Key words

Introduction
Composite formation with nanofibers
Carbon nanofiber (CNF) fabrication and preparation of CNF and polymer composites
Polymer nanofiber preparation and formation of nanofiber composites
Strengths and weaknesses of nanofibers in composites
Applications of nanofiber composites
Future trends
References

Abstract:
Nanofibers have emerged as important fibrous materials for reinforcing or modifying polymer matrices.
Carbon nanofibers (CNFs) and polymer nanofibers in composites have been critically reviewed in this
chapter. The concept, methodology, potential applications, advantages and limitations of utilizing
nanofibers in composite materials are discussed. The important application examples reviewed include
carbon and polymer nanofibers in structural carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) matrix composites,
polymer nanofiber-reinforced nanocomposites for medical use and modification of thermosetting
polymer by polymer/CNF composite nanofibers. A brief account is also given of the future trends in this
area.
 Acknowledgement

I am gratified to the Chemical Engineering Department, Datta Meghe

College of Engineering for giving me the opportunity for presenting a
seminar on “
Application of Nanotechnology in Textile Industries”
in the final year as per the curriculum of degree course of chemicalengi
neering.I am thankful to Dr.Mrs.S. R. Dhokpande,my project/seminar gu
ide, for mentoring me throughout the course and for sharing his
valuable knowledge and time. He has been a constant source of
motivation, never expecting anything less than my best efforts. Without
her concern,advice, guidance and motivation it would have been
difficult to complete this seminar .I would like to further extend my
gratitude to Dr. Mrs. K. S. Deshmukh, the head of department for
chemical engineering, and all the staff members of Chemical
Engineering Department. I would also like to thank the librarians for
their kind co-operation and support .Last but not the least I would like
to thank my friends and family for their unconditional support and help.

 
 VISION
To provide an enabling environment to nurture critical and creative
minds and to propel them to greater heights of excellence in their
pursuits for acquiring knowledge in chemical engineering in particular
and life skills in general.

MISSION

• To focus on chemical engineering solution for sustainable

development.
• To develop skills to become technically competent.
• To enable students to understand the impact of chemical engineering
solution in a global, economics, environment and social context.
• To incorporate knowledge related to chemical engineering science
and humanities for the overall development of student.
 INTRODUCTION
 Nanotechnology deals with materials of dimension range between 1 to 100. It
can be shown as 1 billion nm is 1 meter. To be specific, a nanometer is almost
about 100,000 times smaller than thediameter of human hair. In today’s life the
choice of properties of textile products is increased ona large scale.
Nanotechnology has also bright future of textile industry. We can achieve
bothmodern properties and comfort through this technology. Because it is
invisible to naked eye butit has all the new properties which are needed in
clothes. This has very world wide interest.
Italso overcomes the limitations of traditional and common processes. Application 
of nanotechnology in textile industry has tremendously increased the durability of
fabrics, increase its comfortness, hygienic properties and have also reduces its
production cost. Nanotechnology also offers many advantages as compare to the
conventional process in term of economy, energysaving, eco-
friendliness, control release of substances, packaging, separating and storingmate
rials on a microscopic scale for later use. Nanotechnology at the molecular level
can be usedto develop desired textile characteristics, such as high tensile
strength, unique surface structure, soft hand, durability, water repellency, fire
retardancy, antimicrobial properties, and the like. Indeed, advances in
Nanotechnology have created enormous opportunities and challenges for the
textile industry, including the cotton industry. The fabric which is made from this
technology is not only used for fashion purpose but also it can be used to design
soldiers bullet proof vest.
Theuse of nanotechnology allows textiles to become multifunctional and produce 
fabrics withspecial functions, including antibacterial, UV-protection, easy-clean,
water- and stain repellent and anti-odour. Some properties of these fabric are
water repellent, wrinkle repellent, energy absorbent, fire repellent, light weight. It
was discovered that unique composite fibers were produced from synthetic nano-
fibers obtained through an advanced electrospinning process, such as the
coagulation-based carbon-nano-tube spinning method. Nanotechnology is also
used inmanufacturing of composite fibers. Nano-structured composite fibers are
in the area where wesee the early blooming of nanotechnology, while many other
applications are still way off future.Those composite fibers employ nanosize fillers
such as nanoparticles (clay, metal oxides,
carbon black), graphite nanofibers carbon nanotubes and many more. Besides thi
s there are nanosizefillers too. 
 SIZE OF NANOPARTICLE

