Cov2-spice-use

www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Low-dose-aspirin-for-early-COVID-19%3A-does-the-early-Rizk-Lavie/
7e978373bba38ff36d58b71ad43f9dd9f431f0b2

 DOI:10.1080/13543784.2021.1950687 Corpus ID: 235685217

Low-dose aspirin for early COVID-19: does the early bird catch the worm?
 J. Rizk, C. Lavie, A. Gupta
 Published 30 June 2021
 Medicine, Biology
 Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs
During the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV -2 virus, the vast majority of patients have a mild to moderate illness
that does not necessitate hospitalization and are appropriately treated in an ambulatory setting. Optimization of the outpatient
treatment can potentially reduce viral spread and in hospitals reaching full capacity. Steroids, and tocilizumab have been
demonstrated to improve outcomes in hospitalized patients with severe disease in the RECOVERY trial. However, an effective
treatment for outpatients with mild to moderate disease has remained elusive, and no drug has been demonstrated to be effective in
ambulatory setting. The COLCORONA study showed some benefit of colchicine in terms of reducing hospitalization [1], but a
significant amount of gastrointestinal side effects can be induced by colchicine knowing that COVID19 is also associated with these
side effects [2]. A number of hemostatic and inflammatory changes have been observed in mild COVID-19 that offer a therapeutic
target. Necropsies of COVID-19 patients have revealed inflammatory microvascular thrombi containing neutrophils, platelets, and
neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) in the pulmonary, hepatic, renal, and cardiac microvasculature as the hallmark of severe
COVID-19 disease and the underlying cause of multiorgan failure [3–5]. Adults with mild to moderate disease also exhibit an
increase in plasma D-dimer levels indicative of microvascular thrombosis [6]. Furthermore, thrombotic microangiopathy has been
reported in children even when relatively asymptomatic [7]. Progression of pulmonary microvascular thrombosis causes ventilation-
perfusion mismatch and leads to hypoxia [8]. Additionally, microvascular thrombosis in the heart and kidneys causes ischemia
reperfusion injury and leads to organ dysfunction and failure [3]. Therefore, targeting thromboinflammation in outpatients with mild or
moderate COVID-19 can potentially reduce progression of the disease and improve outcomes In the pathogenesis of this
thromboinflammatory state, platelets have emerged as key effector cells, evidenced by first, platelet aggregation, adhesion, and
spreading; and second, increased surface expression of P-selectin on the platelets with circulating platelet-monocyte,
plateletneutrophil, and platelet-T cell aggregates [3,9–11]. Platelet activation in COVID-19 is induced by endothelial damage [9,12].
Thromboxane A2, is generated by and modulates the functions of platelets and endothelial cells in a paracrine manner via the
thromboxane prostanoid receptor (TPr) [13]. Thromboxane A2 also stimulates P-selectin expression in platelets, and P-selectin
plays a critical role in the initial adhesion and rolling of platelets and leukocytes to areas of injury and inflammation [14,15].
Thromboxane levels in the plasma and in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid are markedly increased in COVID-19 [9,16]. Thus, use of
aspirin to inhibit synthesis of thromboxane A2 has been proposed for early treatment of COVID-19 [17] [see Figure 1]. Aspirin has
anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic, antithrombotic effects, and antiviral properties against RNA viruses [18,19]. Several
pharmacological effects of aspirin have been postulated to have clinical applications in the modulation of inflammatory pathways,
thrombosis, and viral infectivity. Lowdose aspirin has pleiotropic effects with potential benefits especially early in the course of
COVID-19 illness. First, irreversible inhibition COX-1 enzyme inhibits the synthesis of thromboxane A2 in platelets and leads to
potent anti-thrombotic action. Second, acetylation of COX-2 enzyme leads to synthesis of resolvins, the anti-inflammatory lipid
mediators that promote resolution of inflammation induced by tissue damage and cytokines in COVID-19 [20]. Third, low-dose
aspirin stimulates 15-epi-lipoxin A4 synthesis thereby dampening leukocyte/endothelial cell interaction and leukocyte migration [21].
Aspirin may not be sufficient as an anti-thrombotic in hospitalized patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 when anticoagulation
with heparin is recommended with optional addition of aspirin as an anti-platelet agent. Low-dose aspirin stimulates the endogenous
production of anti-inflammatory and proresolving mediators termed aspirin triggered specialized pro-resolving mediators (AT-SPMs),
such as aspirintriggered resolvins (AT-RvDs) and lipoxins (AT-LXs). Additionally, low-dose aspirin stimulates 15-epi-lipoxin A4
synthesis thereby dampening leukocyte/endothelial cell interaction, leukocyte migration, and leukocyte mediated inflammation
[21]. Collapse
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 10 Citations
 https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Is-Acetylsalicylic-Acid-a-Safe-and-Potentially-for-Bianconi-Violi/
106df735126aa7efba63b909b21f3228182abf11, https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40265-020-01365-1.pdf

