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Comparative Analysis of Open-Source and Commercial Photogrammetry

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Comparative Analysis of Open-Source and Commercial
Photogrammetry Software for Cultural Heritage
Isidora Đurić1 , Ivana Vasiljević2 , Miloš Obradović3 ,
Vesna Stojaković4 , Jelena Kićanović5 , Ratko Obradović6
1,2,6
Computer Graphics Chair, Faculty of Technical Sciences, University of Novi
Sad 3,4,5 Department for Architecture and Urban Planning, Faculty of Technical
Sciences, University of Novi Sad
1,2,3,4,5,6
{isidoradjuric|ivanav|milos_obradovic|vesna100|kicanovicj|obrad_
r}@uns.ac.rs

Recently, photogrammetry has become a relatively easy and low-cost method for
cultural heritage 3D reconstruction. Plenty of free and open-source
photogrammetry programs have been developed, but not all of them provide an
adequate solution for the 3D reconstruction of cultural heritage. In this research,
an overview of the state-of-the-art open-source photogrammetry programs was
done. In order to investigate whether among the open-source software packages
there is an adequate alternative to the commercial software for the purpose of
cultural heritage 3D reconstruction, the open-source software - AliceVision
Meshroom was compared to the most commonly used commercial software
Agisoft Metashape. The programs were compared on the examples of cultural
heritage objects and according to the predefined criteria that are important for
achieving detailed and accurate 3D reconstruction. The results of testing and
comparing the 3D reconstructions obtained using Meshroom and Metashape were
illustrated and explained through two case studies of antic objects of cultural
heritage, characterized by similar materialization, but different geometric shapes.

Keywords: photogrammetry, software, cultural heritage, Meshroom, Agisoft

Metashape

INTRODUCTION menting cultural heritage (Bartoš et al. 2014; Kersten

With the advancement of image processing, pho-
togrammetry has become a relatively easy and in-
expensive method for 3D reconstruction of cultural
heritage (Nocerino et al. 2017). Consequently, there
is a tendency to develop software solutions, avail-
able through free, commercial and open-source pro-
grams, that generate reliable 3D solutions in docu-
and Lindstaedt 2012; Gonizzi-Barsanti et al. 2012),
providing users with different levels of automation,
visualization and integration with other technolo-
gies, such as virtual reality (Obradović et al. 2020).
Today, photogrammetry software allows image pro-
cessing to be performed by non-professional users
by having only an integrated camera on their mo-