One nanometer is one billionth of a meter. One nanometer is about

100000 times smaller than
diameter of human hair. A nanoparticle is a small particle that ranges b
etween 1 to 100nanometres in size. Undetectable by the human eye,
nanoparticles can exhibit significantly
different physical and chemical properties to their larger material count
erparts. Thematerial properties change as their size approaches the
atomic scale. This is due to the surface area to volume ratio increasing,
resulting in the material’s surface atoms dominating the
material performance. Owing to their very small size, nanoparticles hav
e a very large surface area tovolume ratio when compared to bulk
material, such as powders, plate and sheet. This feature enables
nanoparticles to possess unexpected optical, physical and chemical
properties, as they are small enough to confine their electrons and
produce quantum effects. For example, copper is considered a soft
material, with bulk copper bending when its atoms cluster at the 50nm
scale. Consequently, copper nanoparticles smaller then 50nm are
considered a very hard material, with drastically different malleability
and ductility performance when compared to bulk copper. The change
in size can also affect the melting characteristics; gold nanoparticles
melt at much lower temperatures (300 °C for 2.5 nm size) than bulk
gold (1064 °C). Moreover, absorption of solar radiation is much higher
in materials composed of nanoparticles than in thin films of continuous
sheets of material.

 
 
 
 WHY ARE WE USING IT
 Nanomaterials can occur naturally, be created as the by-products of co
mbustionreactions, or be produced purposefully through engineering
to perform a specialized function. Nanotechnology can provide high
durability for fabrics, because nano-particles have a large surface area-
to-volume ratio and high surface energy, thus presenting
better affinity for fabrics and leading to an increase in durability of the f
unction. Nanotechnology can reduce the use of water as the nanostruct
ure and surfacefunctionality can be imparted using dry techniques on
fabric. It has a great effect on environment and the process is also eco-
friendly. Nanotechnology has the potential
to being revolution in the field of technical textiles for the benefit of hu
manity. In today’s performance market, microencapsulation in textiles i
ncludes the application of fragrances, skin softeners, insect repellent,
and antimicrobial agents. It is used to develop desired textile
characteristics, such as high tensile strength, unique surface structure,
soft hand, durability, water repellency, fire retardancy, antimicrobial
properties, and the like. The unique and new properties of nano
materials have attracted not only scientists
andresearchers but also businesses, due to their huge economical pote
ntial. A super hydrophobic surface is the one that can bead off water
droplets completely; such surfaces exhibit water droplet advancing
angles of 150o degree or higher. They also showed that such an
alteration in the fabric’s surface properties is capable of exhibiting the
―Lotus-Effect, which demonstrates the natural hydrophobic behavior
of a leaf surface. Due to the ability to generate the materials in a
particular way to play a specific role, the use of nanomaterials spans
across a wide variety of industries, from healthcare and cosmetics to
environmental preservation and air purification. Elsewhere,
environmental preservation processes make use of nanomaterials too -
in this case, nanowires. Applications are being developed to use the
nanowires - zinc oxide nanowires - in flexible solar cells as well as to
play a role in the treatment of polluted water. Nanotechnology is
growing by leaps and bounds and it has been introduced in many fields
including the textile industries. There isa considerable potential for
profitable applications of nanotechnology in cotton and other textile
industries. Its application can economically extend the properties and
values of textile processing and products. By deploying
nanotechnology, ultra strong, durable andspecific function oriented
fabrics can be efficiently produced for a number of
applicationsincluding medical, military and industrial apparels etc.

