FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING

DIPLOMA OF TECHNOLOGY IN ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING

PROJECT: EXTENDED RANGE BLUETOOTH DEVICE

NAME: GABRIEL OMBUNA

REG NO: DTEE/043J/2018

SUPERVISOR: MADAM OTENGO

YEAR: 2022

INSTITUTION: TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF MOMBASA

SUPERVISOR: MISS OTENGO

DECLARATION

This article on Trade project is my original work and has not been presented for the award of Degree or
Diploma in any other university or college to the best of my knowledge.

……………………….. …………………………

SIGNATURE DATE

GABRIEL OMBUNA

REG No: DTEE/043J/2018

 DEDICATION
I dedicate this article to my brother James Ratemo and my father Isaac Ratemo for they have been of
great support morally and financially during whole project period.

I also dedicate it to my supervisor madam Otengo, my fellow students and everyone who in one way or
the other supported me to complete my project successfully. I will always be indebted to you all for your
tireless share of knowledge because I don’t take it for granted.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Let me express my deep sense of gratitude to the Almighty God for His guidance throughout the whole
project process. I would also like to extend my heartfelt gratitude to my supervisor madam Otengo for
her excellent guidance, suggestions and constructive criticism. She has been very kind, supportive,
patient and very helpful throughout the project period.

I would also like to acknowledge my lecturers, most especially Mr.Swalah who encouraged me to obtain
more knowledge and skills as possible.
TABLE OF CONTENT

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

BT BLUETOOTH

TX TRANSMITTER

RF RADIO FREQUENCY

FEC FORWARD ERROR CORRECTION

ANT ANTENNA

EDR ENHANCED DATA RATE

MBPS MEGABIT PER SECOND

INT INTERNET

MBS MOBILE BROADBAND SYSTEM

EMI ELCRO- MAGNETIC INTERFERANCE

BW BANDWIDTH

FM FREQUENCY MODULATION

FHSS FREQUENCY- HOPPING SPREAD SPECTRUM

AMP AMPLIFIER

PL PATH LOSS

BM BLUETOOTH MODULE

GHz GIGAHERTZ

WI-FI WIRELESS FIDELITY

Rx RECEIVER

ISM BAND INDUSTRIAL, INDUSTRIAL RADIO BAND

1.0 INTRODUCTION

Bluetooth is a similar radio-wave technology, but it's mainly designed for communicating over short
distances less than about 10m or 30ft. Typically it is used to download photos from a digital camera to
a PC, to hook up a wireless mouse to a laptop, to link a hands-free headset to your cellphone so you can
talk and drive safely at the same time.  The power of the transmitter governs the range over which a
Bluetooth device can operate and, generally, devices are said to fall into one of three classes: class 1 are
the most powerful and can operate up to 100m (330ft), class 2 (the most common kind) operate up to
10m (33ft), and class 3 are the least powerful and don't go much beyond 1m (3.3ft). Bluetooth devices
are managed using an RF topology known as a "star topology." A group of devices synchronized in this
fashion forms a Pico net, which may contain one master and up to seven active slaves, with additional
slaves that are not actively participating in the network. (A given device may also be part of one or more
Pico nets, either as a master or as a slave.) In a Pico net, the physical radio channel is shared by a group
of devices that are synchronized to a common clock and frequency-hopping pattern, with the master
device providing the synchronization references. Devices in a Pico net use a specific frequency-hopping
pattern, which is algorithmically determined by the master device. The basic hopping pattern is a
pseudorandom ordering of the 79 frequencies in the ISM band. The hopping pattern may be adapted to
exclude a portion of the frequencies that are used by interfering devices. The adaptive hopping
technique improves Bluetooth technology's coexistence with static (no hopping) ISM systems, such as
Wi-Fi networks, when these are located in the vicinity of a Pico net. The physical channel is also used as
a transport for one or more logical links that support synchronous and asynchronous traffic as well as
broadcast traffic. Each type of link has a specific use. For instance, synchronous traffic is used to carry
hands-free audio data, while asynchronous traffic may carry other forms of data that can withstand
more variability in the timing for delivery, such as printing a file or synchronizing your calendar between
your phone and computer.
1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

.Bluetooth devices communicate using low-power radio waves on a frequency band between 2.400 GHz
and 2.483.5 GHz [source: Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG)]. This is one of a handful of bands that is
set aside by international agreement for the use of industrial, scientific and medical devices (ISM) .
There are two types of Bluetooth technology, Bluetooth Low Energy (LE) and Bluetooth Classic (more
formally known as Bluetooth Basic Rate/Enhanced Data Rate, or BR/EDR). Both operate using the same
frequency band, but Bluetooth LE is the more popular option, by far. It needs much less energy to
operate and can also be used for broadcast or mesh networks in addition to allowing communication
over point-to-point connections between two devices. Although many think of Bluetooth primarily as a
short-range technology, it can also be used to connect devices more than a kilometer (3,280 feet) apart
[source: Bluetooth SIG]. In fact, many types of product such as wireless headphones, require the
devices' communication range to be very short. But because Bluetooth technology is very flexible and
can be configured to the needs of the application, manufacturers can adjust the Bluetooth settings on
their devices to achieve the range they need whilst at the same time maximizing battery life and
achieving the best quality of signal.