Digital heritage - Volume 2 - eCAADe 39 | 243

 bile devices (Tanskanen et al. 2013). However, not
all programs provide an adequate solution for the
3D reconstruction of cultural heritage (Remondino
et al. 2012; Gagliolo et al. 2018). Parameters such
as high level of precision, reliability in texture gen-
eration, data compression are key items that image
processing technology must meet in order to repre-
sent a reliable and visually acceptable form of recon-
structed objects (Menna et al. 2016; Nocerino et al.
2012; Cipriani and Fantini 2017).
The aim of this paper is to investigate whether
among the open-source software packages there
is an adequate alternative to the commercial soft-
ware for the purpose of the detailed and accurate
3D reconstruction of cultural heritage. In this re-
search, state of the art open-source photogramme-
try programs were analyzed and compared accord-
ing to general characteristics such as the ability to
provide the full photogrammetric workflow (photo
alignment, building point cloud, 3D model and tex-
ture generation, orthophoto and DEM generation),
processing time, complexity, intuitiveness, and ease
of use, etc. Moreover, the parameters that are im-
portant for the digitization of cultural heritage were
analyzed, such as the ability to provide highly accu-
rate results for small-scale details. The analysis com-
pared results among the most representative open-
source software packages. Finally, the open-source
software - AliceVision Meshroom (AliceVision Mesh-
Room 2021) was compared to the most commonly
used commercial software Agisoft Metashape (Kings-
land 2020). The programs were compared on two
case studies of antic objects of cultural heritage dis-
tinguished by similar materialization, but different
geometric shapes, which were previously selected
as the most representative examples of cultural her-
itage objects held by the cultural institutions in Ser-
bia. A comparative analysis between the testing re-
sults showed that, unlike the commercial software,
the modeling results in open-source software vary
depending on the shape of the object and the ap-
proach of photogrammetric surveying (convergent
or parallel).
244 | eCAADe 39 - Digital heritage - Volume 2
SELECTION OF CULTURAL HERITAGE OB-
JECTS
This paper is a part of the wider research on develop-
ing a strategy for cultural heritage digitization, sup-
ported by the Ministry of Culture and Information of
the Republic of Serbia (Stojaković et al. 2020). The
research also presents some of the results of the col-
laboration between the university team and the Mu-
seum of Vojvodina in Novi Sad on digitization of antic
objects of cultural heritage and the development of
the virtual museum for the interactive 3D visualiza-
tion (3D Scene: Interactive 3D Walkthrough. 2020).
The objects used in the research were selected
according to the predetermined criteria, designed to
single out the most common types of cultural her-
itage held by museums and galleries in Serbia. Based
on the survey conducted among the 45 cultural in-
stitutions, the different types of cultural heritage ob-
jects were analyzed (Stojaković et al. 2020). The cri-
teria for analysis were: object size and shape, mate-
rial, portability, and visual accessibility. According to
the given criteria, the representative examples of cul-
tural heritage objects held by the majority of cultural
institutions have been marked. The most common
types of cultural heritage are characterized as objects
that are between 10 centimeters and 1 meter in size,
made of opaque materials that do not have a high
gloss, whereas most of them are portable and fully
visually accessible (Stojaković et al. 2020).
The shape and size of the objects of cultural
heritage used to test the programs were selected
to present representative specimens with different
shape features. Two antic objects of cultural her-
itage, approximately one meter in size, distinguished
by similar materialization, but different geometric
shapes were used. Case studies present objects of
immovable cultural heritage from the Ancient Col-
lection of the Museum of Vojvodina: The honorary
base erected in honor of Emperor Valerian (Figure 1a)
and the tombstone made of white marble (Figure 1b).
The first object presents a stand-alone monument
of a compact, three-dimensional shape, while the
second one is characterized by a mainly flat shape.
 In relation to the given shapes of objects, two ap-
proaches to photogrammetric surveying were ap-
plied and tested: convergent and parallel. Both ob-
jects were surveyed using terrestrial photogramme-
try.
Figure 1
Case studies: (a)
The honorary base
erected in honor of
Emperor Valerian;
(b) The tombstone
made of white
marble, Museum of
Vojvodina, Novi Sad
OVERVIEW OF OPEN-SOURCE PHO-
TOGRAMMETRY SOFTWARE
The analysis of photogrammetry programs was done
to determine whether among the open-source soft-
ware packages may be an adequate alternative to
the commercial software for the detailed and accu-
rate 3D reconstruction of cultural heritage. The fol-
lowing available open-source programs were com-
pared to each other according to the parameters
that are important for the digitization of cultural her-
itage: COLMAP (COLMAP 2021), OpenMVG (open-
MVG 2021), AliceVision Meshroom (AliceVision Mesh-
Room 2021), Regard3D (Regard3D 2021), 3DF Zephyr
Free (3DF ZEPHYR 2021), MicMac (Rupnik et al. 2017),
VisualSFM (Wu 2011; VisualSFM 2021), Multi-View En-
vironment (Fuhrmann et al. 2014). Since every open-
source software has certain limitations compared to
the commercial one, special attention was paid to
highlight whether some of them provide advanced
options such as the ability to provide the full pho-
togrammetric workflow, the ability to introduce scale
from 3D models, measure, edit or optimize generated
point cloud.
In the following, the main advantages and limi-
tations of open-source programs are summarized:
• Unlike commercial software, none of the open-
source software provides a full photogrammet-
ric workflow (from building a point cloud to the
orthophoto or DEM generation).
• All of them provide an option for a point cloud
generation and export in different file formats,
that can be further used for mesh generation in-
side some other program, such as MeshLab.
• Programs that allow mesh and texture genera-
tion are AliceVision Meshroom, 3DF Zephyr Free,
Regard3D, and Multi-View Environment. The
rest of them require a model to be generated
in some other 3D software by exporting a point
cloud.
• Only a few of them allow 3D model optimization
(AliceVision Meshroom, 3DF Zephyr Free, Re-
gard3D), and edit (3DF Zephyr Free, Multi-View