NANOFIBERS
 Nanofibers are fibers with diameters in the nanometer range.
Nanofibers can be generated from different polymers and hence
have different physical properties and application potentials.
 
 Nanofibers
have attracted a great deal of attention due to their remarkable proper
ties. Compared to conventional fibrous structures, nanofibers
are lightweight with small diameters, controllable pore structures and
high surface-to-volume ratio, making them ideal for use in applications
as varied as filtration, sensors, protective clothing, tissue engineering,
functional materials and energy storage.
 However, the
developmentof new composite nanofibers holds even greater potential 
and investigation of new polymer composite nanofibers aimed at furthe
r developing their multifunctional possibilities and enhancing both their 
physical and chemical properties has gainedextensive interest. All
polymer nanofibers are unique for their large surface area-to-
volume ratio, high porosity, appreciable mechanical strength, and flexib
ility infunctionalization compared to the rmicrofiber  counter
parts. Among various forms thatnanomaterials can take such as
nanorods, nanospheres, and so on, the fiber form comes
tothe forefront due to its superior characteristics. The advantageous pr
operties of thismaterial form include flexibility, high specific
surface area, and superior directional performance. These merits allow
many uses from conventional clothing to reinforcementapplications in
aerospace vehicles. Nanofibers refer to solid state linear
nanomaterials,which are flexible and have aspect ratios exceeding 1000
:1. Nanomaterials arecharacterized by their dimensions at least one of
which should be equal to or less than100 nm. A million times increase
in flexibility can be achieved via reduction of the fiber diameter from 10
μm to 10 nm, which also leads to increases in specific surface area,
andin turn surface reactivity. As mentioned before, nanofibers present 
very importantadvantages based on their high specific surface area. The
re are
various methods to produce nanofibers. Electrostatic spinning, which is 
generally referred to aselectrospinning, is the most commonly used
nanofiber production method. Other thanelectrospinning, there are a
number of other techniques including force spinning, phaseseparation,
melt blowing, bicomponent spinning, flash spinning, and so on.

NANONETS AND NANOWRAPS

 NANONETS Nanonets are three dimentional molecular nets which cove
rs fiber core. The net can becomposed of carbon, metals, silicon.
Voronoi nanonets are used to purify water. Nano-nets feature a clear
geometric characteristic with ideal and weighted Steiner networks
dueto the rapid phase separation process and its obeyed minimal
energy principle. Theversatile nano-nets
create enhanced interconnectivity and additional surface
area andfacilitate the diffusion of analytes into the membranes, which
significantly boost the gasdiffusion coefficient and sensing properties.
Despite little preceding work on net-
likenanowebs, the formation feasibility of nano-nets has been revealed. 
To date, well-controlled nano-nets in large quantities and a uniform size
is still a serious
challenge.Furthermore, the exploitation of such novel nano-scaled stru
ctures in ultrasensitivesensors and other nanotechnological
applications still requires great
ingenuity. NANOWRAPS Nano wraps are just like a coating on synthetic 
fibres that wraps the fibre to alter its properties. This structure is basica
lly used to provide wrinkle resiliency and strength tothe fibre. It
enhances the durability of the fabric and improved color fastness of the
fabrictoo. Along with making the fabric anti-static, it also imparts the
property of good creaseretention making the fabric more wrinkle
resilient. Nano wraps covers the nano fiber completely. It changes all
the fiber’s property. Nano titanium dioxide and Nano-silica areused to
enhance the wrinkle resistance property in cotton and silk fabrics
respectively.However, in conventional methods resin is most commonly
used to impart this finish tothe fabrics. But because of the limitations of
applying resin like decrease in the
tensilestrength of fiber, abrasion resistance, water absorbency and dye-
ability, as well as breathability, new areas of nanotechnology were expl
ored. Nano-titanium dioxide whenused with carboxylic acid act as a cat
alyst under UV irradiation to catalyse thecrosslinking reaction between
the cellulose molecule and the acid. On the other hand,wrinkle
resistance of silk can be improved by Nano-silica when applied with
maleicanhydride

