Connect Harsh sir @

http://vdnt.in/HARSHPRIYAM

https://t.me/harshpriyam

priyam_harsh
 Session 1 | Sets and
Relations & Functions
 SET
A set is a collection of well defined objects
which are distinct from each other.

● Sets are generally denoted by capital letters A,

B, C, …. etc. and the elements of the set by a, b,
c... etc.

● If a is an element of a set A, then we write a ∈ A

and say a belongs to A.
If a does not belong to A then we write a ∉ A.

● e.g. The collection of first five prime natural

numbers is a set containing the elements 2, 3, 5,
7, 11.
 SOME IMPORTANT NUMBER SETS:

N Set of all natural numbers

W Set of all whole numbers

Z Set of all Integers

Z+ Set of all +ve integers

Z- Set of all -ve integers

Z0 The set of all non-zero integers

Q The set of all rational numbers.

R The set of all real numbers

R−Q The set of all irrational numbers

 ROSTER METHOD
In this method a set is described by listing
elements, separated by commas and enclose
then by curly brackets.

SET BUILDER FORM

In this case we write down a property or rule p

Which gives us all the element of the set.
 TYPES OF SETS

Null set or A set having no element in it is

Empty set called an Empty set or a null set
or void set it is denoted by 𝜙 or { }.

Singleton A set consisting of a single

element is called a singleton set.

Finite Set A set which has only finite

number of elements is called a
finite set.

Infinite set : A set which has an infinite

number of elements is called an
infinite set.
 TYPES OF SETS

Equal sets Two sets A and B are said to be

equal if every element of A is a
member of B, and every element
of B is a member of A.

Equivalent Two finite sets A and B are

sets equivalent if their number of
elements are same.

NOTE Equal sets always equivalent but

equivalent sets may not be equal.
 OTHER IMPORTANT SETS

Universal A set consisting of all possible

set elements which occur in the
discussion is call set and is
denoted by U
Note: All sets are contained in the
universal set

Power set Let A be any set. They set of all

subsets of A is called power set of
A and is denoted by P(A)

Subsets Let A and B be two sets if every

element of A is an element B, then
A is called a subset of B if A is a
subset of B. we write A ⊆ B
 OTHER IMPORTANT SETS

Proper If A is a subset of B and A ≠ B then A

subset is a proper subset of B. and we write
A⊂B

NOTE 1: Every set is a subset of itself i.e. A ⊆

A for all A
2: Empty set 𝜙 is a subset of every set
3: Clearly N ⊂ W ⊂ Z ⊂ Q ⊂ R ⊂ C
4: The total number of subsets of a
finite set containing n elements is 2n
 SOME OPERATIONS ON SETS
Union of two A ∪ B = {x : x ∈ A or x ∈ B}
sets e.g. A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {2, 3, 4}
then A ∪ B = {1, 2, 3, 4}

Intersection A ⋂ B = {x : x ∈ A and x ∈ B}
of two sets e.g. A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {2, 3, 4}
then A ⋂ B = {2, 3}

Difference of A - B = {x : x ∈ A and x ∉ B}e.g. A

two sets: = {1, 2, 3}, B = {2, 3, 4}; A - B = {1}

Complement A’ = {x : x ∉ A but x ∈ U} = U - A
of a set e.g. U = {1, 2, ….., 10},

NOTE ● (A’)’ = A
● A ⊆ B ⇔ B’ ⊆ A’
 SOME OPERATIONS ON SETS

De-Morgan (A ∪ B)’ = A’ ⋂ B’
Laws (A ⋂ B)’ = A’ ∪ B’

Distributive A ∪ (B ⋂ C) = (A ∪ B) ⋂ (A ∪ C);
Laws A ⋂ (B ∪ C) = (A ⋂ B) ∪ (A ⋂ C)

Commutative A∪B=B∪A;
Laws A⋂B=B⋂A

Associative (A ∪ B) ∪ C = A ∪ (B ∪ C) ;
Laws (A ⋂ B) ⋂ C = A ⋂ (B ⋂ C)
 SOME OPERATIONS ON SETS

Disjoint Sets If A ∩ B = 𝜙, then A, B are

disjoint.
For every set A, A and A’ are
disjoint sets.