 DOI:10.1007/s40265-020-01365-1
 Corpus ID: 220713975

Is Acetylsalicylic Acid a Safe and Potentially Useful

Choice for Adult Patients with COVID-19 ?
 V. Bianconi, F. Violi, +3 authors M. Pirro
 Published 23 July 2020
 Medicine, Biology
 Drugs
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome–Coronavirus-2 is responsible for the current pandemic that has led to more than 10 million
confirmed cases of Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19) and over 500,000 deaths worldwide (4 July 2020). Virus-mediated injury to
multiple organs, mainly the respiratory tract, activation of immune response with the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and
overactivation of the coagulation cascade and platelet aggregation leading to micro- and macrovascular thrombosis are the main
pathological features of COVID-19. Empirical multidrug therapeutic approaches to treat COVID-19 are currently used with extremely
uncertain outcomes, and many others are being tested in clinical trials. Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) has both anti-inflammatory and
antithrombotic effects. In addition, a significant ASA-mediated antiviral activity against DNA and RNA viruses, including different
human coronaviruses, has been documented. The use of ASA in patients with different types of infections has been associated with
reduced thrombo-inflammation and lower rates of clinical complications and in-hospital mortality. However, safety issues related
both to the risk of bleeding and to that of developing rare but serious liver and brain damage mostly among children (i.e., Reye’s
syndrome) should be considered. Hence, whether ASA might be a safe and reasonable therapeutic candidate to be tested in clinical
trials involving adults with COVID-19 deserves further attention. In this review we provide a critical appraisal of current evidence on
the anti-inflammatory, antithrombotic, and antiviral effects of ASA, from both a pre-clinical and a clinical perspective. In addition, the
potential benefits and risks of use of ASA have been put in the context of the adult-restricted COVID-19 population. Collapse

A Review of the Potential Roles of Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Pharmacological Approaches for the
Management of Mild-to-Moderate Symptomatic COVID-19

 S. Fazio, F. Affuso, P. Bellavite

 Biology, Medicine
Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
 2022
TLDR
The pharmacological targets of these substances are described here for their possible synergism in counteracting SARS-CoV-2
replication and progression of the infection from the upper respiratory airways to the blood, avoiding vascular complications and
cytokine and bradykinin storms.Expand
4

To Anticoagulate or Not to Anticoagulate in COVID-19: Lessons after 2 Years.

 J. Rizk, Aashish Gupta, +4 authors M. Effron

 Medicine, Biology
Seminars in thrombosis and hemostasis
 2022
TLDR
Findings from RCTs in the past 2 years of antithrombotic therapy in critically ill hospitalized patients, noncritically ill hospital patients,
patients postdischarge from the hospital, and outpatients are reviewed.Expand
7
 Long COVID: The Nature of Thrombotic Sequelae Determines the Necessity of Early Anticoagulation

 Chengyue Wang, Chengyuan Yu, +4 authors Jialan Shi

 Medicine, Biology
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology
 2022
TLDR
Early prophylactic anticoagulation can prevent the release of or remove procoagulant substances, thereby protecting the vascular
endothelium from damage, reducing thrombotic sequelae, and improving quality of life for long-COVID patients.Expand
15
 Clinical Characteristics and Pharmacological Management of COVID-19 Vaccine-Induced Immune Thrombotic
Thrombocytopenia With Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis: A Review.

 J. Rizk, Aashish Gupta, +4 authors C. Lavie

 Medicine, Biology
JAMA cardiology
 2021
TLDR
Adverse events like VITT, while uncommon, have been described despite vaccination remaining the most essential component in
the fight against the COVID-19 pandemic.Expand
52

Ramatroban for chemoprophylaxis and treatment of COVID-19: David takes on Goliath

 K. Chiang, J. Rizk, +6 authors A. Gupta

 Medicine, Biology
Expert opinion on therapeutic targets
 2022
TLDR
Ramatroban merits investigation as a promising antithrombotic and immunomodulatory agent for chemoprophylaxis and treatment
as well as preliminary evidence for rapid relief from dyspnea and hypoxemia in COVID-19 pneumonia.Expand

Premorbid aspirin use is not associated with lower mortality in older inpatients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia

 Coralie Sullerot, K. Bouiller, +11 authors A. Putot

 Medicine
GeroScience
 2022
TLDR
In a large multicenter cohort of older inpatients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia, aspirin use before admission did not appear to be
associated with an improved prognosis and was not significantly associated with lower mortality.Expand
2