Several factors affect the range of Bluetooth devices:

 Radio spectrum: Bluetooth technology's frequency band makes it a good choice for wireless
communication.

 Physical layer (PHY): This defines some key aspects of how the radio is used to transmit and
receive data such as the data rate, how error detection and correction is performed,
interference protection, and other techniques that influence signal clarity over different ranges.

 Receiver sensitivity: The measure of the minimum signal strength at which a receiver can still
receive and correctly decode data.

 Transmission power: As you may expect, the higher the transmitted signal strength, the longer
the range that can be achieved. But increasing the transmission power will also deplete your
battery faster.

 Antenna gain: Essentially, this is changing electrical signals from the transmitter into radio
waves and back again on the receiving end.

 Path loss: Several factors may weaken the signal, including distance, humidity, and the medium
through which it travels (such as wood, concrete or metal).

One of the most recent Bluetooth technology updates introduced a technique called forward error
correction (FEC) to improve receiver sensitivity. FEC corrects data errors that are detected at the
receiving end and improves a device's effective range by four or more times without having to use more
transmission power. This means a device can successfully receive data when it is at a much longer range
from the transmitter, where the signal will be much weaker. It is important to note the difference
between Wi-Fi and Bluetooth whereby they are both wireless technologies for connecting devices, but
while Wi-Fi is primarily used to connect devices to the Internet, Bluetooth is used to transfer data across
electronic devices over short distances

The Bluetooth architecture uses two networks like Pico net and Scatter net

Pico net Network: Pico net is one kind of wireless network that includes one main node namely the
master node as well as seven energetic secondary nodes are known as slave nodes. So, we can declare
that there are eight active nodes totally which are arranged at a10 meters distance. The message
between these two nodes can be done one-to-one otherwise one-to-many. Communication can be
possible only among the master and slave but the communication like Slave-slave cannot be possible. It
also includes 255 parked nodes which are known as secondary nodes. These cannot communicate until
it gets altered to the active condition.

Scatter net Network: The formation of the Scatter net Network can be done through various Pico nets.
On one Pico net, a slave is present which acts as a master otherwise it can be called primary within other
Pico nets. So, this type of node gets a message from the master within one Pico net & transmits the
message toward its slave in another Pico net wherever it works like a slave. So, this kind of node is called
a bridge-node. In two Pico nets, a station cannot be master.

Types of Bluetooth: This technology eliminates the necessity of wires and cables. At present, this
technology has seen a fast growth of Bluetooth-enabled devices.

Headsets: The most commonly known device is the Bluetooth headset. Generally, a headset allows a
person to make as well as receive calls through a mobile phone without using your hands otherwise
wires. These headsets are prepared with voice recognition, thus one can dial & talk without utilizing a
mobile handset.

Stereo Headset: The function of a stereo headset is similar to a normal headset without using wires. The
connection of a stereo headset can be done to any Bluetooth-enabled device like the music player. So, it
permits the user to hear the music in a short range of your music player device. This headset also
supports mobile phones.

Bluetooth System In-Car: An in-car Bluetooth system connects the mobile phone to the sound system in
your vehicle. So, you can make & receive phone calls through the speaker system without using a mobile
device.

Printer: A printer with Bluetooth enabled can get files like pictures and text documents from any device
that is equipped with a blue tooth like a PDA or laptop & print the data without using wires. This device
must be connected to the printer for the purpose of printing to work properly.

Webcam: A webcam enabled by Bluetooth mainly works as a usual webcam without the requirement of
wires. The wireless capabilities add mobility to the device, unlike traditional webcams, which remain
docked onto or near the computer.
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT

Basically, Bluetooth is a means of sharing data and connecting devices to each other for transmission of
signal. I intend to increase the Bluetooth range of coverage to 328 feet by increasing the transmission
power to (100mW) and using an antenna hence to make Bluetooth transmission more effective. This is
because Bluetooth is a simpler way of connecting devices for transmission of signal furthermore it is less
vulnerable to interference. Bluetooth technology allows devices to communicate with each other
without cables or wires. Bluetooth relies on short-range radio frequency, and any device that
incorporates the technology can communicate as long as it is within the required distance.

