Course Contents

 Internal Parts of Computer  Assembling Computer

 Cabinet box With SMPS  Software
 Mother Board  Operating System
 Microprocessor  DOS
 Computer Memory  BIOS
 RAM  Windows
 ROM  Drivers
 Optical Memory  Control Panel Setting
 Hard Dsik  Printers
 Input Devices  Interview Questions
 Monitor for Desktop Support
 MOTHERBOARD

EVERYTHING ABOUT MOTHERBOARD

 WHAT IS MOTHERBOARD
It is known as the Interconnection of Components in a computer

It is a Circuit board which have ports and sockets with transistors coating to connect
components together

It is responsible for contact of flow of data and instruction with the help of
BUSES

Two types of Motherboard 1. Plane 2. Mark

 SEGMENTS OF MOTHERBOARD

CATEGROIZED INTO 2 DIFFERENT SEGMENTS

INTEGRATED MOTHERBOARD NON-INTEGRATED MBOARD

ADD SOME OTHER PARTS OR PARTS AS

COMES WITH ALL PARTS INTEGRATED WITH IT PER REQUIREMENT.
MAJOR BRANDS
 DESKTOP MBOARD
It is used in Desktop Systems. It comes with Upgradation Capability. We can
Upgrade it Easily

 LAPTOP MBOARD
It is used in Laptop. All components are placed in limited space. Rare mboard
allows Upgradation

 SERVER MBOARD
It is used in Server. Bigger in size having many ports and designed for high end
works
1.Mini ATX
2.Flex ATX
3.Micro ATX
4.EATX
5.Pico ATX
6.ITX
7.NLX
8.BTX
9.Mobile ATX
10. WATX
 BUSES in Motherboard

DATA BUS It Sends and Receives data to Memory.

ADDRESS BUS It Sends Address of Inputs to the Memory or RAM

CONTROL BUS It Makes the Communication between CPU and Components

 CPU SOCKET
A CPU socket or CPU slot is a mechanical
component(s) that provides mechanical and
electrical connections between a microprocessor
and a printed circuit board (PCB). This allows the
CPU to be replaced without soldering.
 MEMORY SLOTS
A memory slot, memory socket, or RAM slot is what
allows computer memory (RAM) to be inserted into the
computer. Depending on the motherboard, there will
usually be 2 to 4 memory slots (sometimes more on
high-end motherboards) and are what determine the
type of RAM used with the computer. The most
common types of RAM are SDRAM and DDR for desktop
computers and SODIMM for laptop computers, each
having various types and speeds. In the below picture,
is an example of what memory slots may look like
inside a desktop computer. In this picture, there are
three open available slots for three memory sticks.
 CMOS BATTERY
Nonvolatile BIOS memory refers to a
small memory on PC motherboards
that is used to store BIOS settings.
It was traditionally called CMOS
RAM because it used a volatile, low-
power complementary metal-
oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) SRAM
(such as Motorola MC146818 or
similar) powered by a small battery
when system power was off.
 ISA, PCI & AGP SLOTS
ISA, or Industry Standard Architecture, is an
8bit or 16bit parallel bus system that allowed
up to 6 devices to be connected to a PC.
Virtually all IBM-compatible PCs made before
the Pentium were based on the ISA (IBM's PC AT)
bus. This asynchronous bus architecture uses
16-bit addresses and an 8-MHz clock and
handles a maximum data throughput of 2
MB/s to 3 MB/s.
AGP, Accelerates Graphics Port is a high-speed
point-to-point channel for attaching a video card to
a computer's motherboard. The primary advantage
of AGP over PCI is that it provides a dedicated
pathway between the slot and the processor rather
than sharing the PCI bus.