Environment), while none of them provide an
option for scale and measure a 3D model, which
can be one of the main disadvantages compared
to the commercial software.
• AliceVision Meshroom stands out for its intu-
itive use and high-quality node-based interface.
Unlike most free programs, the Meshroom en-
ables almost the entire photogrammetry work-
flow: photo alignment, building sparse point
cloud, high-quality mesh and texture genera-
tion. Still, the disadvantage of this program
is the impossibility to generate and visualize a
dense point cloud (only a sparse point cloud)
within the program workspace itself. A dense
point cloud can be exported, which requires ad-
ditional work with nodes.
For further evaluation, only the programs that pro-
vide an option for full photogrammetry 3D recon-
struction (from point cloud to texture mesh) were se-
lected and further tested on the selected objects of
cultural heritage. They were tested on the quality of
3D reconstruction, processing time, complexity, intu-
itiveness, and ease of use, etc. Based on the given
analysis, testing results, and the author’s previous ex-
perience in photogrammetric modeling, the AliceVi-
sion Meshroom software was selected as an appro-
Digital heritage - Volume 2 - eCAADe 39 | 245
 priate solution for the needs of cultural heritage pho-
togrammetric modeling. The 3D reconstruction re-
sults produced by Meshroom showed a high level of
a real shape and texture representation of the digi-
tized objects.
MESHROOM VS METASHAPE
In order to test and evaluate the efficiency of the
most prominent software among the open-source
ones, the AliceVision Meshroom was compared to
the commercial software Agisoft Metashape (Agisoft
2021). The 3D model reconstructed by Metashape
had served as a referent model for the evaluation of
the open-source software Meshroom.
The objects 3D reconstruction results obtained
by Meshroom were compared to the modeling re-
sults from Agisoft Metashape according to the fol-
lowing criteria:
• Accuracy / scale of the resulted 3D reconstruc-
tion
• The level of recorded details on the object shape
• The level of recording a real material / color of
the object.
The accuracy of the resulted 3D reconstructions was
determined by defining a real scale of the created 3D
models. To introduce the scale of digitized 3D mod-
els, during the survey, scale bars were placed on the
monument’s pedestals (See Figure 1). The accura-
cy/scale of the resulted 3D reconstruction is repre-
sented by the mean square error. The mean square
error represented the deviation from an object’s real
size. Also, the 3D reconstructions obtained by both,
Meshroom and Metashape were analyzed in Cloud-
Compare program, in order to estimate the precision
of the open-source software in relation to the com-
mercial one. The given precision is represented by
the values of the mean distances of the points and
the standard deviation.
The level of recorded details on the object shape
was estimated by comparative analysis on the visual
appearance of the textured meshes generated using
both, the open-source and commercial programs.
246 | eCAADe 39 - Digital heritage - Volume 2
Special attention was paid to recording the real state
of the object.
The level of recording a real material/color of the
object was analyzed by visual assessment of the gen-
erated high-resolution textures (4K). In this case, spe-
cial attention was paid to recording possible cavities
and irregularities in the reconstructed texture.
Case study 1 - Honorary base erected in
honor of Emperor Valerian, Museum of Vo-
jvodina
The first object is located in the western part of the
garden of the Museum of Vojvodina and represents
a stand-alone object of compact three-dimensional
shape. The approximate dimensions of the object
are 80 cm (width) and 160 cm (height). Concerning
the given shape of the object, a convergent type of
photogrammetric surveying was applied. The main
limitation during the surveying was the high vege-
tation near the monument, which conditioned the
maximum distance of the camera from the object of
1.5 meters. Due to that, a focal length of 18 millime-
ters was used. The object was captured from several
different heights so that all parts of the monument
were recorded. Figure 2 presents the camera poses
and the 3D model created as a result of a convergent
approach to photogrammetric surveying and pho-
togrammetric modeling by the commercial program
Agisoft Metashape.
Figure 2
Textured 3D model
and camera poses
obtained using
Agisoft Metashape
Table 1 Accuracy / scale of the resulted 3D reconstruction.
Analyzed Since the open-source program Meshroom does not
photogrammetric provide an option to scale the 3D model, the 3D
modeling reconstruction obtained by Meshroom was scaled
parameters for within the Agisoft Metashape program, as well. The
Metashape and deviation, i.e. mean square error (Table 1), of the
Meshroom digitized 3D model from the real object shape in
(Stojaković et al. the case of Meshroom was 0.288 mm, which was al-
2020) most the same value as for the 3D model created in
Metashape. It can be noted that Meshroom provided
a high level of accuracy of the resulted 3D recon-
struction. This can be related to the compact, three-
dimensional shape of the object and the convergent
type of object surveying, which provide data that is
more favorable for an accurate photogrammetric re-
construction.
Table 2 The resulting values of the mean distance and
Deviation of the 3D standard deviation are shown in Table 2. By com-
model from puting distances between the point clouds in Cloud-
Meshroom in Compare, it was estimated that the absolute devia-
relation to the 3D tion of the 3D model created in Meshroom was 3.5
model from Agisoft millimeters compared to the 3D model reconstructed
Metashape by Agisoft Metashape. Based on that, the value of
(Stojaković et al. the mean distance was -0.784 mm, while the stan-
2020) dard deviation of the 3D model created by Meshroom
was 1.210 mm. These values can be related to the
Figure 3
lower capability of the Meshroom to generate dif-
Overlapped point
ferent small texture depths, compared to the com-
clouds from
mercial program Agisoft Metashape. The compara-
Meshroom and
tive analysis of the overlapped 3D models created by
Metashape with the
Meshroom and Metashape (Figure 3) illustrates the
signed mean
accuracy of the 3D reconstruction obtained by open-
distances
source software compared to the commercial one. It
(Stojaković et al.
can be seen that the deviations of the 3D model re-
2020)
constructed by Meshroom are mostly present on ap-
proximately flat, smooth, and insufficiently contrast-
ing parts of the object.