Use of aspirin for primary prevention in patients with diabetes during the COVID-19 pandemic
C. S. Kow, D. Ramachandram, S. S. Hasan
 Medicine
Irish Journal of Medical Science (1971 -)
 2021
TLDR
It is opined that during the COVID-19 pandemic, the use of aspirin should be encouraged in patients with diabetes, even for those
who are at low-to-moderate cardiovascular risk, to reduce the risk of CO VID-19-related complications (including death).Expand
2

Clinical practice guidelines in multisystem inflammatory syndrome (MIS-C) related to COVID-19: a critical
review and recommendations
Alanood S. Algarni, Njoud M Alamri, Noor Z Khayat, Raghad A Alabdali, Rawabi S Alsubhi, Shahad H Alghamdi
 Medicine
World Journal of Pediatrics
 2022
TLDR
 A unified guideline for therapeutic management of Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children is proposed, with the best
potential to maintain suitable clinical standards in the Saudi Arabian Ministry of Health.Expand
8

Aspirin and Infection: A Narrative Review

S. Di Bella, R. Luzzati, +14 authors G. Sanson
 Biology
Biomedicines
 2022
TLDR
A review of research on the anti-infective properties of ASA and viral, bacterial, fungal and parasitic infections, as well as ASA’s
antibiofilm properties is performed to provide a comprehensive overview.Expand
4

Polyphenols in Matily Herbal & Spices Boosts Antibodies in an Elderly Following COVID 19 Infections – A Case
Study

 J. T. Eapen
 Medicine, Biology
International Journal of Medical Science And Diagnosis Research
 2022
TLDR
India should have her own strategies to increase antibodies in the population instead of just following the norms laid by International
Agencies for the booster dose of vaccine.Expand

https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Is-Acetylsalicylic-Acid-a-Safe-and-Potentially-for-
Bianconi-Violi/106df735126aa7efba63b909b21f3228182abf11

Use of antiplatelet drugs and the risk of mortality in patients with COVID-19: a meta‐analysis

 C. S. Kow, S. S. Hasan
 Medicine
Journal of Thrombosis and Thrombolysis
 2021
TLDR
A meta-analysis of the available studies to explore the overall effect of the use of antiplatelets in patients with COVID-19 and found
that aspirin deserves to be tested in patient population with CO VID-19, based on the improved survival observed with theuse of
aspirin among patients with different types of infections.
Abstract
Globally, there have been close to 130 million reported cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) as of 2nd April 2021, with
2.8 million deaths documented [1]. In order to reduce the risk of mortality associated with COVID19, several drugs have been
repurposed for its treatment. However, a drug with widespread availability around the globe is particularly desirable to be
repurposed for the treatment of COVID-19, since it could be immediately trialed in large-scale studies, and immediate access could
be guaranteed shall the drug is proven effective to reduce the risk of COVID-19 associated deaths. One of the first drugs to be
introduced for routine usage in the medical field aspirin (also known as acetylsalicylic acid), is still one of the most widely used
medications, with an estimated 50–120 billion pills consumed each year [2]. In addition, it is one of the most researched drugs in the
world, with an estimated 700–1000 clinical trials conducted annually [3]. A recent appraisal of evidence on the potential effects of
aspirin in the context of COVID-19 suggests that aspirin deserves to be tested in patient population with COVID-19, based on the
improved survival observed with the use of aspirin among patients with different types of infections, characterized by overactivation
of the inflammation cascade and enhanced platelet reactivity [4]. Interestingly, thromboinflammation, which is a term coined to
illustrate the coordinated activation of the inflammatory and thrombotic responses, is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in
patients with COVID-19 [5]. Indeed, aspirin had been previously reported to reduce the risk of acute respiratory distress syndrome
[6] and its associated mortality [7] in the critically ill non-COVID-19 population, which also happens to be the major complication that
arises from thrombo-inflammatory responses in severe cases of COVID-19 with accompanied high mortality rate [8]. While it seems
reasonable for aspirin or even antiplatelet agents as a whole to be repurposed for the treatment of COVID-19, the retrospective
cohort study by Ho and colleagues [9] failed to demonstrate an association between the use of antiplatelets and improvement in
clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19. The aforementioned study [9] enrolled only patients with COVID-19 from the United
States, whereas several studies from different parts of the world have since explored the association between the use of
antiplatelets and clinical outcomes in patients with COVID19. Thus, we performed a meta-analysis of the available studies to explore
the overall effect of the use of antiplatelets in patients with COVID-19. We performed a systematic literature search in electronic
databases including PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and preprint servers (medRxiv, Research Square, SSRN) with no language
restriction for eligible studies published up to February 15, 2021. The search strategy was built based on the following keywords and
their MeSH terms: “COVID19”, “SARS-CoV-2”, “antiplatelet”, “aspirin”, and “acetylsalicylic acid”. Two investigators (CSK and SSH)
independently performed literature screening to identify eligible studies. The reference lists of relevant articles were also hand-
searched for additional studies. Studies eligible for inclusion were studies with any design that investigated the preadmission/pre-
diagnosis or ongoing use of antiplatelet on the risk of a fatal course of COVID-19 and reported adjusted measures of association.
We excluded editorials or narrative reviews without original data. In addition, studies that provided no adjusted estimation were also
excluded. The quality of observational studies was evaluated using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale [10], with a score of > 7 indicating
high quality. * Chia Siang Kow chiasiang_93@hotmail.com Collapse
https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Polyphenols-are-potential-nutritional-adjuvants-for-El-Missiry-
Fekri/0f2b2e67abde328c431d4f2c00ef5efcf8d1295f