Symmetric A Δ B = (A - B) ⋃ (B - A)
Difference of
Sets

If A and B are any two sets, then

(i) A - B = A ∩ B’
(ii) B - A = B ∩ A’
 VENN DIAGRAMS

Image source: Cuemath

 VENN DIAGRAMS

Image source: Cuemath

 Important Results On Number
Of Elements In SETS

● n(A ⋃ B) = n(A) + n(B) - n(A ⋂ B)

● n(A ⋃ B) = n(A) + n(B) ⇔ A, B are disjoint non-

void sets

● n(A - B) = n(A) - n(A ⋂ B)

i.e. n(A - B) + n(A ⋂ B) = n(A)

● n(A ⋃ B ⋃ C) = n(A) + n(B) + n(C) - n(A ⋂ B) -

n(B ⋂ C) - n(A ⋂ C) + n(A ⋂ B ⋂ C)
 CARTESIAN PRODUCT
Let A and B be two non-empty sets.
The set of all ordered pairs (a, b), where a ∈ A
and b ∈ B, is known as the cartesian product
of sets A and B. It is denoted by A x B.

A x B = {(a, b) : a ∈ A and b ∈ B}
 No. of Elements in
CARTESIAN PRODUCT

● If A and B are finite sets, then

n(A × B) = n(A) × n(B)
● If either A or B is infinite, then A × B is an
infinite set.
 RELATION

A relation from A to B is a subset of the

cartesian product A × B.

● R is a relation from A to B ⇔ R ⊆ A × B
● R is a relation from A to B ⇔ R ⊆ A × B

If n (A) = p and n (B) = q,

Total number of relations from A to B

= Total number of subsets of A × B
= 2pq
 DOMAIN
The collection of the first elements of all the
ordered pairs of a relation R is known as the
domain of R.

RANGE
The collection of the second elements of all
the ordered pairs of a relation R is known as
the range of R.
 INVERSE OF A RELATION

Let A, B be two sets and R be a relation

from A to B.
The inverse of R, denoted by R-1, is a
relation from B to A and is defined as the
following:
R-1 = {(b, a) : (a, b) ∈ R}
Thus, if (a, b) ∈ R ⇔ (b, a) ∈ R-1
 TYPES OF RELATION

Reflexive A relation R on Set A such that

∀ a ∈ A (a, a) ∈ R

Symmetric For a, b ∈ A
(a, b) ∈ R ⇒ (b, a) ∈ R

Transitive For a, b, c ∈ A
(a, b), (b, c) ∈ R ⇒ (a, c) ∈ R

Equivalence Relation

Reflexive Symmetric Transitive

Even if one of them fails, it is not a

Equivalence Relation.
 FUNCTION
A function ‘f’ from a non-empty set A to a non-
empty set B is a rule or a correspondence under
which: Every element of A is associated with
exactly one element of B.
Notation: f is a function from A to B f : A → B

● A function is a special relation from A to B

such that : Every element of A is related to
exactly one element of B.

● Number of functions for the mapping f : A → B

will be n(B)n(A)
 IMAGE & PREIMAGE

Let f : A → B be a function. Let a ∊ A.

Then, it is associated to exactly one
element of B, say b. Then, we write b =
f(a)

IMAGE: b is called ‘image of a under f’ or

‘the value of function f at a’.

PREIMAGE: a is the preimage of b under

the function f.
 DOMAIN

Let f : A → B, then the set A is known as

the domain of f .

CODOMAIN

Let f : A → B, then the set B is known as

the co-domain of f .

RANGE
Let f : A → B, then the set of all the images of
elements of A under f in B is known as the
range of f .

Range ⊆ codomain
SOME STANDARD FUNCTIONS

Constant function

Identity function

Polynomial function

Rational function

Greatest integer function

Signum function

Exponential function

Logarithmic function
Absolute value function
SOME STANDARD FUNCTIONS

Constant function

Identity function

Polynomial function

Rational function

Greatest integer function

Signum function

Exponential function

Logarithmic function
Absolute value function
 ALGEBRA OF FUNCTIONS
For two functions f and g

1. Scalar multiplication of a function:

(c f) (x) = cf(x), where c is a scalar.