NANOWHISKERS
 Nano whiskers form a cushion of air around each cotton fiber and
when something is spilled onthe surface of the fabric, the miniature
whiskers actually cohesively prop up the liquid drops,allowing the liquid
drops to roll off and this is how they can repel stains. This treatment
lasts for about 50 home wash cycles before its effectiveness is lost. A
corollary finish is that of using Nano particles to provide a ―lotus
plant effect which causes dirt to rinse off easily, such as inthe
rain. Nanowhiskers are utilized for the water repellent characteristics,
and titanium dioxide isused for the ultraviolet shielding. Nano-silica and
Nano-titanium dioxide improve the creasedefiance of silk and cotton.
Carbon nanotubes CNTs are essential substances owing to their
highstrength and greater electrical conductivity. CNTs could be utilized
in the cloth making thatincludes wearable computers or electronic
appliances. CNTs offers electro-conductivity, fireresistance, self-
cleaning, antistatic, water repellent, and high toughness for fiber.
Highly durable,reliable and necessary tasks-related nano fabrics are
proficiently manufactured for many usages,e.g., sports, medical and
industrial purposes, and military. Nanotechnology has a bright
futurewith its excellent characteristics and the marvelous outcomes.
Nano whiskers are hydro-carbonsand one-thousandth of the dimension
of a conventional fiber made of cotton which is adjoined tothe fabric.
Gaps inside the cotton whiskers are lesser compared to regular water
drop yet moresignificant than molecules of water. Therefore water
stays over the hairs or whiskers and top of the fabric exterior. Nano-
whiskers, each of which is just 10 nanometres long (a grain of sand is
1lakh nanometres in comparison). Basically, nano whiskers, 1/1000 the
size of a typical
cottonfibre are attached to the individual, constituent fibres of the fabri
c. The whiskers arehydrocarbons added by dipping in an aqueous
solution 8. The whiskers modify water-resistanceof fabric due to
surface tension that causes water to form into drops or spheres. The
spaces between the whiskers on the fabric are smaller
than a typical drop of water while the whiskersare hydrophobic and do
not absorb water. As a result, water remains on top of the whiskers
andabove the surface of the fabric. Nano-whiskers are wonder
molecules, which can impart variousfunctional properties not only to
the textiles but also contribute significantly in the field of electronics
and medicine. Recently several works has been reported, where nano-
whiskers have been synthesised from a variety of materials by using
some new and improved techniques.
MAINLY USED NANOPARTICLES
 Nanosized particles can exhibit unexpected properties different from t
hose of the original bulk material. The basic premise is that properties
can dramatically change when a substance's size isreduced to the
nanometre range. The applications of nanoparticles, e.g. carbon black
or
somefinishing agents in the textile industry, have a long tradition but ar
e in fact not part of nanotechnology. A typical feature of
nanotechnology in textiles is to use nanoparticles with somesystematic
arrangements. Nanomaterials, when engineered at the atomic and
molecular level andintegrated into fabrics, can exhibit properties which
alter the physical properties of textiles. Nanotechnology also has
commercial potential for the textile industry, mainly due to the fact
thatconventional methods used to impart different properties to fabrics 
often do not lead to permanent effects, and may lose their functional e
ffects after laundering or wearing. Nanotechnology is able to
provide high durability for fabrics because nanoparticles have
a largesurface area-to-volume ratio and high surface energy, thus
presenting better attraction to fabricsand, therefore, increased
durability of the functionality. Nanoparticles have versatile
applicationsin the textile industry. They can beneficially replace the
classical micron-sized particles used
infinishing for obtaining soil release, stain resistance, flame retardation, 
wrinkle resistance,moisture management, antibacterial and antistatic e
ffects, UV protection, improvement of dyeability, etc. Nanoparticles
such as metal oxides and ceramics are also used in textile finishingto
alter surface properties and impart desirable textile functions.
Nanosized particles have alarger surface area and their use can
therefore result in higher efficiency of the treatment agentthan larger
size particles. Besides, nanosized particles are transparent, and do not
affect thecolour and brightness of the textile substrates.FEW TYPES OF
NANOPARTICLEs :1.CLAY
NANOPARTICLE2.ANTIMONY PENTOXIDE NANOPARTICLE3.CARBON NA
NOPARTICLE4.ZnO NANOPARTICLE5.TiO
2 NANOPARTICLE
6.MgO NANOPARTICLE
7.SILVER NANOPARTICLE

