SELF-INSTRUCTIONAL PACKETS

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY GRADE 11

WEEK 2

I. OBJECTIVES

A. Content Standards
The learner demonstrates understanding of key concepts of random variables and
probability distributions.

B. Performance Standards
The learner is able to apply an appropriate random variable for a given real-life
problem (such as in decision making and games of chance).

C. Learning Competencies
The learner
1. computes probabilities corresponding to a given random variable;
M11/12SP-IIIa-6
2. illustrates the mean and variance of a discrete random variable; M11/12SP-IIIb-1
3. calculates the mean and the variance of a discrete random variable;
M11/12SP-IIIb-2
4. interprets the mean and the variance of a discrete random variable; and
M11/12SP-IIIb-3
5. solves problems involving mean and variance of probability distributions.
M11/12SP-IIIb-4

D. Objectives
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:
1. define the mean, variance, and standard deviation of a discrete probability
distribution;
2. compute the mean, variance, and standard deviation; and
3. solve problems involving discrete probability distribution.

II. CONTENT
MEAN, VARIANCE, AND STANDARD DEVIATION OF
DISCRETE PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION

Learning Resources

A. Reference
Statistics and Probability (Belecina, et al.), pp. 21-45

III. PROCEDURES

A. Reviewing previous lesson or presenting the new lesson

Do you still remember the terms: mean, variance, and standard deviation?
Compare the two sets of data which represent the weights of Grade 11 students.

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 What have you observed? The two sets of data have the same mean even though the
values are different. If you can recall, the mean measures the center of the data (average of the
values).
Now, try to look how close are the values to each other on both sets of data. The values
on Data 1 are closer to each other compared to Data 2, right? The variance and the standard
deviation represent the spread of data. Low standard deviation or variance means data are
clustered around the mean, and high standard deviation or variance indicates data are more
spread out. To make it simple the lower the value of the standard deviation the closer the value
of each data.
For example, Nina, Diza, Lena, and Beni got a score of 36, 37, 36, and 39 respectively,
while Andi, Neri, Noli, and Beth got a score of 25, 29, 40, and 45 respectively. Which group of
friends have the smaller standard deviation? Correct! The group of Nina, Diza, Lena, and Beni
since their score is closer to each other compared to the other group.
We will learn more about computing mean, variance and standard deviation of discrete
probability distribution in this lesson.

B. Establishing a purpose for the lesson

Did you know that the symbols σ and ∑ both represent the Greek letter sigma? The ∑
symbol is the capital sigma which is used as the summation notation in mathematics while the σ
symbol is the small sigma which is used to represent the population standard deviation.

C. Presenting examples/instances of the new lesson

Let us start our lesson by the following definitions:

DEFINITIONS

1. Mean of a Probability Distribution (µ)

The mean of a probability distribution is the arithmetic average value of a random
variable. In this context, it is also known as the expected value of the variable.

2. Variance (𝜎2) and Standard Deviation (𝜎) of a Probability Distribution

The standard deviation is expressed in the same units as the mean, whereas the
variance is expressed in square units. Also, the standard deviation is the square root of the
variance.
*The formulas used to get the mean, variance, and standard deviation of a probability
distribution are different from that used on raw scores.

FORMULAS

Mean:
µ = ∑[𝑋·𝑃(𝑋)] (µ is read as “myu”)

Variance:
𝜎 = ∑[𝑋 2 · 𝑃 (𝑋)] − µ2
2
(𝜎2 is read as “sigma squared”)

Standard Deviation:
𝜎 = √∑[𝑋 2 · 𝑃 (𝑋)] − µ2 (𝜎 is read as “sigma”)

where
X – value of the random variable
P(X) – probability of x
∑ - summation symbol (read as “the summation of…”)

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D. Discussing new concepts and practicing new skills #1

Illustrative Example1: Number of Probability P(X)

The number of customers per day at Customers (X)
Cherry’s Parlor Shop together with their 5 1/14
probability is shown in the table.
6 3/14
The probability of having 5 customers in a day is 7 2/14
1/14 or 7%. The probability of having 6 8 2/14
customers in a day is 3/14 or 21%...
9 3/14
Find the mean, variance, and standard deviation 10 3/14
of the probability distribution.

