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 .:t:t:- f ttfo r 's 7Tu:ofC..031 :-
[l tk: ..-lh~O\Gcn:l is fl\.. j .t2ne.rc..o.l i ~ aJi·on ·4 ferw;> a}--~ 1li (or-1..un .

tl {•(,,,) -=. \ f!_noJ fl)

~ (h\l [t , '1t t'-i ~-flc_ 3cd ( o,n) =: 1 -

. .;:, hlu_Q fio,,

is --tttflC. tf "n• ,' ~ rf(./n1e.. , be La l\ 1..: 111 -f/121- (n_ ~
fr·r m* 's fh.to ~rn1. holdt; .

~t t---,~iL- -1-hnl- 10/:.t.ll 11. f ki~i .:. . , ¢ti )

I
1'.s 1\ =(,1- 1)
151 ~r:s Cede-, &tl.:i'J -H~K.c:rn ic
t(C_Oite.C! ~r n!i. . t'5 Grte_
-{{. t Oftfl: l ·

+ P£ctf :~
(/ ()1) ts -tftt. ~1 l1 m !ft,'< 1 prsi tiv-e ; , kj ~ ITJ I.~ss ,-ff':.-171 c_
...-f1L~"l.t- (Ute.. rcctcd-i \,'\: ~ f t(.It.:n.(. to )'l . .

l ·:) (\ -:.; . ,..~,~

(/-.( fr:!) ;. ,!
i I

K. "'-{ 1,s, 1. ~~
5~ {~ ,9, 1r 1j.

3' -={ (n <t, ')'°;")od,,1); {a x'). n1L11\.) ... (ti.'t~ni J?'lwdn)J

Tkc. \S.: r _s ,~s s~-:11pl~- l\. y-erw,tdtth'o,t rf K. 61 -H",L foli0tuil~, ~ iit.(..
I
_.-,f tc.c.OS.Orn l(J · .
( 1) Bccaus~ a ,s 1ula.h\1c~y ptum<: ~l6 l'L a·
ncl 1.t
f ttiinc. --tn n. a.ti• ~)')tu+- ctt .w ~ ttclo..h\"C.~- p rurni~. .c. t5Jcdrr ..J.i\.~_(t
n -1itt.i s
t.1--II -H LC.. ')1)l 'n1~ tt<!. f"-{ -5 (U't t ~ ')f~e
,Jl!S +ft.l l/: (ll(( 1-e~.s --lflll J\ lt
(p,d -lft.:t f (l!Lt KdC'Jl\--(lv ptt.i>nct-o t) .
(?.) Jfti!.ttC.- o..ttc. no dttpf/t(lfflS ,;'l s . 1} Cp:; n,a.1 ,~1'° l 1. t_,'n"'i:J.:,l 1 1.
--1 h_,e, t\ CD: ' :- (\._':J .
 ,,-~..£,;Ct 7fa.-
¢ t f'1) tp f,..,)
TT l O .u -r',., oJ 71) -=- TT -x...;
l=I i=L
d, <r )
(/:,("fl)
TT
.
p·l
, - 1'
0 1 - ::-_
t~ I
")L I (mo d 71)

a_¢tt1J - \ c-mod 7})

f
-
f... J1T.i> IL : -

1 llo) = 4JQ dcn) .:= 3 4-=- s r = 1~o d 10) :: 1c~~.chJ

f(l l) ~ 10, o..{;( n) ~ ;/o : :c 101--1 = 1~o JuJ ..- \(n,o dri) .

? f lte:rn o.fe... fom

\-l,1al olit •
* M_il leY R.o..6111 A,\ o~m -..-
~ ~t il lerr Cl~d Ra.bin (1_!90H.1.H>~rt1 0 Fjpica.Lv {(/)Ed to t:0 r a...
laK:J<~ -oumbex -(ott. pwma{(.~ ·

isftu-u... le > o, q_ odd :

e') ~ "'" 9, Y1= 2.3

➔ 8 :: Q}~ ,

t't.~o r~ •es ef-. [>tLJfrte -'

)1 U J\HO@'.. •. -
~1.. .:: ;;i I X. r/ .

