1 . Ban d vi trf trdn cung khi :
MQ > Me
2 . Ban 6 vj tri can bang khi :
M0 = MG
3. Ban d vi tri dircri. khi:
MQ < MG
Nd u mdmen qua thira d vj tri tren ciing hoSc dudi cung thi co th £ dieu chinh nhd md
'

hoac ham dong co. Chinh nho vao phuong phap can bang nay ta co th £ so bd chon dugc kfch
thude cua co ca u DO:K .
'

TCr dieu kien goc cp la goc tao bdi canh tay don cua ca u
'
hinh D02 K ldn hem goc tao
bdi hudng cua cac lire Q va G mdt luong la 2y.

Hinh 10.20. So d6 tfnh luc tac dung len canh tay d6n cua co ca u can bang.
'

Vdi didu kien nay d vj trf ba't k cua canh tay don cac luc Q va G mdmen doi trong
cua diem 02 bang: ^
MQ - Qr cos (3|
^
Mc = GrDcos (32 ( 10- 19 )

260
trong do: (3 , , P2 - goc giua c^ nh tay dbn D02 K va ductng vu6ng goc vdi hubng luc Q va G til
didm 02.
Tu phuong trinh ( 10 - 18 ) co ca'u 6 v| tri trung binh khi P ( = p2 = y
Goc quay ciia canh tay don tCr vj tri can bang P ta c6 phuong trinh ( 10-19) a dang:
MQ = QrDcos ( p ± y )
MG = GrDcos ( P ± y )
Chu y phuong trinh ( 10- 18) ta co hifeu cua cac mbmen ay la :
M 2 = M0 - MG = ( QrD - Grk )[cos( P ± y) - cos( P ± / )]
hoac M2 = ± 2G rksinYsinP ( 10- 20 )

rKsinY = e , cudi cung ta co:

Dat gia tri khong d6 i :
M 2 = ±2GesinP ( 1 0- 2 1 )

He b vj. trf cAn bang khi P = 0 tuctng ung b vi trf can

bang cua ban , toan bo $ u chuydn
dong cua ban tuong duong vdi su chuydn dbng cua con lac trong luqng 2G , ban ki'nh e va
bidn do dao dong tu diem A tdi didm B theo qui luat hinh sin. Su bidn ddi M 2 phu thuoc vao
p = ±30, vbi do chi'nh xac ma thuc td cho phep co thd thay bang doan thang.

^
'K 2 S

?
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i
> 11

1?i
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7? 15 30 45 6

Hinh 10.21, Su bidn ddi momen M 2 phu thuoc vao goc p.

Gia tri bidn cua M 2 co thd bidu thi qua hd sd khdng can bang ,

K=
M 2 max _M 2 max
QrD rkG
K = 2 sinp sink
6 ban nang nhanh lay K Ion , b ban nang cham lay K nho, vdi ban nang ha loai nang
K = 0 , 1 . Khi do goc Y ung vdi pmax = 20 + 30° , y 8°20 + 5°40’ .
= ?

261
 Gia tri Q la'y gia tri trung binh khi ti'nh toan , thuc td co khi phoi co trong luqng rdt
khac nhau ( do thay d 6 i san phdm can ) . Lai co khi khong co phoi tr£ n ban nang ha, khi do
ban khOng a vj tri can bang. Vi viy tdng momen tlnh tren iruc 02 co ti'nh tdi mat mat do ma
sat 6 6 dd se la :
M 2 = 2 GrKsinysin (3 + AQrDcos( p ± y ) ( 10 - 22)
trong do: AQ - tai trong dir 6 6 dd D khi ban khOng can bang do bid n doi d6'i trong luqng
'

ph 6i can ;
- momen ma sat 6 true 6 02.
Tren hinh 10.18 la ban nang ha cua may can ta'm trung binh ba true 2350 . Tren ban co
lap dat co ca'u thuoc can chinh va co c£u lat phoi , phoi can co trong ltrqng tir 3 + 4 tan , san
phdm co chidu day tir 2 4 mm . Ban duqc dan dOng bdi hai dOng co qua hop giam toe, co
ca'u true khuyu thanh truydn ( 1 ). Mot phdn san lan ve phi'a gia can cua ban nang duqc lam
dang dla nham lam giam bude cua con lan . Cdc con lan chin le cua ban duqc dan d 6 ng rieng
nhd true noi ( 2 ) . Ngoai ra cac con lan lam dang c6n dd co thd lat phdi ta m .'