CLAY NANOPARTICLESClay nanoparticles are resistant to heat,

chemicals and the passage of electricity, and havethe ability to block UV
light. Incorporating clay nanoparticles into a textile can result in afabric
with improved tensile strength, tensile modulus, flexural strength and
flexuralmodulus. Nanocomposite fibres which utilize clay nanoparticles
can be engineered to beflame retardant, UV light resistant and resistant
to corrosion. Although there have been anumber of flame-retardant
finishes available since the 1970s, the emission of toxic gases(e.g.
bromine) when ignited creates new hazards and has stimulated
research aimed atlimiting toxic emissions. Clay nanoparticles have been
incorporated into nylon to impartflame-retardant characteristics to the
textile without the emission of toxic gases.
Theaddition of clay nanoparticles has been shown to improve the dyea
bility of  polypropylene, whereas metal oxide nanoparticles of TiO2, Al2
O3, ZnO and MgOexhibit photo-catalytic ability, electrical conductivity,
UV absorption and photo-oxidizingcapacity against chemical and
biological species. The main research efforts involving
theuse of nanoparticles of metal oxides have been focused on antimicr
obial, self-decontaminating and UV-blocking applications for both
military protection garments
andcivilian health products. Clay nanoparticles are natural materials in 
nanoscales thatoriginate from clay. These types of substances contains
hydrogen aluminosilicates. Theyhave differences in there structure and
chemical composition. The clay nanoparticle has property of locking
UV light. It also has electrical, chemical, and heat resistance. HenceUV
rays can be removed by the fabric having a coating of clay
nanoparticles.ANTIMONY PENTOXIDE NANOPARTICLEStatic charge
usually builds up in synthetic fibers such as nylon and polyester
becausethey absorb little water. Cellulosic fibers have higher moisture
content to carry awaystatic charges, so that no static charge will
accumulate. As synthetic fibers provide poor anti-
static properties, research work concerning the improvement of the an
ti-static properties of textiles by using nanotechnology were conducted. 
It was determined thatnano-sized titanium dioxide, zinc oxide whiskers,
nano antimony-doped tin oxide (ATO)and silane nano sol could impart
anti-static properties to synthetic fibers. TiO2, ZnO
andATO provide anti-static effects because
they are electrically conductive materials. Suchmaterial helps to
effectively dissipate the static charge which is accumulated on the
14
 
fabric. On the other hand, silane nano sol improves anti-static
properties, as the silane gel particles on fiber absorb water and
moisture in the air by amino and hydroxyl groups and bound
water.TITANIUM DIOXIDE NANOPARTICLEAs the most popular nano
substance, TiO2 is used in various industries notably in the
textileindustry. More and
more recently, through a synergistic combination
of photocatalytic featuresof nanoparticles, fabrics with novel properties
are produced. Self-cleaning and stability againstUV rays as well as
chemical media, to name but a few, are among new prominent
properties,obtained on textiles. TiO2 is the most important substance
which has been utilized in this fieldextensively. The increasing use of its
application is due in large measure to its high photo-catalytic activity,
non-toxicity, and physicochemical stability. One of the intrinsic features
of nano titanium dioxide is its photocatalytic properties under UV rays, 
triggering series of reduction and oxidation reactions. . Research has
confirmed that TiO2 is very useful in removingcontamination of water
and air, and it can also maintain the surfaces clean and sterile through
its photocatalytic activities. These findings are pertinent to our daily life
, and it implies that new properties can be imparted to garments to imp
rove their quality, changing the trajectoryoftraditional common
industrial practices. Textile industry has recently seen more of such
nanotechnological applications; therefore, new products have been intr
oduced to consumers,employing the novel features of semiconductors.
Although numerous pieces of research
have been conducted on the subject of titanium dioxide, this
review presents diverse aspects of nanotitanium dioxide in the textile
industry as well as a clear delineation of new imparted
propertiesto textiles such as self-cleaning, wettability, and UV protectio
n among other new textilecharacteristics.SILVER
NANOPARTICLESSilver nanoparticles have a wide range of
applications such as electronics, catalysis, chemistryenergy and
medicine and have thus gained commercial acceptance. Besides
improving their functionality, the use of nano technology can result in
the production of textiles with completelynovel
properties or the combination of various functions.
Such multifunctional textiles includeantistatic textiles, reinforced
textiles, antibacterial, self cleaning textiles, bleaching resistant, etc.and
paves the way for the use of its products in other fields outside the
traditional industries.Silver nano particles due to their strong and wide
spectrum of antimicrobial activities havegained major focus among all
nano particles. In order to protect against microbial
contamination,silver has been incorporated into various forms of
plastics such as catheters, dental material,
15
 