STEP 1: Make a table with four columns for X, P(X), X·P(X), X2·P(X)
The values under the columns X and P(X) are already given in the problem.

X P(X) X·P(X) X2·P(X)

5 1/14 5/14 25/14
6 3/14 18/14 108/14
7 2/14 14/14 98/14
8 2/14 16/14 128/14
9 3/14 27/14 243/4
10 3/14 30/14 300/14
Total: ∑[𝑿 ∙ 𝑷(𝑿)]= 110/14 ∑[𝑿𝟐 · 𝑷(𝑿)] =902/14

To get the values under X·P(X), just multiply each value of X to its corresponding probability.
(5)(1/14) = 5/14, (6)(3/14) = 18/14, (7)(2/14) = 14/14, (8)(2/14) = 16/14, (9)(3/14) =
27/14, and (10)(3/14) = 30/14.
To get the values under X2·P(X), get the square of each X value and multiply it to the probability.
(52)(1/14) = 25/14, (62)(3/14) = 108/14, (72)(2/14) = 98/14, (82)(2/14) = 128/14,
(92)(3/14) = 243/14, and (102)(3/14) = 300/14.
Get the sum of the values in the third and fourth columns. Just simply add the numerators and
copy the common denominator.
∑[𝑋 ∙ 𝑃(𝑋)] = 5/14 + 18/14 + 14/14 + 16/14 + 27/14 + 30/14 = 110/14
∑[𝑋2 · 𝑃(𝑋)] = 25/14 + 108/14 + 98/14 + 128/14 + 243/14 + 300/14 = 902/14

STEP 2: Compute the mean, variance, and standard deviation

MEAN
The mean is equal to the sum of the third column.
110
𝜇 = ∑[𝑋 ∙ 𝑃 (𝑋)] = ≈ 𝟕. 𝟖𝟔
14
Thus, the average number of customers per day at Cherry’s Parlor Shop is 8.
(Number of customers should be whole number since it is a discrete variable.)
VARIANCE
Subtract the square of the mean from the sum of the 4th column
902 110 2
𝜎 = ∑[𝑋 2 ∙ 𝑃(𝑋)] − 𝜇 2 =
2
− ( 14 )
14
= 64.43 − 61.73
= 𝟐. 𝟕𝟎, Thus, the variance is 2.70.
STANDARD DEVIATION
Just get the square root of the variance.
𝜎 = √∑[𝑋2 · 𝑃(𝑋)] − µ2
= √2.70
= 1.64, Therefore, the standard deviation is 1.64.

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E. Discussing new concepts and practicing new skills #2

Illustrative Example 2: Number of Cups Probability P(X)

A study is conducted to determine the (X)
number of coffee cups taken each day by call 0 0.20
center personnel. The number of cups taken by
the personal and the corresponding probabilities 1 0.22
are shown below. Calculate the mean, variance, 2 0.25
and standard deviation.
3 0.23
4 0.06
5 0.04

STEP 1: Make a table with four columns for X, P(X), X·P(X), X2·P(X)
The values under the columns X and P(X) are already given in the problem.

X P(X) X·P(X) X2·P(X)

0 0.20 0 0
1 0.22 0.22 0.22
2 0.25 0.50 1
3 0.23 0.69 2.07
4 0.06 0.24 0.96
5 0.04 0.2 1
∑[𝑿 ∙ 𝑷(𝑿)]= 1.85 ∑[𝑿𝟐 · 𝑷(𝑿)] =5.25

To get the values under X·P(X), just multiply each value of X to its corresponding probability.
0(0.20) = 0, 1(0.22) = 0.22, 2(0.25) = 0.50, 3(0.23) =0.69, 4(0.06) =0.24, 5(0.04) = 0.20

To get the values under X2·P(X), get the square of each X value and multiply it to the probability.
(02)(0.20) = 0, (12)(0.22) = 0.22, (22)(0.25) =1, (32)(0.23) =2.07, (42)(0.06) = 0.96, and
(52)(0.04)=1

Get the sum of the values in the third and fourth columns. Just simply add the numerators and
copy the common denominator.