1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The main objective is to construct a Bluetooth device which covers a wider range of detection than the
ordinary Bluetooth so as to improve its effectiveness in connecting devices to each other.

1.3.1 GENERAL OBJECTIVES

The aim of Bluetooth technology was to enable users to replace cables between devices such as
printers, fax machines, desktop computers and peripherals, and a host of other digital devices. The
technology is often used to allow two different types of devices to communicate with each other. It is an
electronics "standard," which means that manufacturers that want to include this feature have to
incorporate specific requirements into their electronic devices. These specifications ensure that the
devices can recognize and interact with other devices that use Bluetooth technology.

1.3.2 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

 To use an antenna to extend the range of signal coverage.

 To increase the power of the transmitter.

1.4 RESEARCH QUESTION

Your Bluetooth devices will work perfectly if they are only 30 feet apart. If the distance is any longer,
the signal gets weak and with it the audio quality from the speakers. However, how can I make
Bluetooth more effective over a wider range
1.5 JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY

 Bluetooth relies on short-range radio frequency, and any device that incorporates the technology can
communicate as long as it is within the required distance. The technology is often used to allow two
different types of devices to communicate with each other. It is an electronics "standard," which means
that manufacturers that want to include this feature have to incorporate specific requirements into their
electronic devices. These specifications ensure that the devices can recognize and interact with other
devices that use Bluetooth technology.

Although many think of Bluetooth primarily as a short-range technology, it can also be used to connect
devices more than a kilometer (3,280 feet) apart [source. In fact, many types of product such as wireless
headphones, require the devices' communication range to be very short. But because Bluetooth
technology is very flexible and can be configured to the needs of the application, manufacturers can
adjust the Bluetooth settings on their devices to achieve the range they need whilst at the same time
maximizing battery life and achieving the best quality of signal.

1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

 Bluetooth wireless technology allows us to share the data, the voice, the music, the video, and a
lot of information between paired devices, it is built into many products, from mobile phones,
cars to medical devices and computers. You can print the documents and the images by
Bluetooth, so, you should select a printer that supports your Bluetooth device, and you can talk
to your friends while chatting through a Bluetooth headset. It is interoperable & it sucks up very
little energy, it is a special wireless communication system that allows completely different
electronic devices to communicate with each other.
 Bluetooth wireless technology is the safety factor. While driving your car it is extremely
dangerous to use one hand to hold your cell phone and the other for driving. It is even illegal to
do this in some countries as phoning while driving is a major cause of road accidents. You should
always leave both your hands free while driving. Now, thanks to Bluetooth technology you can
use a Bluetooth headset to receive your phone calls and to talk to the person on the other end
of the "line". This way you can drive safely with both hands on the steering wheel.

 Bluetooth wireless technology also makes our lives so much easier. This technology does not
require you to be in close proximity or tethered to the electronic device to be able to use it. You
can walk around and do other chores while using your Bluetooth headset. For example, you can
cook in the kitchen while listening to your favorite music, without disturbing other people
around you. You just have to play the music on your computer and switch on the Bluetooth
headphones. Cooking is then no longer a chore!
1.7 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

Typically Bluetooth is used to download photos from a digital camera to a PC, to hook up a wireless
mouse to a laptop, to link a hands-free headset to your cellphone so you can talk and drive safely at the
same time. The power of the transmitter governs the range over which a Bluetooth device can operate
and, generally, devices are said to fall into one of three classes: class 1 are the most powerful and can
operate up to 100m (330ft), class 2 (the most common kind) operate up to 10m (33ft), and class 3 are
the least powerful and don't go much beyond 1m (3.3ft). .Bluetooth devices communicate using low-
power radio waves on a frequency band between 2.400 GHz and 2.483.5 GHz [source: Bluetooth Special
Interest Group (SIG)]. This is one of a handful of bands that is set aside by international agreement for
the use of industrial, scientific and medical devices (ISM). There are two types of Bluetooth technology,
Bluetooth Low Energy (LE) and Bluetooth Classic (more formally known as Bluetooth Basic
Rate/Enhanced Data Rate, or BR/EDR). Both operate using the same frequency band, but Bluetooth LE is
the more popular option, by far. It needs much less energy to operate and can also be used for
broadcast or mesh networks in addition to allowing communication over point-to-point connections
between two devices.

1.8 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

There are many factors affecting Bluetooth range, typically:

 The output power of the transmitter

 The sensitivity of the receiver
 Physical obstacles in the transmission path
 The antennas

1.9 DEFINITION OF TERMS

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 INTRODUCTION
This chapter constitutes of the previous work done by other researchers, the research gap and
conclusion among other things.