(0 ,f p' JS. pj{,i/&le 't}u .rnb~Y O(J)c( tl' r's a ,nR8Q}( le~ #lo 1)f
o._
-H-s.(L Ct2. p1ocf p i. ,-r crnd C;)!J rf -eJ-H,~-A . (l. mo
c._
-If -==-.1 C>'Y
Ct mcc ! p -=: - l. rt:7 eel ~ -= p - 1.
 P.,1 -:tk< t<-uJ.,J 1 ~oJ.Jo, J\,i/hm,.l,c., Ci:> mod p) c~ m()tj pJ ,,,_-,,,,o,J~
~ ,· f .e,]-}m-L ei moJ p:::. I IN- O. med·f ::, -i ~ 1
IA. 2.. mod p~t '

0"r 1f- IA '2 mod l'.) :: i ~ (~ nfod 1'.)J ~l ~ ·ck IS -fru;._ foy -a~~/
P·i
OY .r9.n1CJ:l p: f -- 1
I:
"@ lu- p ,!,e Q, pttiw. ,num/,m E ~ ,tfu>n 2. i.:,, c.o~ ~ 'lik
f-1 -=- .2 i<. q 11\Ji Hi k__> a, 1,, ()c/J. :
Lu- OL b~ a-, in k-JQ.P[, i')') +k tca3:5e_ I <°' z P-1 .

➔ 70,n, OnL _of -ffi_o__ ~ fo-1/oci)-J'cf umJi+i~ · i's ~u__e_ ~

f rs o..- pru()1Q_.,: . . .
CPoicU..h'oYJ L ·, ~ ~(&n._
~

ttq_ ~ I (roitfo! F)

Co~cW--/011 2. ', - 0'Y, C)ne.. ,.--E.. ~ '1iurnb e-r.s a. q_) a2.:J?_ d4~-- Qz.(t<-l,lt
~ u J I IJ

0>1'13 U. rti()-f lo .-1 modulo p.

l I

I I
 _ co -ri be exp t(Q.5(~ l\/4
D(I<: ct,
ll I ~ 1• l med p) fort &w/ pvs,.h\Je ,ti~QJL &. 1

,,---1-ticJ- ,s ~ -prum.£. ~ P·· I

Joo9i' 119 /,Off/C1.. Ct 1~ +itQ_

U Flarlje... I<°'~ (P- 1)
'1. d !la . ~ ,,
d
0... mo
\
f > \-a," 'lTIOdi P, 0.:1 l\.,7110d f Q
,(q,
-(Y)O f, ... ·
1 1
• I I'- I
cf q,, ,mo ol f.

, ~t IU\.O uJ -ttwJ- -ft,tQ.. Iw +- rfl um bOIY i°t1 +he_ .LA·~ t ho..& Vo.,~ 1• ·
fu~
l ~' I
'\ --e_ac.h -t)u nib-er ~1) ~ U 'f 1s -tt.,i;.... ~ 9uP,Jlt
I 1 l I\
4 ~
.), P rz.R-vio ~s '()um~- 1 1
, ,,, 1 \ , I
I \ .

~ fotu.-. D~ ~ follti_J\1f po~.~;b·'.ut-ief> ~u~-1- be h,,<Y-,-

(_1) --ncQ.
'i)U~
jrr.sr
fj1)
')')uaiboY
.fh.e. U5{
-+k9-
1
oni fu,Ud-, a1ld
~0-6 1-.
~,rt£-, a)X )LA,bs4 ~
.
\ I\ I I' I \ I\