∑[𝑋 ∙ 𝑃(𝑋)] = 0.22+ 0.50+0.69+0.24+0.20= 1.85

∑[𝑋2 · 𝑃(𝑋)] = 0.22+1+2.07+0.96+1= 5.25

STEP 2: Compute the mean, variance, and standard deviation

MEAN
The mean is equal to the sum of the third column.
𝜇 = ∑[𝑋 ∙ 𝑃 (𝑋)] = 1.85
Thus, the average number of coffee cups taken each day by call center agent is 1.85 or 2.
(Number of cups should be whole number since it is a discrete variable.)
VARIANCE
Subtract the square of the mean from the sum of the 4th column
𝜎 2 = ∑[𝑋 2 ∙ 𝑃(𝑋)] − 𝜇 2 = 5.25 − (1.85)2
= 5.25 − 3.42
= 𝟏. 𝟖𝟑, Thus, the variance is 1.83.

STANDARD DEVIATION
Just get the square root of the variance.
𝜎 = √∑[𝑋2 · 𝑃(𝑋)] − µ2
= √1.83
= 1.35, Therefore, the standard deviation is 1.35.

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F. Developing Mastery
Estimating the population mean is easy and fun, right? Now, it’s your turn to showcase
what you have learned by answering the activity below.

The number of cars sold per day at Condai Cars is shown in the table.
Number of Cars Probability P(X)
Sold (X)
Compute the mean, variance, and standard 0 1/10
deviation of the probability distribution of x. 1 2/10
2 3/10
Use the 2-step solution.
3 2/10
4 2/10

STEP 1: Complete the table (10 points)

X P(X) X·P(X) X2·P(X)
0 1/10
1 2/10
2 3/10
3 2/10
4 2/10
Total: ∑[𝑿 ∙ 𝑷(𝑿)]= ________ ∑[𝑿𝟐 · 𝑷(𝑿)] =__________

STEP 2: Compute the mean, variance, and standard deviation.

MEAN 𝜇 = ∑[𝑋 ∙ 𝑃 (𝑋)] (5 points)

Interpret: _______________________________________

VARIANCE 𝜎 2 = ∑[𝑋 2 ∙ 𝑃(𝑋)] − 𝜇 2 (5 points)

Interpret: _______________________________________

STANDARD DEVIATION 𝜎 = √∑[𝑋2 · 𝑃(𝑋)] − µ2 (5 points)

Interpret: _______________________________________

Score Description
Now, check your work by turning to the key to 25 Excellent
correction. How many correct answers did you get? Rate your 20 Very good
result using the table. If your score is at least 15 out of 25, you 15 Good
may now proceed to next part of the discussion. 0-10 Practice on part J

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G. Finding practical applications of concepts and skills in daily living
Here are some applications of the mean, variance, and standard deviation of a
discrete probability distribution.
✓ Variance is used to interpret data gathered like in polls. In opinion polls, the data
gathering agencies cannot invest in collecting data from the entire population.
They set criteria for sampling the population. The data can vary from the mean
by a large extent, so variance is used to find the variation of data from the mean.
Interestingly, variance exaggerate the spread, thus the standard deviation was introduced.
✓ Variance is represented by the average of the square difference between each data from
the mean.
✓ The mean is commonly referred to as average, but it is not the only kind of average. The
mean is often used in research, academics and in sports. When you watch a baseball
game and you see the player's batting average, that number represents the total number
of hits divided by the number of times at bat.

H. Making generalizations and abstractions about the lesson

Let us recall the important definitions and formulas that were discussed in this module.
• The mean of a probability distribution is the arithmetic average value of a random variable.
• The variance and the standard deviation of a probability distribution tells you how spread
are the values of the discrete random variable.
• The formulas for the mean, variance, and standard deviation are:

𝜇 = ∑[𝑋 ∙ 𝑃(𝑋)] , 𝜎 2 = ∑[𝑋 2 ∙ 𝑃 (𝑋)] − 𝜇 2 , 𝜎 = √∑[𝑋2 · 𝑃(𝑋)] − µ2

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I. Evaluating Learning
This part is recorded and graded. COPY ALL the given using this format on a yellow
paper. Your output will be submitted on the day of the scheduled retrieval.