MOmen M 2 se duoc truyen tdi true khuyu , ky hieu tOc do cua cac didm A va B bang
vA va vB. theo so d6 toe do ( xem hinh 10.18 ) ta duqc:
VA _ VB
a b
Momen tren true Oj tir tai trong tlnh , khOng ti'nh t 6i ma sat o thanh truydn - true
khuyu bang :
M, = M2 —rB —a , kG m

trong do: rA , rB - ban kmh true khuyu va thanh nOi (

52B.
M 6 men tlnh tr£ n true dOng co:
M| Mj_ r b
MT = in ^
in tg a
( 10- 23 )

trong do i va r| - ty s6 truydn va hd s0 hiru (eh cua bq truydn tir dOng co tori true khuyu .
Ndu do dai cua thanh giang ldn lion lit 6 - 7 ldn ban kmh true khuyu goc quay true 02
nho hon 40 + 60”, dd don gian cho qua trinh t (nh toan co the lay:

—ab « sin a

Goc a - goc quay cua true khuyu tir vi tri danh ddu .
Sir phu thuOc gitfa goc a va p tim bang d 6 thi , nd'u thanh giang c6 do dai ldn co thd
ldy : rBsinP *= rAcosa . Khi a'y m 6 men tlnh tr£ n true dOng co co thd vidt:

MT = [2GrKsinysinp + AQrDcos ( p ± y ) + MmJ —^

fB lT\
a
- ( 10- 24 )

262
 Ndu ban co ca c &u can bang bang 16 xo, d £ ban lam viec theo nguyen tac con lan he 16
xo tu diiu chinh , d £ an toan thucmg ngirdi ta chon h £ s6 K 16n - ting vcri vi£ c chon 16 xo co
dp ciing 16n .
b . Xac djnh tdi ( rang dong
Tai trong d6 ng o cac kh & u khac nhau dupe xac dinh sau khi da chon cong su&x dong
co, tren ca s6 d 6 thi vong quay cua ddng co phu thupc vao thoi gian , dung so d 6 tdc dp
VB = vA .sina , dung d6 thi tdc dp quay true 02 vio thdi gian . Theo d6 thi xac dinh dupe gia
toe goc max:

^ max = tg <l> max ( vg/ph S ) .

Tai trong dong ldn nha't a khdp B xac dinh duqc:

P
lBmax — G. D 2
375
e max
1
( 10- 25 )

trong do: GD
2
- mdmen da quy d 6i vP true 02 cua cac phan quay cua co c & u.

A
n

Vmax

o
/ *
t

Hinh 10.22. Su bi£'n d 6i toe d6 cua true 02 phu thude vao thai gian
Tai trong dong d bit ky ca cau nao khac cua he duqc xac dinh tuang tu:

Pxdg
_ G D2
“
.
6 max
1
( 10 - 26 )
375 Px
2
trong do: GDX - m 6men da ciia cac phan quay cua ca c & u quay d6i v£ true 02;
'

px - ban kmh quy d <5i - nghla la canh tay don cua luc d6 ng doi vcri true 02 , gia
tri cua no duac tinh :
vx
Px = co
2

trong do vx va ©2 tbc d6 cua khiu X va t6c dd goc cua true 02 .

'

263
10.3. May djch chuyen ngang
Dd djch chuy6n kim loai trong qua trinh can , tinh sua va lam ngudi da ung dung may
djch chuydn va san ngudi nhidu dang vdi kd t ca'u khdc nhau .
'

10.3 . 1 . May dich chuyen ngang

* Can tao cua may dich chuyen ngang :
De dich chuyen phoi va san pha’m hinh cd ldn theo chidu ngang cua xudng c:Sn ting
dung loai may dich chuyen day cip va dich chuydn xi'ch. Trong ra't nhidu trudng hop may
dich chuyen thuc hidn nhiem vu lam ngudi kim loai , trong trucmg hop ay chung duqc goi la
may dich chuydn san nguoi .

1
i Kim loai. 4 J

i/ 4
a)
4*
A
300 A ~A
"1 . Kim loai 4 J

\
±1 1 2 b)

Hinh 10.23. So d 6 mdy dich chuydn day c £ p:

a - so d6 nguydn ly; b- kit c £u xe con dich chuyln.