PCI, Peripheral Component Interconnect bus uses

a local bus system; this system is independent of
the processor bus speed. The PCI architecture
incorporates its own chip set which link the local
bus to the main bus, these links are called
bridges, there are two bridges which "north and
south bridge”
 CHIPSET
A chipset is a set of electronic components in
an integrated circuit that manages the data
flow between the processor, memory and
peripherals. It is usually found in the
motherboard of a computer.
Chipsets are usually designed to work with a
specific family of microprocessors. Because it
controls communications between the
processor and external devices, the chipset
plays a crucial role in determining system
performance.
 SOUTHBRIDGE
The southbridge is one of the two chips in
the core logic chipset on a personal
computer (PC) motherboard, the other
being the northbridge. The southbridge
typically implements the slower
capabilities of the motherboard in a
northbridge/southbridge chipset computer
architecture.
 NORTHBRIDGE
The northbridge typically handles
communications among the CPU, in some
cases RAM, and PCI Express (or AGP) video
cards, and the southbridge.[4][5] Some
northbridges also contain integrated video
controllers, also known as a Graphics and
Memory Controller Hub (GMCH) in Intel
systems. Because different processors and
RAM require different signaling, a given
northbridge will typically work with only one
or two classes of CPUs and generally only
one type of RAM.
 GRAPHICs card
A Graphics Card is a piece of computer
hardware that produces the image you see on
a monitor. The Graphics Card is responsible
for rendering an image to your monitor,
it does this by converting data into a signal
your monitor can understand.
 audio card
A sound card is an expansion card or IC for
producing sound on a computer that can be
heard through speakers or headphones.
Although the computer does not need a
sound device to function, they are included
on every machine in one form or another,
either in an expansion slot or built into the
motherboard
 Nic card
A network interface card (NIC) is a
hardware component without which a
computer cannot be connected over
a network. It is a circuit board installed in a
computer that provides a
dedicated network connection to the
computer. It is also called network interface
controller, network adapter or LAN adapter.
BACK PANEL CONNECTORSAND PORTS
 PORTS
1. PS2 MOUSE
2. LAN
3. AUDIO PORT
4. PS2 KEYBOARD
5. USB 3.0
6. SERIAL
7. VGA
8. USB 2.0
SOME OTHER PORTS

1. DVI
2. PARALLEL
3. HDMI
4. AUDIO
5. USB 2.0
CABLES & CONNECTORS

1. SATA & IDE CABLES 1. SATA & IDE PORT 7 & 40 PINS
2. POWER CONNECTION WIRES 2. 20-24 PINS ATX PORT
3. CPU FAN WIRE 3. 4 PINS BRY PORT
4. MOLEX WIRE 4. FOR POWER IN HDD 4 PINS
 MICROPROCESSOR

EVERYTHING ABOUT MICROPROCESSOR

 Main Important Points of CPU

• What is CPU?
• Functions of CPU
• Types of Microprocessor
• Components of CPU
• ALU, CU, MU, Cache Memory
• Register Set (IR, AR, MA)
• Generation of CPU
• Core Technologies
• Hyper threading
• Internal Buses
 Microprocessor

A microprocessor is a multipurpose, programmable logic device that

reads binary instructions from a storage device called memory
accepts binary data as input and processes data according to those
instructions and provides result as output.
• It is known as the brain of the Computer. It is first
priority to run Machine
• It is a chip based structure made up of millions of
transistors and logic gates
• It receives the incoming instructions as input from
Memory or RAM, Proceed it and gives result as
Output
• It is Responsible for the Speed and Capacity to
execute tasks in computer systems
• These Microprocessor are Categorized into 2
different architecture 32 BIT and 64 BIT
• The processor first fetches and instruction from the meain memory
• The instruction is then decoded to determine what action is required to be done.

• Based on instruction the processor fetches, if required, data from main memory or
i/o module.

• The instruction is then executed which may require performing arithmetic or logical
operations on data.

• In addition to execution, CPU also supervises and controls i/o devices. It there is
any request from i/o devices, called interrupt, the CPU Suspends Handling Program.

• Finally the results of an execution may required transfer of data to memory or an

I/O module
 History of CPU

INTEL’S 1st Processor INTEL’S Latest Processor

Intel’s 1st Processor was INTEL 4004 which was designed
for Calculators
Intel’s latest Processor is INTEL i9 10TH Generation
(Socket LGA 2066)

AMD’S 1st Processor

AMD’S Latest Processor
AMD’s 1st Processor was AMD AM9300 which
was designed as Competitor of INTEL
AMD’s latest Processor is RYZEN 9 3000+ Series
(Socket AM4)
MICROPROCESSOR
SOCKETS FOR CPU
 SOCKETS FOR CPU
 According to Structure Sockets are a collection or a Array of Pins which holds Microprocessor.