V0 0D.mQ. 7) LI rme.r,(. em.-+k li's t- do G.I ?10 t ~ v.al. !.. ' bvJ- I~ ,/4 4WA rt,Q...
-'f()od p dDeS .Q_9t10v~ i ; , t I I
' I I . • I

f froin ~ 1tt.Sµ prc-opeJJ-<J q- pltif31Q. r,urt)bQrf~ ,-Jw.. ()1)~ i71U to! 6M

~ ~o...filfiQJ +ws ~ridn ,~ p~I . 1
\

) \
Al3oru~m I~ :..- '
~

To~Hri> ,s:
(1.) Find ;~~e.fL:> l<,q_ , t</0 , q_ocld, 60-1-fiol(Y> -l) :: ~\<.'t-

( 1) 8.e.,fe.tl rumd om Q ,11~e.tc. ro', 1 ~ ~ ~ r, - 1

(s) ,°f IA.q,, ,mod ~ I ,z. -r11eri L,,, n41..n1
ILl'..,f vi , IL,- \...
· C...01)C./uJ ·1~") ,,.·
r '' 11)
(~) fore j ~ o to 1(. - 1 do
5
( ) ,· f ( a.2-j Cl,, aiod il -:: in - 1
) +hen, r4.,~-wi l" 111 c.cn c.lus i vti')
' (_G) 1(.e. f-u m Ccomro~il-e)
1
 ttCl~ fk L (-
W-< ":ff~ ~ -11,s]- to p>i t)!L,il(J, rJ /:,Q~ ,i "'.l-1 1

~ h.~ fry1
) :. ~ i I I

-= J '2..(1 ) ~ ~ Kq_,
I •

Tk-e- Wtl C'.RI ~~ D f,,J.s ~ 1

l_C? ~ moQ) 2A ::. g__ g- a'11 d -ftuz.._
wt- ru.)u--rns 7-nco11d<.t.Siw__, t i'-e• I) q "f'11°!J be__ pnw...,) ·,
vJi UL Cl. ~ 2- we_ ~ I J 7' rf{) o c} 2 q ::. J 2-
1 , I ' r,
J ' L/ m od"- C( ·~ 9- %; . D~d 'fu~ ~OJY/.,, ~ ~ inCD11cW iVQ,
'
;) if we · yerj .r m1- -tk . le~t fo; 0vrr "m~~t:r ~, ~Yt, --ttu_ ,c..aQ
I t l~, IA)e 3 e-f ~/,CJ pte, l~Cbf efwi~ ~ scJ,ts . ~ ch 1'<;
C,tirnfo.,fi bl.L \ivl¼ n hci~ 1 ll \, fajme_ nLur¼:ien-•

--¥ vJ e_ ~ -to. ~Jo-r Hid ~ ·~

'k... -Hm-e1 . 4-
1

1( ; s 2_ ~re 7
v-,e c..,k-.u.-1~ o kf}U , 0) 1o mo d 1.-q (-'2:J i yo''t,,Jz.1'

~ &e,(~ we., ~ ~ ciJJ Va_,l l.lLl 9- j (.,'-~-j -.: o· C!71 Jj =- I) 1fl..

\ ,~ Li ·· ~ ' f:LSf- tr.u·w.n ~ lt)-o1po.s11£,, _i7lc-liUltJ'J -~ _
- 2 1 , s cl ef,71,
1 tl1 0t.. wmp OJ r"fi mutJ bOIY :
. \
 I I

I I

,~ l ¢( '3)-= \ { t, ~ /• '!.;<1} ~ 14
f (G ) -= ,( I, 6 j -= 2-
- no • 1.-·el, n1e.,,t5 t,-/ -H, ,be. /4 ~ ,'.s ~ f-oif,-..-V-
fu11. d;Jrrt~ I \'- .