.
Trdn hinh 10.23 la may dich chuyd’n day cap co tir 6 -r- 8 day cap, chung dupe keo bdi
t6i dSn ddng ( 1 ) va khdi cSng ( 2 ) . Trdn tat ca cac day cap cai no sau cai kia dupe lap xe con
djch chuydn (3) vdi m 5 u dich chuyd’n ( 4 ) . Khi 6 trang thai lam vide ( nghla la keo sang ben
trai ). Mill ( 4 ) dich chuydn kim loai tir san lan ( 5) chuyd’n chung sang san lan ( 6). 6 trang
thai ngupc lai mau ( 4 ) cua xe con “ nga ” xudng va chuydn dong d dudi san kim loai . Ket ca u
'

cua nhidu m 4 y dich chuydn lam xe con cd thd nang miu dich chuydn (4 ) d bat ky vj trt nao
trong khoang gitra hai san lan ( 5 ) va (6) d £ djch chuydn theo phdi ( hoac san pham can ) tuy y
trdn san ray ta m lat ( ndn lat co lap thanh ray xen ke day cip).
'

Khi lam vide lidn tuc . dao chieu doi vdi td'c do dich tir 1 + 2 m /s , may dich chuyen
day cap cd uu didm la rat linh dOng , tj'ch tu va giai phong mdt lupng kim loai ldn , ddng thdi
lam ngudi no.

264
 Tren hinh 10.23 b trinh bay ca'u tao cua xe con , di £ u hru y la no co cur chan dong tren
no lap min gat ( 4 ) . Xe C O hai banh ( 1 ) , khung xe ( 2 ) va trfin no lap mau dong ( 3 ) . 6 vj trx
ben phai ngoai ciing , mau dOng ( 3 ) duoc mfic vao ngam cua vo ( 2 ) va a trang thai lam
vi&c . O hanh trinh ngtroc lai cua xe con , mau gat ( 4 ) luOn 6 vi trf nghieng no lira vao mau
d 6ng ( 3 ) . Khi a hanh trinh tien len , mau dong ( 3 ) lai bat dAu a vi trf cua minh mau gat ( 4 )
lai quay len a vi trf lam viec .
May dich chuyen dang xfch cung duoc dung rong rai nhu 6 dang may day cap , rid cd
do bin nhiet cao , ngoai ra co ca u keo la banh xe sao , no lam viec khOng dao chieu , do ca
'

dong kern hon so vai may day cap.

1950 1600 1125
+300 1 Z Wm loai

m
J

.. r a - yf True

W\ ,

SWWWWNNA .
I
^^ a \V
5550
- - v V.

Hinh 10.24. May dich chuyensan pham dang xfch vao htf dong goi .

Tr £ n hinh 10.24 the hi £ n may dich chuyen dang xfch thu gom san phAm can hinh tir
san lan ( 1 ) vio hd chira ( 3) . May co 6 day xfch , chuyen d6 ng vdi tdc do 1.1 m /s , birdc giira
co cau gat bAng 1200 mm . Khoang each giura cac day xfch la 2000 mm . Do dai san phAm
can hinh khoang 5 - 1 2 m , trong lirgng ph 6 i khoang 1200 kg . Banh rang sao din dong boi
dong co N = 30 kW .
Khi khoang each giura san lan dua san pham ten va di qua xa nhau ngirfti la ung dung
may dich chuyen kep.
Khac vdi may dich chuyAn dang day cap, may dich chuyen dang xfch dich chuyAn
kirn loai nAm ngay tren dAy xfch cua minh , chu khdng trtrgt 6 tren san .
10.3 . 2 . Momen vd cong sudt dong co dan dong t &i may dich chuyen dang day cap
Gia may co n day cap Vftn chuyen m ph 6 i ( san pham ) can , mdi ph 6 i co trong lirgng
sir

la q 6 trang thai nong thi :

* Lire cang day cap do dich chuyen kim loai a trang thai nong la :
Q = mqf , ta'n ( 10 - 27 )

trong do: m - so phoi can van chuyen ;

265
 q - trong luqng cua m6i phdi ;
f - hd so ma sat truqt giua kim loai n 6 ng tren san ray (f = 0.4).
* De cho cac day cap lu 6n lu 6n cing o ve phia tcri bi din d 6ng dung 16 xo nen ( xem
hinh 10.25 ) . Lo xo chiu m 6 t luc toi da bang:
3
Pmax rid rt , tin
8.Dtb
trong do: d - du6ng kmh diy 16 xo, mm ;
Dlb - dudng kmh trung binh cua 16 xo, mm ;
[ T ] - dng suit xoin cua vat lidu, N / mm 2.
Vi mit mat do uon diy cap a cac t6i nho giy ndn c6 th£ cho rang sure cang cua day
'

cap tori va di khoi l6i la bing nhau:

T , =T 0

Canh tay don cua m 6i luc la : a = b = R , (R , ban kmh t6i) .