1. Addition/subtraction of functions
(f ± g)(x) = f(x) ± g(x)

1. Multiplication of functions
(fg)(x) = (gf)(x) = f(x)g(x).

1. Division of functions
 TYPES OF FUNCTIONS

ONE-ONE & MANY-ONE FUNCTIONS:

A function f : A → B is said to be one-one

or injective if all elements of A have
difference images in B.
Otherwise it is called many one function.

Mathematically

if f(a) = f(b) ⇒ a = b
 TYPES OF FUNCTIONS

ONTO & INTO FUNCTIONS:

A function f(x) from A to B is said to be

onto or surjective function if every
element of B is image of some element
of A. i.e. Range of f(x) = Co-domain of f(x)

BIJECTIVE:

A function f(x) from A to B is said to be

bijective, if it is both one-one & onto.
 Some of the standard formats
to find the domain

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d) logba, a, > 0, b > 0, b ≠ 1

(e)
 STEPS TO FIND THE RANGE

Procedure of finding out range of function

For the function y = f(x)

(a) Express x explicitly in terms of y

(b) Find the possible values for y (like
domain for x)

(c) Eliminate value(s) of y w.r.t. x, if

applicable.
 INVERSE OF A FUNCTION

Corresponding to every bijection,

f : A → B;

There exists another bijection;

g : B → A; defined by g(y) = x
if and only if f(x) = y

g : B → A is called inverse of f : A → B and

is denoted by f-1
 COMPOSITE FUNCTIONS

Let f : A → B and g : B → C be two

functions. Then the composition of f and
g, denoted by fog, is defined as the
function fog : B → A given by
fog(x)=f(g(x)), ∀ x ⋲ B.

Image source: Cuemath

 EVEN-ODD FUNCTION

● A function f(x) is said to be even

function; if f(-x) = f(x) ∀ x.

● A function f(x) is said to be odd

function; if if f(-x) = - f(x) ∀ x.

Graph of an even function is symmetric

about y -axis.
 PERIODIC FUNCTION

● A function f(x) is said to be periodic

function, if there exists a positive real
number such that f(x + T) = f(x) ∀x

● Least such value of ‘T’ is called

Fundamental Period of y = f(x).

● Graph of periodic functions, repeats at

fixed lengths of intervals
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Q. Let X = {n ∈ N : 1 ≤ n ≤ 50}. If
A = {n ∈ X : n is a multiple of 2} and
B = {n ∈ X : n is a multiple of 7}, then
the number of elements in the smallest
subset of X containing both A and B is _____.

JEE Mains 2021

Q. Let X = {n ∈ N : 1 ≤ n ≤ 50}. If
A = {n ∈ X : n is a multiple of 2} and
B = {n ∈ X : n is a multiple of 7}, then
the number of elements in the smallest
subset of X containing both A and B is _____.

JEE Mains 2021

Solution
Q. If the functions are defined as
Then what is
the common domain of the following
functions:

JEE Mains, 2021

A 0<x≤1

B 0≤x<1

C 0≤x≤1

D 0<x<1
Q. If the functions are defined as
Then what is
the common domain of the following
functions:

JEE Mains, 2021

Q. If the functions are defined as
Then what is
the common domain of the following
functions:

JEE Mains, 2021

Solution
Q. If the functions are defined as
Then what is
the common domain of the following
functions:

JEE Mains, 2021

A 0<x≤1

B 0≤x<1

C 0≤x≤1

D 0<x<1
Q. Let A = {1, 2, 3 ……, 10} and f: A → A be

defined as

Then the number of possible function

g: A → A such that gof = f is:
JEE Mains, 2020

A 105

B 55

C 10C
5

D 5!
Q. Let A = {1, 2, 3 ……, 10} and f: A → A be

defined as

Then the number of possible function

g: A → A such that gof = f is:
JEE Mains, 2020
Q. Let A = {1, 2, 3 ……, 10} and f: A → A be

defined as

Then the number of possible function

g: A → A such that gof = f is:
JEE Mains, 2020
Solution
Q. Let A = {1, 2, 3 ……, 10} and f: A → A be
defined as

Then the number of possible function g: A →

A such that gof = f is:
JEE Mains, 2020

A 105

B 55

C 10C
5

D 5!
Q. Let R be the set of real numbers.
Statement-1 : A = {(x, y) ∈ R × R : y - x is an integer}
is an equivalence relation on R
Statement-2 : B = {(x, y) ∈ R × R : x = 𝛼y for some
rational number 𝛼} is an equivalence relation on R.
JEE Mains 2011

Statement-1 is true, Statement -2 is

A true; Statement-2 is a correct
explanation for Statement-1.