1
JI I I I I 1
u a.. q71J b c,;hot,JJ
ftle>o, ¢ (a-f b) " f ca) * f (p) 1I
en f rim-R---
) I \
1, e_

-<'j " . rj L?J5) :c ¢ (7) J-''p c5)

~ tj-i\'-1-= 2 1
p
~ Y5 {1 2-) e- (3)K--/ (1)
.::- 2~5. :::£/ \
-f- t ['1) "' t (5) -1f y!('s) ~ H
= i
1
1•
 -- # ,-[u.,kH. 1& jk.£Oftf2m .· - r;v--/.e--r'S -f o[ h~
~
t- fu.Je -y --tkuJ-rel'(L O, y
➔ A-k:,o . ca lle d 1 etmCL
--ftt.e_v n.. pm .

rf rt- ernd ?'L °'-Ile taptr.J~

lf>s -9-fi.oJ-
-;, [u )e?f's -fM oY en , r-6/-a
p o.s i f:ive.- ;o) l:~ e f'c.1 , -th en

M
~ ,--ca.Jf> 6J +- --ftLo.«t,, ~
.
iJ e. ea11,,

¢0 0) 10 )
II -::;; I (!'-1od

f 1 <1 -=:: 1(Hod 10 )

{f?cd Io) ~ 'ch- ,s. --f-tu-R- ·

I4~~
->
/ ":... I

¢c°') ·°' n---::::1 tl = i_t1 ¾'...)Q,.,,1

7'.loTu-
LI ?(_, -== I (r -.1 0J ~ i -e a
1.1,a 1-{a.LHpk f ten) wil/ ·
J i lie. ~ rw ,,J,{- .
, e. · J t .11. -2. d n,, .
r ' :;:. I Mo

II l':> :;:. I 1'1 oJ fl- •

?C--= 4 ?'1 = 3 5
I

.by {?_ u.../e1 IS --1-kw '(e lo)

5
1~t?> ) _ I l[!lid 3 ~

24
4 = 1(Mod 3 s)
L. (H ? i 2.1 l1). ~ 3

11 q t-1oc/ '.35 ~ ·f1 !(,f-/3e__MoJ '35)

1
_ = (_LJ 2-1) 1~ 0!}cJ 3 5)
3
:=_ {_ 12-1) 1 (mod 2§) 1 ~od s-?;- 0
 .. (p., x b) moc} n -= (D mod n) t b mod n)
1 ii \

~ h i-} ~ ':::. . 1' ~0( LJ 0Vmocl •~

I
-~) , '
. ,1,
' J
-:::. 6 1 ~ocJ 3 s)
~?..CJ ll I

'
..' I '
I

l I

~ l r~)-;:_'ISl~. ,
/> - / )2-
:= C

I V
f f\\ \ JI
c I ~od 1-;3) ·· 11\)\ l \

l \ q
\ I l I 1"\ ) ~) \
l \

' .l
-;:- (312.x1~~r~(rnod 1~') If
. l~ h,l l ,1 r . ) '

(2 7 Mo cl ,v •(3' mncl / ,), ,( f'i'"f,Ir,)

' I

~ <:l' t>,6'! 13): ('.>,

1x/X1x~ ·\l · l ·
~ 3 a'11J,, . ,. ,,,,,,If " ,, ' I \ I

-:tt !i-~aillf'$ '1kilJ!<.O,., / fe~" 'vttk M~ ·-- ,,.

r b ·,-s. · ix $ f" c1 oL cM ~ .r-f t;<W, •·.i. -fl<f»""" 1 , •
7 ;'f (l,, l6 prd ,n,.. O'>ld 'X. ~
'!. O.,\11 L i Hv(1_ . n.
;,,, """" ---v~ - ,n,,1- dJv'i&eJ.
b ~ '1.-- -tJ.w,1.- .
~,~od11~
I •
n~ I I ,
x.,

rx_ -:::. 0, ?L:: 5 .

