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CHEMISTRY INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

AZODYE TEST
RSK HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOL,
TIRUCHIRAPALLI.

STUDENT NAME:
CLASS AND SEC:
BOARD ROLL NO:

INTERNAL EXAMINER: EXTERNAL EXAMINER:

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Table of Contents:

CHEMISTRY INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT ............................................. 1
ABSTRACT: ......................................... 3
COLORED COMPOUNDS AND DYES:
.............................................................. 4
AZO GROUP: ....................................... 4
AZO DYING TECHNIQUES: ................ 6
ADVANTAGES : ................................... 7
EXPRIMENT : ...................................... 9
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ABSTRACT:

Dye
A dye can be defined as a colored substance that has an
affinity to the substrate to which it is being applied.

A dye is mostly used as an aqueous solution and may

require a mordant (an inorganic oxide, that combines
with a dye or stain and thereby fixes it in a material) to
improve the fastness of the dye on the fiber.
***Pigment as opposed to dye, has no affinity for the
substrate and is insoluble.
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COLORED COMPOUNDS AND DYES:

Color has always fascinated humankind, for both

aesthetic and social reasons. Throughout history dyes
and pigments have been major article of commerce.
Manufactures of virtually all commercial products involve
color at some stage, and some 8000 colorants with more
than 40000 trade names are currently used. The large
number is a consequence of the range of tints and hues
desired, the chemical nature of the materials to be
colored, and the molecular structure of the dy

AZO GROUP:

An azo group is,-N=N-, which links two sp2 hybridised

carbon atoms.
These carbons can be part of aromatic as well as aliphatic
systems.
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Most azo dyes contain only one azo group, but some
contain two (disazo), three (trisazo) or more.
In theory, azo dyes can supply a complete rainbow of
colors.
However, commercially they tend to supply more
yellows, oranges and reds than any other colors. But
there are also some viable blue azo dyes on the market.

SYNTHESIS OF AZO DYES :

An overview of azo dye synthesis is shown below:
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Diazotization

This involves a primary aromatic amine, called the diazo

component. It is treated in low temperature, acid
conditions with sodium nitrite to form an unstable
diazonium salt.

Azo coupling

The diazonium salt is reacted with a coupling

component (for example a phenol or an aromatic
amine). This forms the stable azo dye.

AZO DYING TECHNIQUES:

Azo dying is a technique in which an insoluble azoic dye is

produced directly onto or within the fiber.
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This is achieved by treating a fiber with both diazoic and

coupling components.
With suitable adjustment of dye bath conditions the two
components react to produce the required insoluble azo
dye.
This technique of dying is unique, in that the final color is
controlled by the choice of the diazoic end coupling
components.

ADVANTAGES :
• The azo compound class accounts for 60-70% of all
dyes.

• They give bright, high intensity colours, much more

so than the next most common dye class
(anthraquinones).

• They have fair to good fastness properties.

• Their biggest advantage it their cost-effectiveness,

which is due to the processes involved in
manufacture.
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• The general formula for making an azo dye requires

two organic compounds- a coupling component and
a diazo component. Since these can be altered
considerably, an enormous range of possible dyes
are available, especially as the starting molecules are
readily available and cheap.

• Furthermore, the simplicity of the reactions means

that the process can be scaled up or down very
easily, which is always a key factor in the cost of
chemicals.

• Energy requirements for the reaction are low, since

most of the chemistry occurs at or below room
temperature.

• The environmental impact is reduced by the fact

that all reactions are carried out in water, which is
easy and cheap to obtain, clean and dispose of.
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EXPRIMENT :

Aim:
To study and analyse the preparation of azodyes

Apparatus:
• Boiling tubes
• Glass rod
• Ice Cubes
• Cloth
• Beaker
• Thermometer
• Test tubes

Reagents:
• Aniline
• NaNO2
• HCl
• β-Naphthol
• N,N Dimethyl Aniline.
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Theory:
Aniline is mixed with a solution of NaNO2 and HCl at 0-5
degree Celcius to form benzene dizonium chloride.
Coupling reagents like aniline, B-naphthol,
NNDimethylaniline, etc are added to form colorful
complexes.

Preparation:

The first dye was prepared by adding aniline to a solution

of NaNO2 and HCl maintained at a low temp.
Then a solution of B-Naphthol and NaOH was added to
the solution.
The created dye was used to dye a piece of cloth.
The steps were repeated with different coupling reagents
to obtain different products.

Observation:
B naphthol – Orange
Aniline – Yellow
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NNDiMethyl Aniline – Dark Yellow

Phenol - Orange

Conclusion:
Multiple azodyes were prepared and analysed.