Digital heritage - Volume 2 - eCAADe 39 | 247

 The level of recorded details on the object shape. Figure 4
The level of recorded details on the object shape was Front view of the 3D
estimated by a comparative analysis of the textured reconstruction of
meshes reconstructed by both - free and commercial the object created
programs. By comparing whole textured 3D mod- by using (a) Agisoft
els from both programs, obvious differences cannot Metashape, image
be observed (Figures 4a and 4b). The image GSD size 2478 x 4096;
(Ground Sample Distance) in both 3D models was and (b) Meshroom,
around 0.3 mm. The 3D model created by Meshroom image size 2432 x
provided a faithful representation of the real state of 4096 (Stojaković et
the object without the presence of cavities or irregu- al. 2020)
larities on the mesh or texture. It can be seen that all
the texture details are noted, such as specific engrav-
ings.
The level of recording a real material / color of the
object. The real material and color of the object were
estimated by the visual quality assessment of the tex- Figure 5
ture, paying special attention to the smallest visible Texture details: (a)
details. By observing the enlarged parts of the tex- Agisoft Metashape
ture generated by Metashape (Figure 5a) and Mesh- vs (b) Meshroom
room (Figure 5b), it can be seen that general repre- (Stojaković et al.
sentation of the real state of the stone texture, char- 2020)
acterized by specific small engravings, was noted.
Still, minor differences in the material representa-
tion between the two generated textures can be ob-
served. The texture color and very small holes on the
original stone material were slightly lower quality in
the case of Meshroom.