Luc tic dung a true t6i bang: T = Tt + T0 = Pmax 1

* M6mcn tinh trdn true t 6i din dong:

,
MT = M + M 2 + M3 + M 4 + M5 , tin . m ( 10-28 )

^
trong do: Mj la momen can thidt d < djeh chuydn m phoi kim loai:

M = Q 2I ( Dx - du6ng kmh cua t6i , mm );

2
M2 la m 6 men cin thidt d£ dich chuyin s6' xe con kh6 ng tidp xuc v6i kim loai
( thuc td s6 xe con niy kh6 ng lam vide do lap dit , do mon miu gat . .. m 6i xe
'

con co trong luqng la g ):

M2 = g K —DT ( K la s6' xe con kh 6 ng tid'p xuc vdi kim loai );
M 3 la m6 men ma sat a tat ca cac 6 d5 true cang diy cap :
M 3 = nT0 p

trong do: p - he so ma sat 6 6 dS true phia cing diy ;

d0 - dudng kinh 6 true phia cing diy , mm .
^
M4 la m 6 men ma sat 6 cic 6 do true din d6ng t6i kdo :
-

,
M 4 = K.T MI
trong do: p! - hd so' ma sat a 6 do true din d 6 ng ;
-
d| du6ng kmh <5 true din ddng , mm ;
^ -

M 5 la mdmen cin thid't di dich chuyin cac xe con lim vide va trong luqng kim
loai tac dung len no:

266
 M5 = I T + ^ M
d ,
’T
trong do: I - s6 d & y cap co xe con lam viec I = ( n - K);
Mi - he s <5 ma sat a 6 da true din dOng;
,
d - duong kinh 6 d5 true din dOng , mm .
* COng suit d6ng ca din dOng teti keo bang :
MTo) teri
Ndc = in
, kW ( 10- 29 )

trong do: coT - t 6"c do cua tai keo, 1 /s;

i - ti s <5 truyen ;
r| - he so huu fch cua bo truyen .

“ffiH
_
A -fflr/ {TF/-—m ^ 7
ffl-^^ \
3

Kim loai
4 V
1 f
(1 -u t
3 3000
4
y> f I
{& n H
a —a -a a a -63000
A
*
a- ——
21 3000

2 1 V A- A
7 , \
V.*v/
4
*28J
5
r \ ^ JO r,
* 7,
V 9
f

777/7777. 777777 777777

a 7200 27» * -.

H t n h 10.25. So d6 tfnh toan mdy djeh chuyfin cua kirn loai dang day cap:
1 - sin lin dan kim loai tdi ; 2- he thfing tdi cang day cap ; 3- dudng ray de kim loai
truot ; 4- san Ian dan kim loai di ; 5- he thtfng tdi dan ddng day cdp; 6- true dan dOng
tdi k 6o ; 7- hdp giam t <5c ; 8- dOng cct; 9- con !3 n ti/a ; 10- xe con mau gat ; 11- cO chan .