medical devices, implants and burn dressings. These nano particles
have also been used for durable finish on fabrics. As bactericides, the
silver nano particles may help in solving theserious antibiotic resistance
problem.
NANOTECHNOLOGY IN MILITARY SCIENCE
Military personnel on land, sea, and in the air face many complex
hazards which are deliberatelyaimed at maiming or killing them. Hence,
it is inevitable for them to wear protective clothinglike body armour,
chemical and biological (C&B) protective clothing, etc. At present,
textilefibres such as kevlar, nomex and nylon find immense applications
in protective wear garmentsfor military personnel. High strength,
antiballistic, flame retardant characteristics are some of
thevital properties that make these fibres uniquely suitable for defence 
and other hightechapplications. In addition to the availability of
high performance fibres, specialty chemicals andcoatings enhance the
performance of protective fabrics. Non-woven materials such as
spun- bonded and melt-blown non-woven fabrics are mainly used for th
e manufacture of protectivewears like barrier protection and fire-
retardant fabrics. The advantages of using these fabrics,
asagainst the conventional fabrics, lie in their low cost, improved barrie
r properties,impermeability to particulate matter, adequate strength,
and comfort properties. Recently, thereis a growing interest in the use
of fine fibres such as micro- and nanofibres for specialistapplications.
The protective clothing made up of these fibres and their composites
give high performance, functionality, comfort, and larger life span
with less weight, size, maintenance andcost.
Nanostructures and nanocomposites are being developed for the
following defence applicaons:
1.Lightweight protective clothing2.Flexible
antiballistic textiles3.Chemical and biological warfare protection and
self-decontaminating nanofibre
fabrics4.Adaptive suits like switchable fabrics for improved thermal con
trol, switchablecamouflage.5.Microsensors for body and brain
sensing, environmental and situational awareness,integrated into a
smart suit or a smart helmet.6.Wearable or flexible displays for visual
feedback auxiliary supports: Flexible textiles for additional strength,
exoskeletons, and robotics to assist the human tasks.7.Light weight and
bullet proof vests can be made.8.Fire and thermal resistant and anti
microbial properties of nanoparticles can be used tomake military suits
and uniforms.9.Military uniform that change color to match
the environment.10.Some sensors can be also installed into uniform of
soldiers to check heart rate and vitalsignals.
16
 
