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R

oll
No. N
ameo
fSt
ude
nts

7
8 K
umbha
rSangr
am
7
9 K
usa
lk
arRi
tes
h
1
05 P
awarAsh
is
h
As
si
gn
men
tNo
. 2

Ti
t
le I
mpl
eme
ntb
asi
cl
og
icg
ate
sus
in
gMc
-Cu
lo
ch-
Pi
tt
sorH
ebb
netn
eur
aln
etwo
rks

Th
eor
y
Thebas
ici
deaofaMcCul
loc
h-Pi
tt
smo de
li
stousecompo
n e
ntswhi
chhav
esomeofthe
ch
arac
teri
st
i
csofreal
neu
rons.
Areal
neur
onhasanumberofi
nputs
,theden
dri
t
es,whi
cha r
e“exc
ita
tor
y”andsomewhi
char
e
“i
nhi
bi
to
ry”.Wh a
ttheneur
ondoesdepe
ndsont
hesumo fi
nput
s.Theexc
it
ato
ryi
n p
utst
endt
o
maketh
ec el
lf
i
reandth
einhi
bi
tor
yinp
utsmakei
snotfi
r
e–i .
e.pas
so nt
hesi
gnal
.
Whenth
ecel
lf
i
resasi
gn
alpr
opa
gatesd
ownth
ea x
onwhicha
ctsl
i
ket
heo
utp
utwi
r
ean
dth
eni
s
ap
pl
ie
dtoth
einp
utso
fothe
rneur
onsvi
ath
eaxonter
min
al
s.
Youc
anth
in
ko fi
tasasor
tofbat
tl
etoc
ont
rol
then
eur
onwi
t
hth
eex
ci
ta
tor
yin
put
spu
shi
ngi
tto
fi
r
eandt
hein
hi
b i
t
oryi
np
utsst
opp
in
git
.
Ther
earel
otsofco
mpl
i
cati
on
stothi
sbas
icmodel
–inpa
rti
cu
la
raneur
onfi
r
esat
rai
nofpu
ls
esr
ath
er
th
anjus
tchang
ingi
t
sst
ate-butt
heid
eao fi
nh
ib
it
oryf
i
ghti
ngexc
it
ato
rys
eemst
obethek
ey
beh
avi
our.
H
owc
anwec
rea
tea
nea
si
ert
ous
emo
del
oft
hen
eur
on?

AS
imp
leMo
del
Whatwenee
disamode
lofth
eneur
onth
atdoes
n'
tcapt
urea
ll
ofit
spr
opert
ie
sa n
dbehav
iou
rbu
t
j
usten
oug
htocap
tur
ethewayi
tper
for
mscompuat
i
on.Sowhatwehavetodoisth
rowaway
as
pect
softh
ewaythecel
l
beha
vesi
naneff
ortt
osimpl
i
fywi
thou
tdes
tr
o y
in
gitsact
i
on. 
F
ir
stl
et
’sj
us
tha
veac
el
lt
hatg
iv
eso
utab
in
arys
tat
e–z
eroo
ron
e,o
noro
ff.
Thei
np
utst
henc
arr
yabi
nar
ysi
gn
ala
ndtheo
nl
yth
in
gth
atma
tte
rsi
sth
enu
mbe
rof“
on”s
ig
nal
son
th
eexci
t
ato
ryve
rsu
sth
ein
hi
bi
to
ryi
npu
ts.
Weh
avee
sse
nti
al
l
ya“
thr
esh
ol
d”g
atemo
del
oft
hen
eur
on.
Th
istu
rnsoutt
obeab i
ttooc
ompl
i
cat
edt
oan
al
ys
esowema
keo
nemo
reb
igs
imp
li
fi
ca
ti
on–t
he
i
nh
ibi
t
oryin
putove
rr
id
estheex
ci
ta
tor
y.
Th
atis
,ifani
nhi
bi
to
ryi
npu
tisont
hecel
l
cann
otfi
r
e(i
.e.i
tiso
ff)nomat
terwha
tth
eexci
t
ator
y
i
np
utsar
ed o
in
g.Witht
hi
ssmal
lch
ang
ethi
ng
saremad
ealotea
siera
ndwec a
nnowdef
i
nepre
ci
sel
y
wha
taMc Cul
l
och
-Pi
t
tsneu
roni
s:

1
. acel
lwhi
chcanout
puta0ora1
2. an
umberofexc
it
ato
ryin
put
s
3. as
in
gl
ei
n h
ibi
t
oryi
nput
4. at
hr
esh
o l
dval
ue

