សកលវិទ្យាល័យគ្រប់គ្រង និង សសដ្ឋកិច្ច

UNIVERSITY OF MANAGEMENT AND ECONOMICS

PURSAT BRANCH

Assignment for Research

SUBJECT: International Management

Master Degree Program

Researched by: NGET SEILA

YEARS: 2021-2022
 សាកលវិ ទ្យ ាល័យគ្រប់ គ្រង និ ង សេដ្ឋ កិ ច្ច
UNIVERSITY OF MANAGEMENT AND ECONOMICS
PURSAT BRANCH

Assignment for Research

SUBJECT: International Management
Master Degree Program
Researched by:

Name: NGET SEILA

I) Questions and answers:

1. What is International Management?
Answer: International management is the management of
business operations in an organization serving markets and
operating in more than one country.
2. What are economic elements? Please describe them properly?
 Developed countries
 Less developed countries
 Newly industrialized countries
 Infrastructure
 Balance of payments
 Balance of trade
 Exchange rate
3. What are legal-political elements? Please count them here?
 Political risk
 Expropriation

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  Indigenization laws
 Tariffs
 Import quotas
 Administrative protections
4. What are socio-culture elements?
Cultural differences
Power distance
Achievement and nurturing orientation
Short-term orientation
Long-term orientation
Individualism and collectivism
5. Please kindly describe the needs for international business?
a. causes the flow of ideas, services, and capital across the
world
b. offers consumers new choices
c. permits the acquisition of a wider variety of products
d. facilitates the mobility of labor, capital, and technology
e. provides challenging employment opportunities
f. reallocates resources, makes preferential choices, and
shifts activities to a global level
6. Describe briefly about the questions we should ask in
international business.
How will an idea, good, or service fit into the international
market?
Should trade or investment be used to enter a foreign
market?

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 Should supplies be obtained domestically or abroad?
What product adjustments are necessary to be responsive to
local conditions?
What are the threats from global competitors, and how can
these threats be counteracted?
7. The composition of trade are:
Between the 1960’s and the 1990’s the importance of
manufactured goods increased while the role of primary
commodities (i.e. rubber or mining) had decreased.
More recently, there has been a shift of manufacturing to
countries with emerging economies.
There has been an increase in the area of services trade in
recent years
8. Please describe about Tolerance, knowledge and skills.
 Tolerance: A sensitive awareness of the beliefs and
practices of other peoples that differ from or conflict with
one’s own. The first step in developing tolerance toward
other cultures is to understand their histories.
 International Business Knowledge and Skills: The type
of knowledge and skills required can include the ability to
design effective promotional strategies abroad, manage an
international sales force, manage risk in international
financial markets, and communicate effectively across
cultures.
9. How to maintain a global mindset. Please describe it
properly.

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  Maintaining a global mindset means keeping up on social,
cultural, political, and economic events and trends.
 Maintaining a global mindset means not allowing oneself to
fall into the trap of stereotyping groups of people as a result
of current events.
10. International business management are:
 Globalization’s Impact on Management
a. Impact on the strategies of international businesses
b. Impact on the marketing strategies
 Managing Employees Globally
c. The most important resource of any successful business is
likely to be the people who comprise it.
11. Please explain the difference between ethics and social
responsibility?
 Ethics
– Personal behavior that is in accordance with rules or
standards for right conduct or morality.
 Social responsibility
Practice of companies going beyond legal obligations to
actively balance commitments to investors, customers, other
companies, and communities
12. What is globalization?
Globalization
a. Trend toward greater interdependence among national
institutions and economies.
Globalization of Markets:

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 i. Refers to Convergence in buyer preferences in
markets around the world.
Globalization of Production:
Refers to the dispersal of production activities to locations
around the world that are low-cost or high-quality producers of
a particular good.
13. Please give the examples of reduction in Trade barriers.
 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
 World Trade Organization (WTO)
 North America Free Trade Agreement
 European Union (EU)
 Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation
14. Give the examples of technological innovation.
 Internet, Intranet, and Extranet
a. Use of World Wide Web, Private Networks
on Internal company Web sites
 Activities Occurring After The Production Process
b. To bypass intermediaries like wholesalers and retailers,
companies can enter global markets, cut postproduction
costs, and pass savings on to customers.
 Advancement in Technology
c. Advances in transportation methods are helping to
globalize both markets and production activities.
d. Advancements in the shipping industry are facilitating
globalization by making shipping more efficient and
dependable.