 Sockets are used to adjust the position of Microprocessor in the Motherboard. These are Categorized
according to the Brands and Version of Microprocessors…

INTEL No. of pins Processor AMD No. of pins Processor

LGA 1151 to 1155 I3, i5 & i7 C Series Socket C32 Opteron

PGA Text Pentium Ryzen 3, 5, 7, Phenom, Athlon &

AM Series AM 1 to 4
Sempron

PPGA Text Text

A Series Socket A462 Duron & Athlon

FC-PGA Text Text

FM Series FM 1 to 2 Trinity & Llano
 Clock Speed :- Clock Speed is a unit to measures the number of instructions
executes by the working microprocessor within a second is called Clock speed.
It is measured in GHz

Cache Memory :- It is Static natured and Quick responsive memory, by

structural it is made up of 6 Transistors and 1 Capacitors in each cell block.
Specifications of CPU

cache Memory are categorized into 3 types L!, L2 and L3

Operating Voltage :- It means how much Power or Voltage a microprocessor

needs to performs tasks.

FSB :- It stands for Front Side Bus. It is a data bus which carries the data from
RAM to Processor and then back processor to RAM as a proceed instruction.
 SPECIFICATION of INTEL
Over Clocking
Over Clocking is the process in which we consume more performance then the processor have. you can Simply Over Clock the Performance
of INTEL Processor up to 4.4 GHz in the latest technology.

HYPERTHREADING
It is a technology developed by INTEL in which a single physical processor can works as two logical processors.

EDB (Execute Disable Bit)

INTEL provides EDB in their processors which makes a protection from the viruses and protect Microprocessor as similar as
AMD’s EVP.

Cores & Threats

INTEL gives 32 Threats of 14 nm technology and 12 Cores in their Latest processor which gives a better experience to the user in multitasking.
This is much more in comparing of AMD.

EIST (Enhanced Intel Speedstep Technology)

EIST is a thermal based technology which enhance the microprocessor performance as per the requirement which the users need while work. It can fluctuate
performance according to needs just like low performance while office works and high performance for gaming and high end purposes it prevents heat and
remove load from processor while we don’t need it.
 SPECIFICATIONS of AMD
Over Clocking

Over Clocking is the process in which we consume more performance then the processor have. you can Simply Over Clock the Performance of AMD Processor up to 4.2 GHz
in the latest technology.

Graphics
AMD provide their processor an onboard GPU which provides Superior Graphics without GPU Unit. We can also play Mid range Games and perform High end works
like Video Rendering.

EVP (Enhanced Virus Protection)

Gaming & Graphics Tasks

AMD provides EVP in their processors which makes an anti malware protection from the viruses and protect Microprocessor.

AMD is Better for Gaming and Media Production Works because it has full control of threats at a time. Which makes High end performance

Cost

AMD is much cheaper then INTEL and also provides a good performance. If you have lower Budget go with AMD.
Secondary memory is also termed as external memory and
refers to the various storage media on which a computer can
store data and programs. The Secondary storage media can
be fixed or removable. Fixed Storage media is an internal
storage medium like hard disk that is fixed inside the
computer.
 Secondary
Memory
Direct
Sequential access
access

Magnetic
tape
Optical
Magnetic
disk
disk

Blue Rays
CD DVD Floppy Magnetic
disk Hard disk
disk disk
• An optical disk is any computer disk that uses optical storage
techniques and technology to read and write data. It is a computer
storage disk that stores data digitally and uses laser beams
(transmitted from a laser head mounted on an optical disk drive)
to read and write data.
1. A Compact Disc, also called a CD is a storage device that are
small plastic discs which store and retrieve computer data or
music using light. Compact Discs replaced floppy disks because
they were faster and could hold more information. The CDs
made floppy disks become obsolete.
• Short for digital versatile disc or digital video disc, a DVD or DVD-
ROM is a disc capable of storing a significant amount more data than
a standard compact disc. DVDs are widely used for storing and
viewing movies and other data. The picture of the Matrix DVD movie
disc is an example of a DVD movie
• The Blu-ray Disc, often known simply as Blu-ray, is a digital
optical disc storage format. It is designed to supersede the
DVD format, and capable of storing several hours of high-
definition video
RAM
 TYPES
OF
MEMORY
RAM
◦RAM stands for RandomAccess
Memory.
◦It gets the word "random" because
information can be accessed in
non-sequential order.
◦Though the data itself is stored
together, it could be anywhere in
the "container" or amount of RAM
available.
 RAM
◦RAM (Random Access Memory) is a type of
memory that computers use to store data
and software to which it needs to access
quickly.
◦It is a volatile memory, that is, the information
stored inside vanishes when the computer is
turned off
Types of RAM