(2) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is

B true; Statement-2 is a correct
explanation for Statement-1

C Statement-1 is true, Statement-2,

false

D Statement-1 is false, Statement-2 is

true
Q. Let R be the set of real numbers.
Statement-1 : A = {(x, y) ∈ R × R : y - x is an integer}
is an equivalence relation on R
Statement-2 : B = {(x, y) ∈ R × R : x = 𝛼y for some
rational number 𝛼} is an equivalence relation on R.
JEE Mains 2011
Q. Let R be the set of real numbers.
Statement-1 : A = {(x, y) ∈ R × R : y - x is an integer}
is an equivalence relation on R
Statement-2 : B = {(x, y) ∈ R × R : x = 𝛼y for some
rational number 𝛼} is an equivalence relation on R.
JEE Mains 2011
Solution
Q. Let R be the set of real numbers.
Statement-1 : A = {(x, y) ∈ R × R : y - x is an integer}
is an equivalence relation on R
Statement-2 : B = {(x, y) ∈ R × R : x = 𝛼y for some
rational number 𝛼} is an equivalence relation on R.
JEE Mains 2011

Statement-1 is true, Statement -2 is

A true; Statement-2 is a correct
explanation for Statement-1.

(2) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is

B true; Statement-2 is a correct
explanation for Statement-1

C Statement-1 is true, Statement-2,

false

D Statement-1 is false, Statement-2 is

true
Q. Let f : R → R be defined as f(x) = 2x - 1 and
g : R - {1} → R be defined as
Then the composition function f(g(x)) is:
JEE Mains, 2021

A Both one-one and onto

B Onto but not one-one

C Neither one-one nor onto

D One-one but not onto

Q. Let f : R → R be defined as f(x) = 2x - 1 and
g : R - {1} → R be defined as
Then the composition function f(g(x)) is:
JEE Mains, 2021
Q. Let f : R → R be defined as f(x) = 2x - 1 and
g : R - {1} → R be defined as
Then the composition function f(g(x)) is:
JEE Mains, 2021
Solution
Q. Let f : R → R be defined as f(x) = 2x - 1 and
g : R - {1} → R be defined as
Then the composition function f(g(x)) is:
JEE Mains, 2021

A Both one-one and onto

B Onto but not one-one

C Neither one-one nor onto

D One-one but not onto

Q. The domain of the function
is (-∞, -a] ⋃ [a, ∞].
Then a is equal to
JEE Mains, 2020

D
Q. The domain of the function
is (-∞, -a] ⋃ [a, ∞].
Then a is equal to
JEE Mains, 2020
Q. The domain of the function
is (-∞, -a] ⋃ [a, ∞].
Then a is equal to
JEE Mains, 2020
Solution
Q. The domain of the function
is (-∞, -a] ⋃ [a, ∞].
Then a is equal to
JEE Mains, 2020

D
Q. Let Z be the set of integers. If
and
B = {x ∈ Z : -3 < 2x - 1 < 9}, then the number
of subsets of the set A × B, is :

JEE Mains 2019

A 215

B 218

C 212

D 210
Q. Let Z be the set of integers. If
and
B = {x ∈ Z : -3 < 2x - 1 < 9}, then the number
of subsets of the set A × B, is :

JEE Mains 2019

Q. Let Z be the set of integers. If
and
B = {x ∈ Z : -3 < 2x - 1 < 9}, then the number
of subsets of the set A × B, is :

JEE Mains 2019

Solution
Q. Let Z be the set of integers. If
and
B = {x ∈ Z : -3 < 2x - 1 < 9}, then the number
of subsets of the set A × B, is :

JEE Mains 2019

A 215

B 218

C 212

D 210
Q. Set A has m elements and set B has n
elements. If the total number of subsets of A
is 112 more than the total number of subsets
of B, then the value of m.n is _____.