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33354848/

Phytother Res. 2021 Jun;35(6):2879-2889.

 doi: 10.1002/ptr.6992. Epub 2020 Dec 22.

Polyphenols are potential nutritional adjuvants for targeting

COVID-19

Mohamed A El-Missiry , Ahmed Fekri , Lakshmi A Kesar , Azza I Othman

 1  2  3  1

Affiliations expand

Abstract
The newly emerging severe acute respiratory syndrome, coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a dangerous pathogen
that causes global health problems. It causes a disease called coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) with high
morbidity and mortality rates. In SARS-Cov-2-infected patients, elevated oxidative stress and upsurge of
inflammatory cytokines are the main pathophysiological events that contribute to the severity and progression
of symptoms and death. The polyphenols are natural compounds abundant in fruits and vegetables that are
characterized by their high antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Polyphenols have potential as an
intervention for preventing respiratory virus infection. The beneficial effects of polyphenols on COVID-19 might
be due to multiple mechanisms. Polyphenols can strengthen the body's anti-inflammatory and antioxidant
defenses against viral infection. Targeting virus proteins and/or blocking cellular receptors are other plausible
antiviral approaches to prevent the entry of the virus and its replication in the host cells. The results on the
antiviral effects of various polyphenols, especially on SARS-CoV-2, are promising. The aim of this review is to
clarify the role of polyphenols in strengthening antioxidant defenses and upregulating the immune systems of
COVID-19 patients and to prevent replication and spreading of the virus.

Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; inflammation; oxidative stress; polyphenols; respiratory virus.

© 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
 https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Intake-of-Dietary-Salicylates-from-Herbs-and-
Spices-Gajewska-K%C4%99szycka/e8954ed235339123482e9deb1e44a407d2fabc8c

https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/d964/0cb6ce308dc0590db372f724def554662235.pdf?
_ga=2.88721880.298798207.1671639656-800444340.1634467634

 DOI:10.3390/nu12092727
 Corpus ID: 221571443

Intake of Dietary Salicylates from Herbs and Spices among Adult

Polish Omnivores and Vegans
 D. Gajewska, P. Kęszycka, +2 authors J. Myszkowska-Ryciak
 Published 1 September 2020
 Medicine
 Nutrients
There is a growing body of evidence that a diet rich in bioactive compounds from herbs and spices has the ability to reduce
the risk of chronic diseases. The consumption of herbs and spices is often overlooked in the studies on food intake.
However, measurement of dietary intake of these products, as a source of bioactive compounds, including salicylates, has
recently gained much significance. The aims of the study were (i) to assess the intake of herbs and spices at the individual
level and (ii) to calculate the dietary salicylates intake from herbs and spices among adult omnivores and vegans. The study
group consisted of 270 adults aged 19 to 67 years, including 205 women and 65 men. Among all, 208 individuals were
following an omnivorous diet while 62 were vegans. A semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was designed
to assess the habitual intake of 61 fresh and dried herbs and spices during the preceding three months. The five most
frequently eaten herbs among omnivores were parsley, garlic, dill, marjoram and basil, while among vegans they were
garlic, parsley, ginger, basil and dill. An average intake of all condiments included in the study was 22.4 ± 18.4 g/day and
25.8 ± 25.9 g/day for both omnivores and vegans, respectively (p = 0.007). Estimated medial salicylates intake was
significantly higher among vegans (p = 0.000) and reached 5.82 mg/week vs. 3.13 mg/week for omnivores. Our study
confirmed that herbs and spices are important sources of salicylates; however, the type of diet influenced their level in the
diet. Vegans consume significantly more total salicylates than omnivores