◦SRAM
◦DRAM
 SRAM
• Static RAM is a type of RAM that holds its data without
external refresh, for as long as power is supplied to the
circuit.
• This is contrasted to dynamic RAM (DRAM), which must be
refreshed many times per second in order to hold its data
contents.
• SRAMs are used for a computer's cache memory
 DRAM
• Dynamic RAM is the standard computer memory of
the vast majority of modern desktop computers.
• It is a volatile memory that needs to be refreshed
with voltage regularly, otherwise it loses the
information stored on it.
• Dynamic RAM is also referred to as DRAM. Volatile
means that it loses the information stored on it as
soon as power is withdrawn
 Synchronous DRAM
◦ SDRAM (synchronous DRAM) is a generic name for various kinds of
dynamic random access memory (DRAM) that are synchronized with
the clock speed that the microprocessor is optimized for.
◦ SDRAM is available in DIMM(dual in line memory module)
◦ Clock speed MHz()
 SDRAM
Classification
◦DDR SDRAM
◦DDR2 SDRAM
◦DDR3 SDRAM
◦DDR4 SDRAM
TYPES
OF
RAM
SD RAM classification

SD RAM MAXIMU POWER DENSITY

M I/O CONSUM
SPEED PTION
DDR 266 2.5 V 128 MB
MBPS
DDR2 400 1.8 V 256 MB
MBPS
DDR3 1066 1.5 V 1024 MB
MBPS
DDR4 2133 1.2 V 2133 MB
MBPS
 ROM
◦ Read only memory
◦ Also known as firmware
◦ Data stored in this memory cannot be modified.
◦ Non-volatile memory
◦ ROM usually stores the startup instructions

◦When computer is switched on , the first piece of instruction of a

program accessed by the CPU is BIOS which is a ROM pre-programmed
to start the computer operations
 PROM
◦Programmable read-only memory (PROM), or one-time
programmable ROM (OTP),

◦Empty of data when the chip is manufactured,

◦can be programmed by the user.
◦Once programmed the data cannot be erased.
 EPROM
◦Erasable programmable read-only memory
(EPROM)
◦can be written to or programmed.
◦ can be erased
 EEPROM
◦ Electrically Erasable programmable read-only memory
(EEPROM)
◦ Can be written to or programmed.
◦ can be erased with the help of electrical devices
◦ So data can be easily modified
 Flash Memory
◦Non – volatile memory
◦Can be erase electronically & rewritten, Similar
to EEPROM
◦Most computer use flash memory to hold their
start-up instructions because it allows computer
easily to update its concern
RAM
◦RAM stands for RandomAccess
Memory.
◦It gets the word "random" because
information can be accessed in
non-sequential order.
◦Though the data itself is stored
together, it could be anywhere in
the "container" or amount of RAM
available.
 RAM
◦RAM (Random Access Memory) is a type of
memory that computers use to store data
and software to which it needs to access
quickly.
◦It is a volatile memory, that is, the information
stored inside vanishes when the computer is
turned off
Types of RAM

◦SRAM
◦DRAM
 SRAM
• Static RAM is a type of RAM that holds its data without
external refresh, for as long as power is supplied to the
circuit.
• This is contrasted to dynamic RAM (DRAM), which must be
refreshed many times per second in order to hold its data
contents.
• SRAMs are used for a computer's cache memory
 DRAM
• Dynamic RAM is the standard computer memory of
the vast majority of modern desktop computers.
• It is a volatile memory that needs to be refreshed
with voltage regularly, otherwise it loses the
information stored on it.
• Dynamic RAM is also referred to as DRAM. Volatile
means that it loses the information stored on it as
soon as power is withdrawn
 Cache memory
◦ Cache memory, also called CPU memory, is random access
memory that a
computer microprocessor can access more quickly than it
can access regular RAM.
◦ This memory is typically integrated directly with the CPU
chip or placed on a
separate chip that has a
separate bus interconnect with the CPU.
 Cache
memory
◦ The basic purpose of cache memory is to
store program instructions that are frequently re-referenced
by software during operation.
◦ Fast access to these instructions increases the overall speed of the
software program.
◦ As the microprocessor processes data, it looks first in the cache
memory; if it finds the instructions there (from a previous reading
of data), it does not have to do a more time-consuming reading of
data from larger memory or other data storage devices.
SD RAM classification