Case study 2 - Tombstone made of white

marble, Museum of Vojvodina
The tombstone made of white marble is located in
the eastern part of the Garden of the Museum of
Vojvodina and represents an object of a mainly flat
shape. The approximate dimensions of the object are
135 cm (width) and 100 cm (height). Due to the given
shape of the object, the monument was surveyed by
a combined method of parallel and convergent type
of photogrammetric surveying. Due to location re-
strictions, the maximum distance of the camera from
the subject was 2.5 meters. The object was captured
from two heights, using a tripod and landscape cam-
era mode. All the camera parameters were manually

248 | eCAADe 39 - Digital heritage - Volume 2

Figure 6 set, using the 30 millimeters focal length. Figure 6
Textured 3D model presents the camera poses and the 3D model created
and camera poses as a result of the parallel approach to the photogram-
obtained using metric surveying and modeling within the commer-
Agisoft Metashape cial program Agisoft Metashape.
Accuracy / scale of the resulted 3D reconstruc-
tion. Unlike the high accuracy results that Meshroom
showed in the previous case study, in the case of
the second object, the value of the mean square
error was 0.6 millimeters higher than the resulted
value of the Metashape 3D reconstruction (Table 3).
Also, observing the parameters of photogrammetric
modeling, it can be seen that the Meshroom 3D re-
construction resulted in a significantly smaller num-
ber of points and polygons, compared to the Ag-
Table 3 isoft Metashape. This can be related to the mainly
Analyzed flat object shape, and the applied parallel type of
photogrammetric photogrammetric surveying, which, compared to the
modeling convergent type, usually results in a fewer number
parameters for of the created photos. Consequently, an insufficient
Metashape and number of photos cause fewer data required for a de-
Meshroom tailed 3D reconstruction.
(Stojaković et al. After the comparison of both 3D reconstructions
2020) in CloudCompare (Figure 7), the value of the abso-
lute distances of the overlapped point clouds was 5
millimeters (Table 4). The value of the mean distance
was 0.098 mm, while the standard deviation of the
3D model created by Meshroom was 0.914 mm (Table
4). A deviation of approximately 5 millimeters repre-
sents cavities or arbitrarily interpolated parts, proba-
bly resulted due to insufficient data for Meshroom to
generate the 3D model.
Table 4
Deviation of the 3D
model from
Meshroom in
relation to the 3D
model from Agisoft
Metashape
(Stojaković et al.
2020)

