Methodology of experiment wind tunnel and NACA 0012

analysis for designing a three-bladed VAWT to improve its power coefficient aerodynamic
performance. In a comparative investigation of a wide range of turbine designs, the double
multiple stream tube (DMST) technique taking the tip loss correction into account was found to
be an effective lower order precision performance prediction methodology at a much lower
computational cost. According to the study, the Selig profile NACA 0012 is appropriate for wind
tunnel tests when the desired chord Reynolds values are between 60000 and 140000.The aspect
ratio test reveals that the 3-bladed VAWT's performance greatly varies with the change in AR at
various chord Reynolds values. Over a good range of TSR, the aspect ratio of 1.0 is more reliable
at both lower and higher chord Reynolds numbers. In the tested range, it is determined that a
solidity ratio of 0.17 is adequate for improving turbine performance. In addition to this analysis,
a variety of wind tunnel tests will be performed between the ranges of 60000 and 140000 at
various chord Reynolds values. The designed 3-bladed VAWT design will then be subjected to
sophisticated CFD computations and PIV flow visualization in the wake of the wind tunnel tests.
This study will also look at the active pitch control of VAWT blades using servo control
mechanisms. It is important to note that, when developing a big prototype, a high AR results in
shorter arms, which increase structural stability for a given output. Additionally, it reduces the
need for room. As a result, in addition to AR = 1.0, larger ARs (AR > 1.0) will also be taken into
account in the wind tunnel trials by shortening the length of the turbine arms. [1]

Figure. A Variation of CP for NACA 4-series at Rec = 60000 [1]

 Figure. B Variation of CP for NACA 4-series at Rec = 140000 [1]

Methodology of flap angel and NACA 0012

Flaps are high-lift devices made up of a hinged panel or panels located on the wing's trailing
edge. They contribute to an increase in lift and drag values as well as a decrease in both.
in the speed of stall. Performance during takeoff and landing is improved as a result of these
factors. During an aircraft's takeoff phase, flaps contribute to raising the lift coefficient (CL) and
stall angle values. The primary purpose of an aircraft's wings is to provide the highest lift-to-drag
ratio (CL/CD) possible. This ratio, which is related to the needed amount of power for thrust
generation, is thought to be a gauge of an aircraft's efficiency. It has to do with how much power
is necessary to generate thrust. If flow separation happens, the aircraft wing's performance will
be severely harmed.
In order to generate the high lift needed during takeoff and landing to reduce runway lengths and
ground speeds, modern Aeroplan’s use complicated multi-element high-lift devices made up of
the slat and one or more flaps. However, multi-element wing designs are thought to be
disadvantageous in terms of weight and complexity, even though they boost wing efficiency. In
the contemporary designs, the multi-element flap has been replaced with a single-hinged flap to
reduce complexity. Single flaps without slats are preferable to the use of complicated, heavy, and
expensive multi-element high-lift systems. In the field of aerospace and aviation, the presence of
flow separation causes flying objects to become unstable, create noise, increase drag, and
decrease lift. As a crucial area of mechanics, flow separation control technology has been
gradually developed. For flow separation control, passive or active devices are typically utilized.
Fig. C Effect of hinge positions (H) on lift and drag coefficients at α=8° with fap defection of
15° and perpendicular and tangential suctions

Fig. D Effect of hinge positions (H) on lift and drag coefficients at α=12° with fap defection of
15° and perpendicular and tangential suctions
By comparing the results from Fig. C and Fig. D at angels of attack of 8° and 12°, it was found
that both lift and drag coefficients raised by increasing the angle of attack. Although the value of
the lift coefficient in both cases increased at H=0.9c, the decrease in the drag coefficient was
more significant. This is more evident in the comparison of the lift to-drag ratio (CL/CD).

Methodology of data collection

DAQ Hardware Setup
A configuration design for the DAQ system used to monitor the small H-type Darrius VAWT's
health is shown in Figure E. The NI 9219 module was immediately linked to the generator's
voltage signal, and the current signal was converted to voltage by the current meter before being
attached to the NI 9219 module. The NI 9234 module was linked to the three accelerometers
(model: Dytran 3148e) that were mounted at the generator and the tower. The strain gauges were
put outside the tubular tower's base and connected to the NI 9237 module using the Kyowa
KFGS-5-350-C1-11L1M3R strain gauge model.
All these modules were then connected to the NI cDAQ-9189, which communicated to an
industrial PC (model—Advantech UNO-2484-BTO).

Figure E. Configuration diagram of the health monitoring system for the small H-type Darrius
VAWT
Control Program
Each signal was collected at a sample rate of 2048 Hz, and data was recorded on the industrial
PC set up inside the tower every minute. The control programmed created by LabVIEW, whose
control panel is depicted in figure F, was used to govern the measuring system, data acquisition,
and storage.

Figure F. Screenshot of the control program developed by using LabVIEW

References
[1] Roy, Sukanta; Hubert Branger; Luneau Christopher; Denis Bourras; Benoit, "DESIGN OF AN
OFFSHORETHREE-BLADED VERTICAL AXIS WIND TURBINE FOR WIND TUNNEL
EXPERIMENTS," International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering, p. 1087–
1109., 25 june 2017.

[2] E. Fatahian, ·. A. L. Nichkooh, ·. H. Salarian and J. Khaleghinia, "Effects of the hinge position and
suction on flow separation and aerodynamic performance of the NACA 0012 airfoil," TECHNICAL
PAPER, pp. 1860-1900, 13 January 2020.

[3] S. Hwang and C. Yoo, "Health Monitoring and Diagnosis System for a Small H-Type Darrieus
Vertical-Axis Wind Turbine," Energies, 3 November 2021.