SD RAM MAXIMU POWER DENSITY

M I/O CONSUM
SPEED PTION
DDR 266 2.5 V 128 MB
MBPS
DDR2 400 1.8 V 256 MB
MBPS
DDR3 1066 1.5 V 1024 MB
MBPS
DDR4 2133 1.2 V 2133 MB
MBPS
Hard disk Main Point
 What is hard disk
 Hard disk Mechanism
 Types of hard disk
 Hard disk companies
 Disk types
 Partitions management
 Partition tables
 File system
 Formatting
 Track sectors
 Resize Disk
hard disk, also called hard disk drive or hard drive, magnetic storage
medium for a computer. Hard disks are flat circular plates made of
aluminum or glass and coated with a magnetic material. Hard disks for
personal computers can store terabytes (trillions of bytes) of
information.
Hard Disk Companies
 Samsung
 Segate
 Toshiba
 WDC
 Transcend
Disk Management
 Basic
 Dynamic
Hard disk Partitions
 Primary
 Secondary
 Logical
Partitions Table
 MBR
 GPT
File System
 FAT
 NTFS
 REFS
INPUT DEVICES
An input device is a hardware or peripheral device used to
send data to a computer. An input device allows users to
communicate and feed instructions and data to computers for
processing, display, storage and/or transmission.
There are many input devices are...
• Keyboard
• Mouse
• Joy Stick
• Light pen
• Track Ball
• Scanner
• Graphic Tablet
• Microphone
• Magnetic Ink Card Reader(MICR)
• Optical Character Reader(OCR)
• Bar Code Reader
• Optical Mark Reader(OMR)
• IVR
Keyboard
Keyboard is the most common and very popular input
device which helps to input data to the computer. The
layout of the keyboard is like that of traditional typewriter,
although there are some additional keys provided for
performing additional functions.

Keyboards are of two sizes 84 keys or 101/102 keys, but now

keyboards with 104 keys or 108 keys are also available for Windows
and Internet.
Types of keys :

• alphabetic keys (A-Z)

• numeric keys (0-9)
• functions keys ( f1-f12)
• special keys
(Keyboard also contains some special purpose keys such as Enter,
Shift, Caps Lock, Num Lock, Space bar, Tab, and Print Screen.)
• control keys
(These keys provide cursor and screen control. It includes four
directional arrow keys. Control keys also include Home, End,
Insert, Delete, Page Up, Page Down, Control(Ctrl), Alternate(Alt),
Escape(Esc).
Mouse
Mouse is the most popular pointing device. It is a very famous
cursor-control device having a small palm size box with a round ball
at its base, which senses the movement of the mouse and sends
corresponding signals to the CPU when the mouse buttons are
pressed

Advantages
•Easy to use
•Not very expensive
•Moves the cursor faster
than the arrow keys of the
keyboard.
Joystick
Joystick is also a pointing device, which is used to move the cursor
position on a monitor screen. It is a stick having a spherical ball at its
both lower and upper ends. The lower spherical ball moves in a
socket. The joystick can be moved in all four directions.
Light Pen
Light pen is a pointing device similar to a pen. It is used to select a
displayed menu item or draw pictures on the monitor screen. It
consists of a photocell and an optical system placed in a small tube.

•used for digital signature as

well as directly can be write
on screen.
•to use light pen we need
electronic digital plate.
Track Ball
Track ball is an input device that is mostly used in notebook or laptop
computer, instead of a mouse. This is a ball which is half inserted and
by moving fingers on the ball, the pointer can be moved.
Scanner
Scanner is an input device, which works more like a photocopy
machine. It is used when some information is available on paper and
it is to be transferred to the hard disk of the computer for further
manipulation.

scanner capture image which can be

saved in jpeg or pdf format.
now scanner is inbuilt in printer.

Scanner captures images from the source which are then converted
into a digital form that can be stored on the disk. These images can
be edited before they are printed.
Digitizer
Digitizer is an input device which converts analog information into digital
form. Digitizer can convert a signal from the television or camera into a
series of numbers that could be stored in a computer. They can be used by
the computer to create a picture of whatever the camera had been pointed
at.

Digitizer is also known as Tablet or Graphics Tablet as it converts graphics

and pictorial data into binary inputs. A graphic tablet as digitizer is used for
fine works of drawing and image manipulation applications
Microphone
Microphone is an input device to input sound that is then
stored in a digital form.