JEE Mains 2020

Q. Set A has m elements and set B has n
elements. If the total number of subsets of A
is 112 more than the total number of subsets
of B, then the value of m.n is _____.

JEE Mains 2020

Q. Set A has m elements and set B has n
elements. If the total number of subsets of A
is 112 more than the total number of subsets
of B, then the value of m.n is _____.

JEE Mains 2020

Solution
Q. Let S = {1, 2, 3, ….., 100}. The number of
non-empty subsets A of S such that the
product of elements in A is even is :
JEE Mains 2019

A 2100 -1

B 250(250 -1)

C 250 - 1

D 250 + 1
Q. Let S = {1, 2, 3, ….., 100}. The number of
non-empty subsets A of S such that the
product of elements in A is even is :
JEE Mains 2019

A 2100 -1

B 250(250 -1)

C 250 - 1

D 250 + 1
Q. Let f(x) be a quadratic polynomial such
that f(-1) + f(2) = 0. If one of the roots of
f(x) = 0 is 3, then its other root lies in
JEE Mains, 2015

A (-1, 0)

B (1, 3)

C (-3, -1)

D (0, 1)
Q. Let f(x) be a quadratic polynomial such
that f(-1) + f(2) = 0. If one of the roots of
f(x) = 0 is 3, then its other root lies in
JEE Mains, 2015
Q. Let f(x) be a quadratic polynomial such
that f(-1) + f(2) = 0. If one of the roots of
f(x) = 0 is 3, then its other root lies in
JEE Mains, 2015
Solution
Q. Let f(x) be a quadratic polynomial such
that f(-1) + f(2) = 0. If one of the roots of
f(x) = 0 is 3, then its other root lies in
JEE Mains, 2015

A (-1, 0)

B (1, 3)

C (-3, -1)

D (0, 1)
Q. If

Is equal to:
JEE Mains, 2019

A 2f(x)

B 2f(x2)

C (2(f(x))2

D -2f(x)
Q. If

Is equal to:
JEE Mains, 2019
Q. If

Is equal to:
JEE Mains, 2019
Solution
Q. If

Is equal to:
JEE Mains, 2019

A 2f(x)

B 2f(x2)

C (2(f(x))2

D -2f(x)
Q. Let S = {1, 2, 3, ….., 100}. The number of
non-empty subsets A of S such that the
product of elements in A is even is :
JEE Mains 2019
Q. Let S = {1, 2, 3, ….., 100}. The number of
non-empty subsets A of S such that the
product of elements in A is even is :
JEE Mains 2019
Solution
Q. If a + 𝛼 = 1, b + β = 2 and

value of the expression is

JEE Mains, 2019

Q. If a + 𝛼 = 1, b + β = 2 and

value of the expression is

JEE Mains, 2019

Q. If a + 𝛼 = 1, b + β = 2 and

value of the expression is

JEE Mains, 2019

Solution
Q. If and

S = {x ∈ R : f(x) = f(-x)} ; then S :

JEE Mains, 2016

Contains exactly two

A elements

Contains more than

B two elements

C Is an empty set

Contains exactly one

D
element
Q. If and

S = {x ∈ R : f(x) = f(-x)} ; then S :

JEE Mains, 2016

Q. If and

S = {x ∈ R : f(x) = f(-x)} ; then S :

JEE Mains, 2016

Solution

Replacing ‘x’ with “1/x”

Q. If and

S = {x ∈ R : f(x) = f(-x)} ; then S :

JEE Mains, 2016

Contains exactly two

A elements

Contains more than

B two elements

C Is an empty set

Contains exactly one

D
element
Q. Let x denote the total number of one-one
functions from a set A with 3 elements to a
set B with 5 elements and y denote the total
number of one-one functions from the set A
to the set A × B
JEE Mains, 2021

A y = 273x

B 2y = 91x

C y = 91x

D 2y = 273x
Q. Let x denote the total number of one-one
functions from a set A with 3 elements to a
set B with 5 elements and y denote the total
number of one-one functions from the set A
to the set A × B
JEE Mains, 2021
Q. Let x denote the total number of one-one
functions from a set A with 3 elements to a
set B with 5 elements and y denote the total
number of one-one functions from the set A
to the set A × B
JEE Mains, 2021
Solution
Q. Let x denote the total number of one-one
functions from a set A with 3 elements to a
set B with 5 elements and y denote the total
number of one-one functions from the set A
to the set A × B
JEE Mains, 2021