Digital heritage - Volume 2 - eCAADe 39 | 249

 The level of recorded details on the object shape. Figure 7
The level of the Meshroom 3D representation of the Overlapped point
real state of the object (Figure 8b) in comparison to clouds from
the Agisoft 3D reconstruction (Figure 8a), showed Meshroom and
that the general shape of the object, characterized Metashape with the
by specific engravings, was faithfully reconstructed. signed mean
The image GSD (Ground Sample Distance) in both 3D distances
models was around 0.2 mm. (Stojaković et al.
2020)
The level of recording a real material / color of the
object. By analyzing texture details, it was noted that
the textured 3D model created using Meshroom had
5 millimeters cavities on the texture (Figures 9b and
10), which were not present on the 3D model cre-
ated in Agisoft Metashape (Figure 9a). Also, as in the Figure 8
previous case study, the differences in the material Front view of the 3D
and color representation of the texture generated by reconstruction of
Meshroom were obvious. Such irregularities can be the object created
related to the generally achieved accuracy and preci- by using (a) Agisoft
sion of the 3D reconstruction (See Accuracy / scale of Metashape, image
the resulted 3D reconstruction). size 4096 x 3043;
and (b) Meshroom,
image size 4096 x
CONCLUSION 2907 (Stojaković et
In this paper, detailed research on open-source pho-
al. 2020)
togrammetry programs for the purpose of cultural
heritage digitization was done. The one who stood Figure 9
out the most among the others - AliceVision Mesh- Texture details: (a)
room was compared to the most commonly used Agisoft Metashape
commercial software Agisoft Metashape. The com- vs (b) Meshroom
parative analysis and the evaluation of Meshroom in (Stojaković et al.
relation to Metashape, was performed on the two 2020)
representative case studies of objects of cultural her-
itage. The results of the object’s 3D reconstructions Figure 10
were compared and analyzed according to the pre- Meshroom texture
viously established criteria. The main conclusions re- detail with the
lated to the results of the photogrammetric model- presence of cavities
ing by using the open-source Meshroom software are of 5 millimeters
as follows: (Stojaković et al.
• In the case of the compact, three-dimensional 2020)
object and the convergent approach to pho-
togrammetric surveying, Meshroom provided
almost the same quality precision results as Ag-
isoft Metashape.

250 | eCAADe 39 - Digital heritage - Volume 2

• In the case of the mainly flat object and the par-
allel type of photogrammetric surveying, the ac-
curacy of the reconstructed 3D model (mean
square error) was significantly lower compared
to the 3D model created by the commercial pro-
gram.
• The level of recorded details on the recon-
structed object was higher in the case of objects
of a three-dimensional shape, while in the case
of the predominantly flat object shape, certain
shortcomings and cavities in the 3D model were
observed.
• In both cases, the visual representation of real
characteristics of materials and colors of the tex-
tures generated by Meshroom slightly differed
from the same one created by Metashape.
Based on the above mentioned, it can be concluded
that, unlike commercial software, modeling results in
the open-source software can vary depending on the
shape of the object and the approach to photogram-
metric surveying (convergent or parallel). That may
also be related to the number of photos used for the
3d reconstruction, concluding that, unlike commer-
cial software, free software may require more data to
achieve a successful result. Given that, it can be con-
cluded that the Meshroom may be an adequate al-
ternative to commercial programs in the case of sur-
veying free-standing and mainly three-dimensional
objects. Depending on the required level of detail of
a reconstructed 3D model, minor irregularities may
occur. It should also be mentioned that, compared
to Agisoft Metashape, the Meshroom processing of
the final mesh generation was, in both cases, quite
demanding for the processor.
Nevertheless, having an alternative solution to
the professional photogrammetry software is signifi-
cant for cultural institutions which can not afford pro-
fessional licenses. In such cases, most of the open-
source programs provide a solution to partially pre-
serve data on the existing objects, by creating their
point clouds. The improvement of the open-source
software performances would probably contribute to
their more frequent usage by non-professionals.
However, the precision of the 3D reconstructed
models of cultural heritage still mostly depends
on the surveying process used for acquiring pho-
tographs (Remondino and El-Hakim 2006; Barsanti
et al. 2013; Sapirstein 2016; Djuric et al. 2019;
Obradović et al. 2020). This implies that, when it
comes to detailed and accurate cultural heritage dig-
itization, profound knowledge of photogrammetric
surveying and modeling is required.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The research was supported by the Ministry of Cul-
ture and Information of the Republic of Serbia, under
the Project for Digitization of Cultural Heritage of the
Republic of Serbia (Project name: Strategy Develop-
ment for Standardization of Creation of Photogram-
metric 3D Digital Objects of Cultural Heritage - Pha-
seI).
The authors would like to thank the Museum of
Vojvodina, Novi Sad for the collaboration on the dig-
itization and the virtual presentation of cultural her-
itage objects from the Museum’s Ancient Collection.
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