)\
'5 - I j,.,, _.J, ,::
~ !=- ' J"llU' /

._ 31 ~ r~ocf 5 .
· 8t <;:. I f"lod If ·
\ I
 s
3 ==- 1> (n1oof 5 )
)4 3 ==- 3 (n-ioo/5)

ff Ve01- ~ for-ma.f s --t

1
k.w Mm don.,
I
I ~ if ):- ro 1jeomc.f~ -tf<_R.o rem
Y/
rx_ =-..tmoc/ n
b ~ 6 mod7
7
od=,-) '
,) 79 93 -( , ~ {;(_m
~ •cJt /-5 fyuJ._ ·
.
&; 1~ -f tw ye m :
• So l~ 0 1 f=erro70J-
(!) J I(, '(o )O c/ '7 •

j=;1maJ -10 ~ tt .Q 1J)

~,
1,

,! '-I '=- I rm od l1..

J
17 r I ~ I 711 od I7
. _/
I rn o_q I 7-
I l,
~ ,.. ~

1-b ,._ _/ ~~
r2. {n lX .7 I 7 -::.. L

(I!) 60 .,,//, ·
J mocl r7 lf{JJj :: Yl -/
I

'1 n- / ~ I moo/ TL

I~
o< 60 ~ ,:). 1(,'X 3 ,t 2..
I
-

5~2
L/ mod 11

b/ jormo..t 'i ~ ftlm.,

rr - 1
-4 '.':- I -mocl II

I I
11 .~ \ Jt
ro~~P 2-
-, 7 mDJ I/

_Jt- cI,/'1Me ~mo:,-,,drr ~ r<»m :- ' '

➔ cn,n<?J@ f(ln,<V()d,e_' ~ t-artJ C>~ -H,o..1;- .--fi&nQ _ oJ,vJ ~
exist-~ 011 'X' ~ /40. .Hsji'e.J ~ 3fvQn.,, CRn'l~ t,Vt..Qnw ·

~ -:z fc-Qm [o] Cmod ~unl [oJ) · I I

rx_ -::: tc-Qrn [ ' ] t 1o1od 77u_m C,J)

\ \

~ Jr ?1 U n1 [o] , 't]Uffl [1J, . . . num ['(tH] t/tl iM-1- ~ pn~ . '

E~ '.-
rf rx_ ~ tt, (tnccf w ,)
i : 0\ ')_ c_ mod '1(}'.).)
x .:: ().?) ( me c-f rn3}

3cd(_-r>1).,1Ylc) - 3 c.,cl(m
~,m,) ~ .1_.
lrj 3 ccL [rt),,'f11J.-) ::._
To coJ ~ .t,·
M, .ti' ~ I mod rn;

-e mm pLH :-

IL~ I lmod 13"")

?-.- ::: I (-m()d ,)'
,x_ .;_ 3 t -moo! t I)

I I

M : ,_ '(o),xm1- -x.m3
- Sn~, 1 ::..<:?>'t>S

}JO tu
K '?,8 5
t-11, -.:. '71
~ ~ --
i 5
t'1) ?- ~ M a;% 5 55
rf'()?-
-- -7 '::

N~ = .t1__
rn3:, ;:_
-Q,35
I I
-:::.
.3.5

l'J()w we' 11 · e.R-1u;)oJ~ +k vb..lu..L 1·rt..·

H, X, "3:. I (mod 't11i)

7 r ' XI ( mod 5) !C L
9 ' t(1 (~od 5) 2. .L
x, : :. ~.
 M_')_X"')..,= 1~001 m:;i..)

s5 "'l-. ~od l) ::i I

G ~'2- ~od1) ~1

,I('')... :::. b.
t-ll ,:; X '.?> =: I ( mod '1Y'I 3)
~5 X3 tmod 11) ~ L

'- X' 3 ( mod II) ~ I

·X~ :::_G.

NOW ,
'

,.,__ =- ( NI, X1 ~, + M)._ X'l-q2- t M3 "~ Q '.!,) moJ f'-1

~ (11x3~ I -t-t:>5~61!-I .,- 35,ir-G-7\°- ·~) mocl i,gt5. ·

!:' (i3 1 i- 530 i" ~~-o) rnod~ 5

~ iI 91 -mod '?) &5