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 15. Please analyze the nation’s potentials:
 Are the local people open to new ideas and new ways of
doing business?
 What languages do the people speak?
 What is the climate like?
 Is the political situation stable enough so that our assets and
employees are not placed at unacceptable levels of risk?
 Do government officials and the people want our business?
16. What is ethnocentricity?
 Ethnocentricity is the belief that one’s own ethnic group or
culture is superior to that of others.
 Problem with Ethnocentricity: It causes people to view other
culture in terms of their own, causing them to overlook
important human and environmental differences among
cultures.
17. Describe the difference between culture and subculture.
 National Culture: Supports and promotes the concept of a
national culture by building museums, and monuments to
preserve the legacies of important events and people.
 Subcultures: A group of people who share a unique way of
life within a larger, dominant culture It differs from the
dominant culture in languages, race, values, or attitudes
18. Values vs attitudes: Please explain them here.
 Values are ideas, beliefs, and customs to which people are
emotionally attached.

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 Example: Islamic law prohibits use of alcohol
 Attitudes are positive or negative evaluations, feelings, and
tendencies that individuals harbor toward objects or
concepts
 Example: Being on time is important to some cultures while
it is not important in other cultures
19. What are political ideologies?
Anarchism
– The belief that only individuals and private groups
should control a nation’s political activities
Totalitarianism
– The belief that every aspect of people’s lives must be
controlled
Pluralism
– The belief that both private and public groups play
important roles
20. What is the meaning of democratic government?
Freedom of expression
Periodic elections
Civil and property rights
Minority rights
Nonpolitical bureaucracies
21. What is democracy?
A democracy is a political system in which government
leaders are elected directly by the wide participation of the people or
by their representatives.

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 a. Pure Democracy: all citizens participate freely and
actively in the political process
b. Parliamentary Democracy: people in each district vote
for competing parties rather than individual candidates
22. What is totalitarianism?
Theocratic Totalitarianism
– A political system that is under the control of totalitarian
religious leaders
Secular Totalitarianism
– A political leaders rely on military and bureaucratic power
a) Communist Totalitarianism
b) Tribal Totalitarianism
c) Right-Wing Totalitarianism
23. What are the political risks?
Political instability
Corrupt or poor leadership
Frequent changes in government
Role of religious or military leaders
Racial, religious, or ethnic conflicts
Poor relations with other countries
24. What is centrally planned economy?
It is a system in which a nation’s land, factories, and other economic
resources are owned by the government.
a. Welfare of the group is more important
b. Failure to Create Economic Value
c. Failure to Provide Incentives

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 d. Failure to Achieve Rapid Growth
e. Failure to Satisfy Consumer Need
25. Please explain the national production of a nation.
 Gross National Product (GNP):
a. The value of all goods and services produced by a country
during a one-year period.
 Gross Domestic Product (GDP):
The value of all goods and services produced by the domestic
economy over a one-year period
26. Explain economic transitions.
a. Changing a nation’s fundamental economic organization
and creating entirely new free-market institutions.
b. The reform measures are:
i. Reduce budget deficits and expand credit
availability
ii. Liberalization of economic activity
iii. Legalization of private enterprises and privatization
of state-owned enterprises
iv. Removal of trade and investment barriers
v. Development of a social-welfare system
27. How to protect infant industries:
It requires governments to distinguish between industries that are
worth protecting and those that are not.
Protection from international competition can cause domestic
companies to become complacent toward innovation

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 Protection can do more economic harm than good when consumers
often end up paying more for products due to lack of competition.
It is not always possible for small, promising companies to obtain
funding in capital markets. However, they can obtain funding from
private sources.
28. Please explain special government agencies.
The governments of most nations have special agencies responsible
for promoting exports.
Government trade-promotion agencies often organize trips for trade
officials and businesspeople to visit other countries to meet
potential business partners and generate contacts for new business.
Government trade-promotion agencies also typically open trade
offices in other countries which are designed to promote the home
country’s exports and introduce businesses to potential busine ss
partners in the host nation.
Government trade-promotion agencies typically do a great deal of
advertising in other countries to promote the nation’s exports.
29. Eclectic theory. What is it? Please explain it properly.
The eclectic theory states that firms undertake foreign direct
investment when the features of a particular location combine with
ownership and internalization advantages to make a location appealing for
investment.
a. Location Advantage is the advantage of locating a
particular economic activity in a specific location.
b. Ownership Advantage is the advantage that a company
has due to its ownership of some special asset, such as

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 brand recognition, technical knowledge, or management
ability.
c. An Internalization Advantage is the advantage that arises
from internalizing a business activity rather than leaving
it to a relatively inefficient market.
30. What is the enlargement of EU?
For negotiation purposes and eventual accession, applicant countries
have been divided into two groups.
1. Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Poland, and
Slovenia
2. Bulgaria, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Romania, and Slovakia
Copenhagen Criteria requires each country to demonstrate:
Copenhagen Criteria
Has stable institutions, which guarantee democracy, the rule of
law, human rights, and respect for and protection of minorities.
Has a functioning market economy, capable of coping with
competitive pressures and market forces within the European
Union.
Is able to assume the obligations of membership, including
adherence to the aims of economic, monetary, and political
union.
Has the ability to adopt the rules and regulations of the
Community, the rulings of the European Court of Justice, and
the Treaties.

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