NANOTECHNOLOGY IN MEDICAL USE
A relatively new application of nanotechnology is in life sciences. Howe
ver, it is particularly suited for this technology as most biological
interactions are at the nanoscale.An ability to manipulate biological
processes at this scale is enabling companies andresearchers to develop
products that are more specific and targeted to diseased
tissues.Textiles are used in many different ways in medical and related
areas. In recent years,niche-dedicated products have been playing an
increasingly significant role in the field
of medical textiles. The diverse areas of application include healthcare (
hospital andcommunity), wound care, sutures, orthopaedic implants, va
scular grafts, artificialligaments and tendons, heart valves, and even
artificial skins and extra-corporeal
devices. Nanofibres, ranging between 25 and 400 nm, produced using 
melt-blown nonwoventechnology, are extensively applied for medical
textiles used to filter viruses and bacteria.An antimicrobial agent is
defined as a natural or synthetic substance that kills or inhibitsthe
growth of micro-organisms such as bacteria, fungi and algae. A wide
range of naturaland synthetic agents is commercially available. The
application of textiles to woundhealing involves products for covering
minor wounds, burns, ulcers and other deep skinwounds. Antimicrobial
wound dressings manufactured by means of a bi-layer of silver-coated,
high-density polyethylene mesh on a rayon adsorptive polyester core
deliversnanocrystalline silver from a non-adhering, non-abrasive
surface. Another early adopter of nanosilver technology has been
the market for protective face masks and respirators.Surgical gowns,
caps and shoe-covers comprise the normal protective gear for
medical professionals. Factors affecting their
properties and expected in-use barrier performancewill influence fabric
selection. One of the important applications of knits in the
medtecharea is the spacer fabric. These fabrics are predominantly
warp-knitted using mainlysynthetic materials. As a principle, the spacer
material, which is normally a pile-likestructure, is laid between the top
and bottom layers and provides good wicking
and breathability characteristics. These spacer fabrics can also be functi
onalised withantibacterial treatments. Another important day-to-day
application where knitted fabricsare used to enhance quality of life is in
compressional socks, which are used to alleviatesuffering due to deep
vein thrombosis (DVT) and blood clots.
17
 