The microphone is used for various applications such as adding sound

to a multimedia presentation or for mixing music.
Magnetic Ink Card Reader (MICR)
MICR input device is generally used in banks as there are large
number of cheques to be processed every day. The bank's code
number and cheque number are printed on the cheques with a
special type of ink that contains particles of magnetic material that
are machine readable.

This reading process is called Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR).

The main advantages of MICR is that it is fast and less error prone.
Optical Character Reader (OCR)
OCR is an input device used to read a printed text.

OCR scans the text optically, character by character,

converts them into a machine readable code, and stores
the text on the system memory.
Bar Code Readers
Bar Code Reader is a device used for reading bar coded data (data in the
form of light and dark lines). Bar coded data is generally used in labelling
goods, numbering the books, etc. It may be a handheld scanner or may be
embedded in a stationary scanner.

Bar Code Reader scans a bar code image, converts it into an

alphanumeric value, which is then fed to the computer that the bar
code reader is connected to.
Optical Mark Reader (OMR)
OMR is a special type of optical scanner used to recognize the type of
mark made by pen or pencil. It is used where one out of a few
alternatives is to be selected and marked.

It is specially used for checking the answer sheets of examinations

having multiple choice questions.
 WHAT IS SWITCHED MODE POWER SUPPLY (SMPS)?
A SMPS IS A DEVICE USED TO INPUT POWER TO ALL COMPONENTS OF
MOTHERBOARD IT CONTAINS DIFFERENT COLORS WIRES HAVING
DIFFERENT VOLTAGE FOR DIFFERENT COMPONENTS IN CPU
CABINET
 HOW SMPS WORKS
 SURGE
 SAGE
 SPRIKE
 BROWNOUT
 BLACKOUT
 Though UNIX was a powerful operating system available, but it was not suitable
for 8-bit 8086 microprocessor based Personal Computers.
 So there was a need for a small operating system that could work in 640K
memory(RAM).
 DOS was an variant of CP/M (Control Program/Monitor) which ran for the first
time on IBM-PC in 1981.
 It is called so because it resides on Floppy or Hard disk and provides command
level interface between user and the computer hardware.
 The different versions of MS-DOS have evolved over a period of time with
Microsoft introducing new features in each new releases. Starting with MS-
DOS1.1, the latest version was MS-DOS6.22 released in 1994.
 There are various versions of DOS like MS-DOS(Microsoft), PC-DOS(IBM), Apple
DOS, Dr-DOS etc.
 DOS COMMANDS
 CLS  MD
 PROMPT  CD
 COPY CON  RD
 COPY  CD…
 REN  CD\
 DEL  DELTREE
 DIR  TREE
 FIND  FDISK
 DATE  SCANDISK
 TIME  DEFRAG
 MEM  CHKDSK
 EDIT  MOVE
 Operating System is an important system software found almost in
all computers.
 Operating is defined as the program, that instructs the computer
how to work with its various components.
 It helps to manage files and checks the various peripheral devices
such as printers, monitors, etc.
 The operating system itself is a collection of programs, these
programs translate our instructions to the computer's language.
 And then translate the computer's response from computer's
language to the user understandable form.
Characteristics of Operating System
MEMORY MANAGEMENT
Keeps track of the primary memory, i.e. what part of it is in use by
whom, what part is not in use, etc. and allocates the memory when a
process or program requests it.
PROCESSOR MANAGEMENT
Allocates the processor (CPU) to a process and reallocate the processor
when it is no longer required.
DEVICE MANAGEMENT
Keeps track of all the devices. This is also called I/O controller that
decides which process gets the device, when, and for how much time.
FILE MANAGEMENT
Allocates and de-allocates the resources and decides who gets the
resources.
SECURITY
Prevents unauthorized access to programs and data by means of
passwords and other similar techniques.
CONTROL OVER SYSTEM PERFORMANCE
Records delays between the request for a service and from the system.
Types Of Operating System
 Dos
 Windows
 Linux
 Mac
 Solaris
 IOS
 Os2
 Android
 What is Printer?
A Printer is an Output Device which converts the Soft copy into Hard copy. It
converts Digital copy into Physical Copy.

Types of Printers :-

1. Impact Printer :- Impact Printers are those

Printers which have physical contact between the print head, ribbon on
Cartilage and Paper.