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY 11

WEEK 2 – ASSESSMENT

Name: ____________________________ Date: ____________

Grade and Section: _________________ Parent’s Signature: ____________

Answer the given problems about probability distribution. Use the table as your guide in solving
the mean, variance, and standard deviation. Show your complete solutions and interpret your
answers. See the rubrics as your reference in scoring.

WRITTEN WORK (15 points) X P(X) X·P(X) X2·P(X)

The probabilities that a senior high student
will purchase 1,2,3,4,5, or 6 items in a
school supplies store are 1/3, 1/6, 1/8, 1/6,
1/8 and 1/12, respectively. Express the
values in the table as fractions to get the
exact mean, variance, and standard
deviation.
Mean:
Variance:
Standard Deviation:

PERFORMANCE TASK (20 points)

Give your own problem using the given values X P(X) X·P(X) X2·P(X)
on the table and determine the mean, variance, 3 0.25
and standard deviation. 4 0.30
Problem: 5 0.18
_____________________________________
6 0.15
_____________________________________
7 0.12
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
Mean:
Variance:
Standard Deviation:

Rubrics
Score Mean Variance Standard Deviation Problem

5 The products of random variable
and its probability are all correct.
The mean is exact and
interpreted.
4 The products of random variable
and its probability are all correct.
The mean is exact but no
interpretation.
3 Some products of random
variable and its probability are
correct. The mean is exact but no
interpretation.
2 Some products of random
variable and its probability are
correct. The mean is incorrect
and no interpretation.
1 Incorrect solution and answer.
The products in second and
third column are all correct.
The variance is exact and
interpreted.
The products in second and
third column are all correct.
The variance is exact but not
interpreted.
Some products in second and
third column are correct. The
variance is exact but not
interpreted.
Some products in second and
third column are correct. The
variance is not exact and
interpreted.
Incorrect solution and answer.
Formula and solutions are shown. The problem is free from
The standard deviation is exact grammatical error and applies
and interpreted. the concept in the lesson using
the same given.
Formula and solutions are shown. The problem has some
The standard deviation is exact grammatical error and applies
but not interpreted. the concept in the lesson using
the same given.
Some solutions are shown. The
standard deviation is exact but
not interpreted.
Some solutions are shown. The
standard deviation is incorrect
and not interpreted.
Incorrect solution and answer.

0 No answer No answer No answer No answer.

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J. Additional activities for application or remediation

Remedial Activity:
Number of Cars Sold (X) Probability P(X)
The number of items
sold per day at a retail store 18 0.20
with its corresponding 19 0.20
probabilities is show in the 25 0.30
table. Find the mean, variance, 26 0.20
and standard deviation using 28 0.10
the 2-step solution.

KEY TO CORRECTION
ACTIVITY A

Problem: The number of cars sold per day at Condai Cars …

Step 1:
X P(X) X·P(X) X2·P(X)
0 1/10 0 0
1 2/10 2/10 2/10
2 3/10 6/10 12/10
3 2/10 6/10 18/10
4 2/10 8/10 32/10
Total: ∑[𝑿 ∙ 𝑷(𝑿)] = 22/10 ∑[𝑿𝟐 · 𝑷(𝑿)] = 𝟔𝟒/𝟏𝟎

STEP 2:

MEAN
22
𝜇 = ∑[𝑋 ∙ 𝑃 (𝑋)] = = 𝟐. 𝟐
10
Thus, the average number of cars sold per day at Condai Cars is 3 cars.

VARIANCE
𝜎 2 = ∑[𝑋 2 ∙ 𝑃(𝑋)] − 𝜇 2
64
= − (2.2)2
10
= 6.4 − 4.84
= 𝟏. 𝟓𝟔, the variance is 1.56.

STANDARD DEVIATION
𝜎 = √∑[𝑋2 · 𝑃(𝑋)] − µ2
= √1.56
= 1.25, therefore, the standard deviation is 1.25.

NEED MORE HELP?

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