SMART TEXTILES
Passive smart fabrics comprise of first stage productions of smart fabric
that offer anextra feature in an inactive manner regardless of the
variation of the surrounding. Active-smart fabrics comprise of second
level production active smart fabrics have both sensorsand actuators
that modify their usefulness in altering the environment
automatically.Active smart fabrics are shape memory, heat storage,
vapor permeable and absorbing,water-resistant, thermo-regulated, can
absorb vapor, can change the fabric by heat, andoutfits
heated by electricity. Ultra-smart fabrics comprise of a third stage
production of smart fabrics that can feel, respond with adaptation to
surrounding circumstances. A verysmart fabric comprises of a brain-like
unit having reasoning and cognition, activatingabilities. New fiber and
fabric materials, and reduced size electronic constituents preparesmart
textiles possible, to create smart clothes, which are worn as regular
clothes offeringassistance in diverse circumstances considering its
usage. Construction and functionalityof advanced clothing hint to
groundbreaking novel technical fabrics and fabric
relatedcombinations. An application consists of novel productive,
electrochromic, glowing polymers in fibers, chemical detecting, clothes 
which track bio-functional situation.Fabrics fortified with superior
elevated powered fibers, absorbents have been utilized todefend the
person wearing the fabric from effects, lethal contact. Other novel
materialcombinations can be included in the fabrics to produce unique
energy-interactive fabricstructures. The integration may include
alteration, accommodation, and supervision of multiple sorts of energy,
e.g., electromagnetic, electrical, magnetic, thermal, chemical
or mechanical. Majority of the current achievements have originated
from the incorporationof electronic substances inside knitted or
otherwise-alternately handled fabric materials
.
Smart textiles are fabrics that have been designed and manufactured to 
includetechnologies that provide the wearer with increased
functionality. These textiles havenumerous potential applications,
such as the ability to communicate with other devices,conduct energy,
transform into other materials and protect the wearer from
environmentalhazards. Research and development towards wearable
textile-based personal systemsallowing e.g. health monitoring,
protection and safety, and healthy lifestyle gained stronginterest during
the last few years. Smart fabrics and interactive textiles’ activities
include personal health management through integration, validation, a
nd use of smart clothingand other networked mobile devices as well as
projects targeting the full integration of sensors/ actuators,
energy sources, processing
and communication within the clothes toenable personal applications
such as protection/safety, emergency and healthcare. Thiswriting
includes the origin and introduction of smart textile and integrated
wearable
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electronics for sport wear, industrial purpose, automotive and
entertainment applications,healthcare & safety, military, public sectors
and new developments in smart textiles.
DEVICES IN CLOTHING
While technology may be hidden through invisible coatings and
advanced fibers, it canalso be used to dramatically change
the appearance of the textile, giving new anddazzling effects. Light
emitting clothing‘s are finding their way onto the elegant
couturecatwalks, suggesting a future trend in fashionable technical gar
ments. For example,consider the T-shirt. Research is being done that
will use nano technology enhancedfabric so the T-shirt can monitor
your heart rate and breathing, analyze your sweat andeven cool you off
on a hot summer‘s day. In clothing nanotechnology can be used
invarious form.
Health:
 "Telemedicine," wearable appliances permit physical signals to be
checkedthroughout regular activities for healthcare. It may avoid the
difficulty of seldom medicalchecks which merely depicts a small display
of the patient physical condition like ECG,EMG, and physical activity, a
dress with wireless inserted fabric sensors intended for constant
monitoring of respiration, etc. Wearable sensitized dress evaluates
heart rate and breathing utilizing a 3-
lead ECG shirt. The sensors and conductive fiber net arecompletely
incorporated by knitting into the shirt.
Life jacket and belt:
 A life jacket is an examination appliance used as a dress by the patient
which subsequently checks the heart and blood pressure. The data
obtained from alife jacket is communicated to a computer and
examined by medical staffs. Utilizing thelife jacket, cuff-less blood
pressure could be processed. Life belt is an appliance to beworn trans-
abdominally for long duration health checking that enables supervising
methods for mother and unborn baby. It is beneficial for pregnant
women who live insecluded regions, working while pregnant and facing
specific fitness issues. Life beltenables the obstetrician to monitor
patients distantly, assess automatic initial diagnosis of their situation by
collecting and examining vital indications, access patients' medical
dataall the time and be warned.
 Fashion and entertainment:
 With the technology turning more adaptable numerouselectronic
devices and components clothes turning portable appliances. Light
emittingfabrics are being used in the fashion runways, indicating
technical garments for futuredesign.
Sportswear:
Smart devices or clothing can be utilized in sports which compriseobser
vation, computing action, stimulate muscles, perform resistance trainin
g, recordactivity, and guard against a wound. (2) Sports shoe: Global
Positioning Systems isincluded in shoes permitting the walker to be
tracked by mountain rescue teams and the
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location of youngsters. Gloves that have heaters or radiating light from
LED are used for visualizing a cyclist in the darkness.
CONCLUSION
 Nanotechnology is growing by leaps and bounds and it has been introd
uced in manyfields including the textile industries. There is a
considerable potential for profitableapplications of nanotechnology in
cotton and other textile industries. Its application caneconomically
extend the properties and values of textile processing and products.
Bydeploying nanotechnology, ultra strong, durable and specific function
oriented fabrics
can be efficiently produced for a number of applications including medi
cal, military andindustrial apparels etc. As mentioned, nanotechnology 
overcomes the limitations of applying conventional methods to impart
certain properties to textile materials. There isno doubt that in the next
few years, nanotechnology will penetrate into every area of textile
industry.Furthermore, there are special nonwoven micro and nano
textiles which can be obtainedusing the electrospinning technique.
Their ultrathin diameter and the good control of
their internal structure, density, and porosity make them ideal for very 
specific hightechnology applications. Their controllable composition an
d hosting properties for different nanoparticles allow to create
breathable fiber mats with antibacterial propertieswhich can help in
the healing of wounded skin. But such porous membranes have
beenalso investigated for filters and water treatment applications and
other kinds of tunablemembranes. The apparition of all these
functional artificial fibers and smart fabrics meanundoubtedly the new
revolution for the textile industry.
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REFRENCES
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Institute of textile and clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University,
Hong Kong, March
20062.Rezwan Mahmud, Farhatun Nabi, Department of Textile Enginee
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