2.10 Literature review

Bluetooth was developed by Ericsson in the 1990s. It is named after the 10th century Danish king Harald
“Bluetooth” Garson, who united Denmark and Norway. The Bluetooth logo combines the runes ᚼ and ᛒ,
which are Harald’s initials.

The name (which was actually proposed by an Intel engineer) signified the ambition to become the
unifying standard for all kinds of electronics – phones, computers and various accessories.

At the time data cables (serial or USB) were used to, for example, sync data between your computer and
your PDA, infrared was available as a wireless option. However, that required line-of-sight, meaning you
had to “aim” the two devices at each other during the data transfer.

Bluetooth was omnidirectional, though it worked at around 10m (30 ft) maximum, so it did hat was
plenty for the original use-cases planned and so the first Bluetooth-enabled phone was unveiled in 2000
– an Ericsson, of course, the T36. However, that wasn’t the first Bluetooth phone to actually hit the
stores (the T36 was canceled).The Ericsson T39 pioneered the tech, launching in 2001. That same year
IBM introduced the ThinkPad A30 laptop with a Bluetooth connection built in. Now you could sync your
phone and computers wirelessly. The first stereo headphones would arrive in 2004. Strangely, that
happened a year after the first Bluetooth-enabled MP3 player hit the market.

Bluetooth 2.0 was unveiled in 2005 with “EDR” (Enhanced Data Rate), which tripled the transfer speed
to 2.1 Mbps. It was an optional feature and it was still too slow for heavy duty data transfers. The new
standard did also boost the range to 30m (100 ft).But the true boost to performance would come in
2009 with Bluetooth 3.0 and “HS” (High Speed), which achieved 24 Mbps. This used a Bluetooth link to
do the handshaking between the two devices then handed off the data to 802.11 hardware – so it was
actually Wi-Fi that did the heavy lifting. Bluetooth 4.0, aka Bluetooth Low Energy, came in 2010 and
wasn’t – wasn’t Bluetooth, we mean. The project started at Nokia under the name Wibree, but that
would be incorporated into the next generation of Bluetooth.

Version 4.0 was slower, it topped out around 1 Mbps, but it was a lot more power efficient, allowing for
battery operated accessories to be created (think fitness sensors, healthcare devices, etc.). They could
work for years on a single coin cell battery.

Bluetooth 4.0 also extended the operation range to 100m (330 ft.) and lowered the typical latency quite
a bit. This release also introduced the Multipoint feature, which allows Bluetooth headphones to be
connected simultaneously to two devices (e.g. your phone and your laptop).

Next came version 5.0 in 2016. It significantly improved the maximum range, reaching 240m (800 ft)
with line of sight and up to 40m (130 ft.) indoors. That came at the cost of data speed, but at closer
ranges - 5.0 could double the speeds of its predecessor (up to 2 Mbps).
Bluetooth has been used in smart home applications since the early days, but it is now even more
prevalent. From smart light bulbs to smart bathroom scales, its low power requirements, impressive
range and ability to seamlessly connect two gadgets has made it more popular than ever.

2.2 Theoretical Frame work

2.3 Conceptual frame work
 BLUETOOTH BLUETOOTH 4.0 BLUETOOTH 5
 
V2.1 (LE)  (LE)

Range Up to 100 m Up to 100 m Up to 400 m

Max range Around 100 m Around 100 m Around 1,000m

(free field) (class 2 outdoors) (outdoors) (outdoors)

Frequency 2.402 – 2.481 GHz 2.402 – 2.481 GHz 2.402 - 2.481 GHz

Max data rate 1- 3 Mbit/s 1 Mbit/s 2 Mbit/s

Application
0.7-2.1 Mbit/s Up to 305 Kbit/s Up to 1,360 Kbit/s
Throughput

Topologies Point-to-point, Point-to-point, Point-to-point,

 BLUETOOTH BLUETOOTH 4.0 BLUETOOTH 5
 
V2.1 (LE)  (LE)

scatter net mesh network mesh network

Network
IEEE 802.15.1 IEEE 802.15.1 IEEE 802.15.1
Standard

2.4 summary

2.5Research gap

I intend to increase the Bluetooth range of coverage to 328 feet by increasing the transmission power to
(100Mw) and using an antenna hence make Bluetooth transmission more effective. I will use my
creative skills to create an antenna (range extender):

I) remove the antenna capacitor – connect them in series

ii) Connect capacitor where antenna cap was there.

iii) Connect the antenna in capacitor leg.

iv) Device is ready now. (It will take more range)

CHAPTER THREE

3.0 Research methodology

3.1 Define & block diagram

3.2