Theru
lef
ori
tsope
rat
i
onisth
atatti
me t
 i
tl
ooksati
t
se xc
it
ato
ryin
putsa
ndcou
ntsupth
en u
mbero
f
onesp
res
ent
.Ift
hecoun
tisequ
alt
oo rg
reat
erth
anthethr
esh
ol
dAN Dth
ein
hi
bi
tor
yinp
utisze
ro
th
enatti
met
 +1
 t
hecel
lo
utpu
tsaone,oth
erwi
sei
tout
p u
tsazero
.
N
oti
ceth
atth
isr
ul
ei
smoreco
mpli
ca
tedt
hany
oumi
gh
tth
in
katf
i
rsta
ndi
tdo
esg
iv
eri
set
o
b
eha
vio
urst
hata
requ
it
ecompl
i
cat
ed.
Thekeyfac
torth
atyoumi
ghtj
ustover
l
ookistha
twear
eus
ings
equ
ent
i
all
ogi
cth
atin
vol
vest
i
me.A
cl
ockisu
sedtosyn
chr
oni
seal
lofth
ec e
ll
si
nan et
wor
kan
dtheyc
han
gesta
teatea
chcl
ockpu
ls
e.
Thi
sisne
cess
arytost
opin
fi
ni
teper
iodosc
il
l
ati
oni
nso
metyp
esofci
r
cui
t

[
A] Mc
Cul
l
ochP
it
tsN
eur
on

Th
efi
rstCo
mpu
tat
i
ona
lMo
del
(Fi
g.
2)f
ora
nar
ti
fi
ci
al
Neu
ronwa
spr
opo
sedb
yMc
Cul
l
ocha
ndP
it
tsi
n
1
943.

Th
ein
putsan
dou
tpu
tsa
reb
in
ary(
exc
lu
si
ve
lyo
nesa
ndz
ero
s),t
hen
ode
spr
odu
ceo
nl
ybi
na
ryr
esu
lt
s.
Th
eacti
vat
i
on

s
tr
engt
hisrep
res
ent
edbyth
ewe i
gh
tsW1
,W2
,W3
, Wn.S
uchaf
unc
ti
on
i
sde
scr
ibedmath
emat
ic
al
lyi
nth
e

f
ol
lo
win
geq
uat
i
ons
:

Mc
Cul
l
och–p
it
tsn
eur
onR
epr
ese
nti
ngS
ign
alf
l
owa
ndt
heOp
era
ti
on

Mc
Cul
l
och–
pi
tt
sne
uro
n
[
B] L
ogi
cGa
tes

L
ogi
cg at
esf or
mt h
ee s
sent
ialcomponent
so fe l
ectr
oni
cc i
rcu
its
.Th eyhavefunct
io
nal
i
mpor
tan
ce,wh i
chprovi
desthelogi
calpl
atf
ormf o
rp ro
vid
in
gd i
ffe
rentle
vel
sofcurr
ent
sa n
d
v
ol
tage
sinanyel
ectr
onicci
rcui
t
s.Th eyareoft
encal
ledcombi
nati
on
a l
el
ementsi
ndi
gi
talc
ir
cui
ts
b
ecau
seofthei
rcapabi
l
it
ytoc ombi
neinpu
tstoprov
idetheout
put.Thesear
ethebu
il
di
ngbl
ocks
f
ordesi
gni
ngac omputerar
chi
tectu
re[
2].ThesegatesaretheAN D,OR ,NOT,NAND,a n
d
E
XOR.Theg o
aloflo
gicdes
ignoropti
miza
ti
onistofi
ndan et
workoflog
icgat
eswhi
chper
for
ms
t
hedes
ir
edcombi
nati
ono fi
nput
sa n
do ut
puts
.ThebasicGATEopera
tio
nsarecon
si
de
redandth
e
c
orr
esp
ondi
ngMcCul
la
hpit
tsNeur
o nar
chi
tect
urei
simpl
emented
.

[
C] AN
DGa
te
[
D] ORGa
te
L
imi
t
ati
on
s
Wh
ata
bou
tno
n-b
ool
ea
n(s
ay,r
eal
)i
np
uts
?

Dowea
lwa
ysn
eedt
oha
ndc
odet
het
hr
esh
ol
d?

Ar
eal
l
inp
utse
qua
l?Wh
ati
fwewa
ntt
oas
si
gnmo
rei
mpo
rta
ncet
oso
mei
np
uts
?

Wh
ata
bou
tfu
nct
i
onswh
ic
har
eno
tli
ne
arl
yse
par
abl
e?S
ayX
ORf
unc
ti
on
.

I
hop
eiti
sno
wcl
ea
rwh
ywea
ren
otu
si
ngt
heM-
Pne
uro
nto
day
.Ov
erc
omi
ngt
he

l
i
mit
ati
on
soft
heM-
Pne
uro
n,F
ran
kRo
sen
bl
at
t,a
nAme
ri
ca
nps
ych
ol
og
is
t,p
rop
ose
dth
e

c
la
ssi
ca
lpe
rce
pti
onmo
del
,th
emi
gh
tya
 r
ti
fi
ci
al
neu
ron
,in1
958
.Iti
smo
reg
ene
ral
i
zed

c
omp
uta
ti
on
almo
del
tha
nth
eMc
Cul
l
och
-Pi
t
tsn
eur
onwh
erewe
ig
htsa
ndt
hr
esh
ol
dsc
anb
e

l
ea
rnto
vert
i
me.

Co
ncl
us
io
n Th
uswel
ear
nandun
der
st
andt
heI
mpl
eme
nta
ti
ono
fba
si
cl
og
icg
ate
sus
in
gMc
-Cu
lo
ch-
Pi
tt
sor
He
bbn
etn
eur
aln
etwor
ks

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