267
10.4. San nguoi

10.4 .1 . Cong dung va phdn loqi sdn ngudi

San nguoi la mdt thiet bi dung d £ lam ngudi kim loai sau khi can, d 6ng thdi di dich
chuyen no .
Ph £ n Idn san ngudi thuc hipn dich chuyen kim loai theo chidu ngang ph £ n xuong -
theo chi £ u vudng goc vai chieu chuyen ddng cua v t can sau khi ra khoi true . Theo hudng
^
chuyen dong cua v& t can chi dupe ung dung cho san ngudi ciia xucmg edn tdm .
Theo nguy £ n ly nay san nguoi cua xuong can hinh , ede xuong can dng ddu la thifit bi
v & n chuyen phdi , san phdm can dfifn noi edn gia edng. Cung chinh trong qua trinh van
chuyen dy kim loai dupe lam ngudi d £n nhidt dd nhdt dinh .
V £ nguyen ly lam vide va edng dung cua may dich chuyen va san ngudi co the chia ra :
• May dich chuyen day cap - umg dung chu yd'u nhu san ngudi hodc may vAn
chuyen san phdm hinh car lPn.
• May dich chuyen xtch - ung dung ccr ban nhu sang ngudi cho san phdm hinh co
lern , Png, hoac nhu mdy van chuyen dpi vcri san phdm hinh cd lorn va trung binh ,
ph 6i cua may edn khai phdi thoi va tdm.
• May dich chuydn xich chiu tai - ung dung chu yeu nhu san ngudi hay nhu cac
may dich chuyen san phdm tdm , tdm 6 dang cudn . Kim loai duoc dal trdn gia cua
xich dich chuyen , trdnh b6 mat cua tdm true tidp vdi xich lam hong bi mat .
• May dich chuyen vdi cac thanh rdng d 6ng , phu thupc chu yPu vao ket cdu cua
thanh ( loai thanh phdng , loai thanh rang ) co thi ung dung rdt khac nhau , nhu co
cdu chdt tai vao 16 nung , nhu may dich chuyen san phdm ddn ban kiem tra trong
phdn xuong can ray hoac san nguoi trong phdn xucrng can hinh .
• San ngudi cua xuong can hinh cd nho va trung no duoc co gidri hod va chuyen
mdn hoa cao ddp i3mg tPt mpi d6 i hoi v£ chdt lupng san phdm , trong do co mdt
phdn giu va mot phdn ndn san phdm nay .
10.4.2 . Kick thuac cor ban cua sdn ngudi
Phan ldn may dich chuyen ki tr£ n dupe dung nhu san ngudi , san phdm sau khi ra khoi
san ngudi cbn nhiet dp ttr 50 + 100°.
* Dp dai cua san ngudi
VPi su dich chuyen ngang cua kim loai ldy bang dp ddi 1cm nhdt cua phdi , 6 timg may
can khac nhau co gia tri nhu sau:
- May can ray , can hinh trung binh va 16n , kim loai thudng dupe cdt truoc khi vao san
ngudi vi v 4 y san ngudi co dp dai khoang 33 + 36 m .

268
 - May cAn hinh nho va trung binh 300 va 350, dd dai san ngudi tir 60 110 m .
- May can nho 225 -^300, kim loai duqc cat bang may cat bay trudrc khi tbi san ngudi ,
dd dai san ngudi vao khoang 100 150 m .
- May can ta m diy co dd dai trung binh tir 20 -5- 27 m .
'

- May can ta m lien tuc tir 80 100 m

'

* Chi £ u rdng san ngudi

La dd dai do ducrc theo chidu chuydn ddng cua kim loai , duoc xac djnh theo nang sua t '

ciia may can va thcri gian lam ngudi san pham can .
Tdng quang dubng lam ngudi kim loai trSn san ngudi duoc tinh theo cdng thuc:

B= ?G at ( 10-30)

trong do: Q, G - nang suit gib lbn nh £t cua may can va trong luqng mdt phdi kim loai , T;
a - budc cua san ngudi hay khoang c£ch giua hai phdi , m;
- thbi gian lam ngudi mdt phdi kim loai, gib.
t
Kim loai duoc lam ngudi trdn san ngudi chu yd u nhb vao su bbc xa , ddi luu va su dan
'

nhifet b chd tiep xuc giua vat can vbi san ngudi. Su truydn nhidt nhb tidp xuc dung nhidu
trong can tam , ddi khi con lam ngudi bang nude.
So' luqng nhidt nang dQ truydn vao mdi trubng xung quanh , trong thbi gian dt nhb
phuong phap bbc xa , duoc xac dinh theo cdng thile :
\ 4 \4

(i T'

irong do:
dQ = FC

F - be mat toa nhi £ t, m ; ^ 100

T, T - nhiet do tuydt d6 i giua be mat kim loai cin lam nguoi va moi
dt

trirong
-
( 10 31 )

xung

^
quanh vao thori di m tmh ;
kcal 100 4
C - hang so buc xa ,
(
m 2 gib l ° Tyd ) 4

Gia tri C cd thd bidu didn nhu sau:

C - eCs
trong do: Cs - hang sd bbc xa cua vat den tuydt ddi cd ciing don vi vbi C va co gia tri bang
4 ,88 + 5 ,20;
c - he so' khdng don vi , phu thuoc vao be mat bbc xa , dd'i vdi thep can e = 0,90.
kcal 1004
Vi vay: C = 4, 4
(
m 2 gib l ° Tyd )
4

269
 Ta cho ring d 6 ch£ nh l £ch nhi£ t d6 b6 n trong kim loai vi ben ngoai trong qua trinh
xem xet kh6ng thay doi , s6 lirang nhiet nSng co ih6 thay d6i theo bi£ u thuc:
dQ = GcdT ( 10-32)
trong do: G - trong lirang kim loai , kg ;
c - nhiet dung , kcal/kgd6.
Xet bieu thuc ( 10 - 31 ) do each biet qua ldn giQa nhiet do vat c & n va m6i truemg xung

^
quanh , lai n & ng len bac bon , thanh phin thu 2 c6 the bo qua. Kfit hop bi u thuc (10- 32 ) ta co:
Gc f 100 V
dQ = —
FC T
dT

Tir day then gian lam ngudi kim loai do bile xa nhiet T 1 den T2 , khdng tmh tai qua
trinh tao nhiet do ket tinh lai duac xac dinh bang cich tich phan hai v£ ttr Tt den T2.
Gc- 1000 A
1
-
IOOOV . gio ( 10- 33 )
t = 0,033
^
FC T2 TI

On ILTU y khi kim loai ngudi d £n 500 -5- 700°C, vai tr 6 giam nhipt do ddi liru co mdt y
nghTa rat Ion . Vi vay thoi gian lam ngudi kim loai tcri nhiet dd 100 + 150°C theo phuong
trinh ( 10- 33) tang I6n khoang 1 ,2 ddn 1 ,8 l & n. Die biet th£y ro dd'i vdi kim loai la san phim
can hinh.
Then gian lam ngudi kim loai sau khi can cung co th £ xac dinh theo:
G
t - ( , g 'O ( 10- 34 )
4 V

F °
2
trong do: G va F - trong lirang phdi can , b£ mat toa nhiet , ( kg va m );
2
t „ - thoi gian lam ngudi 1 kg san ph &m can vdi be mat toa nhiet 1 m .
Th 0i gian t cua san ph &m can co dd day khac nhau khi lam ngudi tir 850° xuong 100
()

^
50° trong bang ( 10.1 ) (cho san ph m hinh ldn va ta'm ).
Bang 10.1. Thoi gian lam ngudi san pham thep can tir 850° tori 100 -J- 50°

^
doi vdi 1 kg san ph m can va be mat toa nhiet 1 m .

TOc d6 ciia dong Thcri gian lam ngudi ( gicr )

06 day san pham mm
khdng khi m / s 100° 50°
0 0 , 012 0 ,018
20
2 0 ,007 0 ,010
0 0 ,013 0 , 021
50
2 0 ,009 0 ,013
0 0 , 015 0 , 022
100
2 0 , 011 0 , 016

270
 * Thai gian lam ngu 6i ray IA IIA tr£n gia 1& 3 gia 20 phut va 4 gid .
Tren hinh 10.26 va 10.27 ISL thdi gian lam ngu 6i thep hinh va thep t £m , k£t qua thu
duac tix quan sat thuc t &.

°c
1100

1000

900

800 \

700

600

500
40 180 160 £ 00 £40 £80 3£0 sec

Hinh 10.26. Thai gian lam ngufii thdp ta m c6 d & day khac nhau .
'

o
800 1000

600 8D0

400 600

200 400

£ 00

0 4 8 12 16 phlit

Hinh 10.27. Thcfi gian lam ngudi san pham thep hinh , kfit qua do quan sat thuc t £ : '

1- th6p goc 63,5 x 53,5 x 6,4 mm; 2- th6p g6c 24,4 x 25,4 x 3, 2 mm ;
3- th6p goc 35 x 35 mm; 4- thep trdn 010; 5 - thep trdn 016; 6 - thfep tron 025.