A y = 273x

B 2y = 91x

C y = 91x

D 2y = 273x
Q. Let R1 and R2 be two relations defined as
follows: R1 = {(a, b) ∊ R2 : a2 + b2 ∊ Q} and
R2 = {(a, b) ∊ R2 : a2 + b2 ∉ Q}, where Q is the
set of all rational numbers. Then :
JEE Mains, 2019

A Neither R1 or R2 is transitive

R2 is transitive but R1 is not

B transitive

R1 is transitive but R2 is not

C transitive

D R1 and R2 are both transitive

Q. Let R1 and R2 be two relations defined as
follows: R1 = {(a, b) ∊ R2 : a2 + b2 ∊ Q} and
R2 = {(a, b) ∊ R2 : a2 + b2 ∉ Q}, where Q is the
set of all rational numbers. Then :
JEE Mains, 2019
Q. Let R1 and R2 be two relations defined as
follows: R1 = {(a, b) ∊ R2 : a2 + b2 ∊ Q} and
R2 = {(a, b) ∊ R2 : a2 + b2 ∉ Q}, where Q is the
set of all rational numbers. Then :
JEE Mains, 2019
Solution
Q. Let R1 and R2 be two relations defined as
follows: R1 = {(a, b) ∊ R2 : a2 + b2 ∊ Q} and
R2 = {(a, b) ∊ R2 : a2 + b2 ∉ Q}, where Q is the
set of all rational numbers. Then :
JEE Mains, 2019

A Neither R1 or R2 is transitive

R2 is transitive but R1 is not

B transitive

R1 is transitive but R2 is not

C transitive

D R1 and R2 are both transitive

Q. Let f: R - {3} → R - {1} be defined by
Let g: R → R be given as
g(x) = 2x - 3. Then, the sum of all the values of x
for which is equal to

JEE Mains, 2021

A 7

B 2

C 5

D 3
Solution

x1
x2
Q. Let f: R - {3} → R - {1} be defined by
Let g: R → R be given as
g(x) = 2x - 3. Then, the sum of all the values of x
for which is equal to

JEE Mains, 2021

A 7

B 2

C 5

D 3
Q. Two newspapers A and B are published in a city.
It is known that 25% of the city population reads A
and 20% reads B while 8% reads both A and B.
Further, 30% of those who read A but not B look
into advertisements and 40% of those who read B
but not A also look into advertisements, while 50%
of those who read both A and B look into
advertisements. Then the percentage of the
population who look into advertisements is :
JEE Mains, 2019
A 13.9

B 12.8

C 13

D 13.5
Q. Two newspapers A and B are published in a city.
It is known that 25% of the city population reads A
and 20% reads B while 8% reads both A and B.
Further, 30% of those who read A but not B look
into advertisements and 40% of those who read B
but not A also look into advertisements, while 50%
of those who read both A and B look into
advertisements. Then the percentage of the
population who look into advertisements is :
JEE Mains, 2019
Q. Two newspapers A and B are published in a city.
It is known that 25% of the city population reads A
and 20% reads B while 8% reads both A and B.
Further, 30% of those who read A but not B look
into advertisements and 40% of those who read B
but not A also look into advertisements, while 50%
of those who read both A and B look into
advertisements. Then the percentage of the
population who look into advertisements is :
JEE Mains, 2019
Q. Two newspapers A and B are published in a city.
It is known that 25% of the city population reads A
and 20% reads B while 8% reads both A and B.
Further, 30% of those who read A but not B look
into advertisements and 40% of those who read B
but not A also look into advertisements, while 50%
of those who read both A and B look into
advertisements. Then the percentage of the
population who look into advertisements is :
JEE Mains, 2019
Solution
Q. Two newspapers A and B are published in a city.
It is known that 25% of the city population reads A
and 20% reads B while 8% reads both A and B.
Further, 30% of those who read A but not B look
into advertisements and 40% of those who read B
but not A also look into advertisements, while 50%
of those who read both A and B look into
advertisements. Then the percentage of the
population who look into advertisements is :
JEE Mains, 2019
A 13.9

B 12.8

C 13

D 13.5
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