2. Non-Impact Printer :- Non-Impact Printers are those

Printers which do not have physical contact between the print head, ribbon
Cartilage and Paper.
Character Printer :- Those Printer Which Print Paper Character Wise ex. typewriter.

Line Printer :- Those Printer Which Print Paper Line Wise ex. Chain, Drum & Band

Page Printer :- Those Printer Which Print Whole Paper at a Time ex. Laser
 Impact Printers
Dot-Matrix Printer
It has an array of pins which helps to print the paper
with tiny Dots ex. Railway Ticket Printer
Speed up to 100 to 600 CPS having 9 to 24 Pins

Line Printer
They are used by Offices where they need to print
data at large scale ex. Poster Drum Printer
Speed up to 1200 to 6000 LPM
 Non-Impact Printers
Ink-Jet Printer
Ink-jet Printer is similar as Dot-Matrix but it doesn’t
have any physical contact with External media. It gives
Printout with the help of Spray Speed up to 250 CPS.

Laser Printer
Laser Printer Which uses Laser Beam and Heated
Toner to produce Printout on a Paper
Speed up to 6000 to 12000 pages per hour
Thermal Printer
A Thermal Printer is one that uses heat to transfer an
Impression into paper types of thermal printer

1. Thermal Wax Transfer Printer – Where a thermal

print head melts ink and transfer with the help of ribbon
onto paper. After cooling the wax is permanent ex. DTDC
Bus Ticket

2. Direct Thermal – Where a printer prints the image by

burning dots onto a coated paper ex. Barcode Generator
 1. Virtual Printer – A Virtual Printer is a simulated device
whose user interface and API are similar to a printer
driver, but the device is not connected with a physical
printer ex. Microsoft XPS Document Writer, Cute PDF
Writer

2. Multi Functional Device(MFD) – It is also known as

all in one Printer. This is a combination of various
functionalities like Printer, Scanner and Photocopy etc.

TIP -
Type SERVICES.MSC in cmd to show the running Printing processes also allow
to restart and stop processess
Types of Connectors in Printers
1. Serial/Com Port – 9 & 25 pins connector

2. Parallel Port - 40 pins connector

3. USB Port – 4 pins connector

4. LAN Port – 8 pins connector

5. Wireless – without connector

Category of Printers based on speed
According to the speed, there are the following categories of printers:-
Serial printers
print one by one character. Their speed is represented in characters per second and can
exceed a few hundred characters per second.
Line printers
simultaneously print all characters in one line. Their speed is represented in lines per
minute, and for non-impact printers, it can exceed several thousand lines a minute.
Page printers
which contain one or more pages buffer memories. Printing is achieved by preparing the
image that will be printed in memory for a whole page, during which the paper is
continuously advanced during printing. The pace could exceed 50,000 lines per minute.
Factors for selecting the appropriate Printer
Multiple factors should be taken into consideration when selecting
a printer. Some of them are as follows –
Cost
Speed
Print Quality
Graphics printing ability
• Software is basically a set of instructions grouped into
programs that make the computer to function in the desired
way.
• It is collection of programs to perform a particular task.
• There are so many different types of software’s available for
different purposes.
• Without the software, we cannot do any task using the
computer.
• Software is usually written in high-level programming
languages that are easier and more efficient for humans to use
than machine language.
System Software
 Systems software is a set of instructions that serves primarily as an
intermediary between computer hardware and application programs, and
may also be directly manipulated by knowledgeable users.
 Systems software provides important self-regulatory functions for computer
systems, such as
 Loading itself when the computer is turned on.
 Managing hardware resources such as secondary storage for all
applications
 Providing commonly used sets of instructions for all applications to use.
 Without using the system software, there may be no computer program that
can run on a computer system.
 So the system software is an important or indispensable part of the
computer system.
Utility Programs
 Utility software is a type of system software designed to help analyze,
config, optimize and maintain the computer.
 Due to this focus, utilities are often rather technical and targeted at people
with an advanced level of computer knowledge.
 Examples of utility software include,
 Virus scanner - to protect the system from viruses.
 Disk defragmenter - to speed up the hard disk.
 System monitor - to look at the current system resources.
 File managers - to add, delete, rename and move files and folders
Application Software
 Application software can be used as a productivity/business
tool; to assist with graphics and multimedia projects.
 Examples of Application Software
 Microsoft Word
 Microsoft PowerPoint
 Macromedia Freehand
 Adobe Photoshop
 CorelDraw