271
10.4 .3 . San nguoi cua mdy cdn hinh cd nho vd trung binh
* Ciu tao san ngu 6i
San nguoi cua may can hinh cd nho va trung binh yeu ciu dap tfng cac doi hoi sau:
- Van chuyen kim loai ddn dung dia chi .
- Trong qua trinh van chuyen khOng lam udn va van san phim can va mdt phan giup
nin thing kim loai .
- KhOng d £ kim loai truot trdn mat san nguOi 1km xudc san phim .
- Dap ung doi hoi cua tur dong hoa cao va co thi didu chinh dirge qua trinh lam nguOi .
Tat ca cac doi hoi nay deu 1km cho san ngudi co ciu tao phi/c tap va kh6 i lugng kha
Ion . Vi du: may can 250 -5- 300 san nguoi Idn tdi 1000 -r 1500 tin , chifcrn 50% tdng trong
lugng toan xuong.
Cau tao cua san ngu 6i xudng can hinh rit da dang , phuc tap, mgt s6 dang thep dac biet
nhu thep ray , ngoai qui trinh lam ngu 6i con phai dap utig thdm qua trinh nhidt luydn , khong
lam ngu 6 i nhanh anh hudng xiu ddn chit lugng san phim. Cac loai san ngudi dac biet dugc
trinh bay a cac tai lidu chuyen khao . d day chi dd cap den cac tai lieu ph 6 th6ng nhit .
San nguoi cin dat xa gia can mOt khoang each la S d £ san phim can kip ham lai boi
luc ma sat tren cac san lan .
2
V
S= ( 10- 35)
2gH
trong do: v - toe dd ra khoi gia can cua kim loai;
p , g - hd s6 ma sat trugt va gia ttfc trong triremg.
Vdi may cit bay dat truoc san nguoi de cit phan doan , cin luu y sau khi cit san phim
can du thoi gian d £ ngudi so bd va ap dung su lam vide nhip nhkng cua san nguoi , ph 6i no
sau ph 6 i kia khong bi d 6 n Cr.
San nguoi co hai loai: Loai mdt phfa cua san lan va loai hai phia cua san lan ( vi tri cua
no so veri san lan din ) . Loai hai phfa c6 nkng suit cao 1km vide ddc lap voi nhau no co the
phuc vu cho may can trung nhi£ u sgi .
San nguoi g 6 m cac bd phan chinh sau day:
- Co cau hit cung vdi san lan din san phim tdi san ngudi.
- Ban than san ngudi .
- Co cau dat san pham ldn san din .
* Co ciu hit
Dung de chuyen kim loai tu san lan din tdi ldn san ngudi , co co ciu hat mot phia va
co cau hit hai phfa , co ih£ hit mdt luc hai phdi kim loai. Co ciu hit cin co bd phan din
dong rieng re , lam vide ddc lip khdng phu thude vko cac nguydn edng tidp theo . Kit ciu cua
cac co ciu hit rit khac nhau .

272
 Tren hinh 10.28 la so d 6 ket ca'u san ngubi dang thanh rang cua may can hinh co oho
250. Con lan d 5n lieu ( 1) , he thb ng thanh rang b£t dbng (3) , he thb ng thanh rang dbng ( 4 )
' '
.
va he thb ng con lan dan lieu ( 2 ) di tbi may cat phan doan .
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Hinh 10.28 . Ke't ca'u san ngubi dang thanh rang cua xirdng can hinh nho 250
(Theo thie't ke cua UK . 5 . M . M - Lien Xb ): '

a - hinh chi£u dCrng ; b- hinh c£t doc theo true Ifech tarn ;
c- co cau x£p vSt can tir cac thanh rang I6 n cac con lan dan.

273
 Doc theo chiiu dai cac con lan din li£ u duac dAt ca ciu hit vat can tu cac con Ian 16 n
san ngudi. He thdng cac con Ian din li6 u duac chia thanh cac dcm nguyen khac nhau . Khi
kim loai chuyen d 6ng tinh tien tir may cat bay doc theo phia phai cac con lan , phia trai duac
phu bai tim nghieng din (9) nha no ma kim loai duac x£p Itn cac thanh rang .
Cac thanh rang bit d6 ng (3) dat tren cic thanh thep chu I (5 ). Con cac thanh rang
d6 ng ( 4) din d 6 ng bai banh 16ch tim ( 6) , dOng ca ( 7 ) qua h6 p giam t6c ( 8 ) . Khi kim loai
nim doc tren ranh rang cua cac thanh rang d6ng. Nhd chuyen ddng ldch tarn ma no duac
dich chuyen sang phia trai mot birac ring.
V£ phia curii cua cic con lin din lieu di , ngudi ta dit hai ca ciu: ca cau ( 11) dung di
nhan vAt can tir cac thanh ring d6 ng, ca ciu ( 12 ) dung de chuyen vAt can da lam ngu 6 i len
cac con lan din li 6 u .
Cic thanh ( 11 ) nhin vAt can tir cic thanh ring cua sin ngudi chuyen di doc theo cac
thanh rang va no cung duac din d6ng bdi chmh true l £ch tAm nhung vdi bude dich chuyen
nho han . Xe con ( 12 ) nhAn kim loai tir cic thanh ( 11 ) , xfip b6 l£ n cac con lan dan . Chung co
ca cau din dong ( 13) , ddng ca ( 14) va h£ thdng cinh tay don true khuyu (15 ). Nhd dim tua
( 16 ) ma tren do dat cac xe con ( 12) , mdi khi xe con dich chuyen sang trai each tay ( 10 ) cung
duac nAng l £ n. San ngudi duac tu dong hoa hoin toan .

10 AA. Tinh edng sudt dong co ddn ddng san ngudi

Sa d 6 tai trong tac dung len san ngudi co thi biiu diin nhu hinh 10.29.
P p
i
/v TN/VX/XAV/VX/N/VN/N/N, yv /-
jN
^ I
I
1
I
^ 2
+ 41 Is 3
03 -+
I
4

Hinh 10.29 Tai trong tac dung len ca ciu din ddng san ngudi:
,

-
1- thanh rang d6ng; 2- cac banh xe dan hudng; 3 banh lAch tim; 4- true ISch tim.

Goi tai trong dat l £ n cac banh lech tAm dat doc phia dudi gam san nguoi vi mot phia
la P;
p
_ QKL + G TRD
( 10- 36)
2

274
trong do: QKL - trong lirong cua toan bp vat can tr£ n san ngupi ( kN ) ;
GTRD - trong lugng cua cac thanh rang dflng ( kN ) .
Mdmen cin thie't d £ quay banh lech tam la:

MBKLT i -
_ ( QKL + GTRD )
2
e+2
QKL + GTRD
2
d . p- ( 10- 37 )

trong do: e - dp lech tam , m ;

d - dudng kinh true lech tam , m ;
JJ. - he sP ma sat 6 d5.
CPng sua't dpng co dan dpng banh lech tam dupe tfnh :

NDCT MBLT ® DC ( 10- 38 )

trong do: i ' ^

- ti so truyfen cua co ca u din dpng ( i > 50 );
r) - he s6 hfru fch cua bp truy £ n .
Can cu vao NDC tlnh duqc chon dpng co sao cho c6 [ NDC] billg > NDCT va so vong
quay ( n ) thich hop.

275
 TAI LlflU THAM KHAO
4

1 . Xelicov A. I , Xmirnov B. B. Prokatnuie Xtanir. M. , “ Metallurgia ”; 1961 .

2 . A . Tselikov . Stress and strain in metal rolling . M . , “ Metallurgia ”; 1962.
3. Corolev A . A . Mekhanichescoe oborudovanhie prokatnukh Xekhov , M., “ Metallurgia” ;
1965 .
4. Corolev A. A . Conxtrukhxia I Rakhachot mashin I mekhanhidmov Prokatnukh Xekhov.
M. , “ Metallurgia ”; 1969 .
5. A . Geleji. Fore equipment rolling mills and accessries . Budapest ; 1967.
6. Xelicov A . I „ Polukhin P. I . va nhOng nguoi khac . Mashinmrie I Agregaur. Metallurgicheskikh
davodov. M., “Metallurgia ”; 1981.
7. P. Polukhin , N . Fedosov , Y . Mataveyev. Rolling mill practice . Peace piblishers, Mosow ,
1980 .
8 . Xelicov A . I . , Nhikitin G. C., Rokhotian C. E . Teoria Prokatiki. M., “ Metallurgia”; 1980.
9. Trim Tho. Gi & o trinh thifit bi ca khi nha miy can thep. DHKT CN Thai Nguyen , 1995.
10. Khimich B. K . Mekhanicheskoe oborudovanhie xekhov kholodnoi prokatki. M .,
“ Mashinostroenie” ; 1972.

276
 206040

8 »3 5 0 4 0 9 8 0 4G 0

Gia : 46.000 d