Angular Momentum by Ladder Operators @ The stationary states of the atomic system are labelled by three quantum numbers, n, 1 and mi. The principal quantum number n determines the energy of the state, / and mare related to the angular momentum. @ Also we have a spin orbital angular momentum, ms, should be taking into account if we dealing with more then one particle system ]Classically, the angular momentum of a particle (with respect to the origin) is given by the formula £ =7xp Lessa) = P Lspin= Iw L=rxp radius vector linear from origin momentum Angular Momentum Number of Orbitals ‘Values of m; Quantum Number 2041 me=- € to+l e 0 (s subshell) z 1 (p subshell) 3 | 5 ¥orbital type orbitals —_p orbitals orbitals orbital energy®@ In the Schrodinger representation, use Q.M. operators for © and p, etc. a 7 . Py Sr ae =L =-ih(?xv) if é . =p. —2p, > ~My E-2 ) L=|x y zl> 4, =p, -xp. = -ihe £-x J) Pp. Py P| — L, =xp, -yp, > ihe Z-y J) TA =-ihy Marcin ROR 5 oz oy The corresponding quantum operators are L. =-ihz Lor ite Bo Z ox &z .- Romar mee ets x & ex. bCommutation Relations IL, .L,]=iL., [L,,L.]2ihl. [Debit IL, Ly J=UL, 2, J=[L, 1, 1=0 In general, we can write [Eis |=ine ely &, =+1 for even permutation and —1 for odd permutation &,, =0 any indices same . ».. 1 Even permutation (+1) J Even permutat . \ J b ib kProve: |L,,L, |=ih, [Lx Ly| i [pz — Py, Px- xpz] a [yz 2xl- [ypz, xpz|- [ay, axl [ypy. xpz] = YP2Px— Px¥Pz—(YPzXPz— XPz¥Pz) —(cpyzpx— pxepy)+ (@yxpe—XPzDy) OTE eee yxlP2-2] 0 0 xpylZ Pz] oe since [7.P, J=ing, where 6, = : 7 a J wv lOnif i 7 [Lys Ly]=—ihyp, + ittxpy = itxpy - ypx) — [L_-Ly]= int, Similarly we can prove that [Le Ly} inl; lex r,|= ity; [LzLy]= ihLy _ a BaeCommutation Relations with Z? DP =L. +L +L? In general the operator ESL ob, JL. do not mutually commute. But each of them is commute with L? =2+17+E3 } [e, J-[e4, J-[et. J-o Prove: [L*,L, ]=(L°L, -L,L’) = (L741, +L2)L, -L, (L2 +L; +12) k[ee PEE] Using the rule [A *,B\=4[4,B]+[4,8 lA we get aL, [L, 2. HA, Le i, +14 [ee L, }+ [22 | =-ihL,L, -ihL_L, +ihh_L, +ihl,L, So [2.1, ]=0 similarly [22,2, ]=0 and [12,1. ]=0 [2,2 ]-0For the state 7 =2, find the possible wave function for this state? 1=2, d-state, we have five wave function en to possible mu values, i.e. 2-1),|2 0),J21)]22) P\lm) =" 1(1+1)|l m) we =|£|=Vv6n L_|lm)=nm|I m) £,|2-2)=-2h|2-2)Space-Quantization of Angular Momentum i= 70+) n= nh Je=mh=-— 2 v3 Wie¥ i044) —_— nh Jee mh== 2 W=V i+) & 3h d= mh=— 2The Ladder Operators It is a wonderful algebraic method which allow us to climb up and down in energy Define |Z, =L, +iL, 1-0 Il 2 hobtowr nonL,, isa raising operator, it increase the eigen value of L. by one unit of hi . L_ isa lowering operator, it decreases the eigen value of L_by one unit of h. To find the commutation relation with angular momentum operators: [L. .L.]=[L,.L, iL, ] = [eters ,L, | =ihL, +i (-ihL,)>ihL, th, =th(L, iL, ) [Lala PAL, ee] |. Eoy|= [Lal =0= L, Acton |!) and raise it to an eigen 4 y) An ant 1) function with eigen value higher by 4. complex conjugate Hence L_ is called raising operator (ém|L_ = A,,,(¢m +1) 1, Sea : Pi, 2 ha “(tm|Ltlem=|Aq? EL mil, Weknowthat [_L, =? -aAL,-L Operate on the wave function, we get: LL,|lm)=L?|Im)-hL, |/m)-L2|Im) =1(1+1)h? | m)-m i? |1m)—m7h | m) So |Avn[ =A? (Lm |i (1+1)—m? m1 m)L_|¢m) = B,,|¢m-1) complex conjugate (¢m|L, = Bip(€m -1| 2. (ém|L,L_|ém) =|B,,,|° Weknow that L,L =1+hL,-22 Operate on the wave function, we get: a _|/m)-L? i) =l(1+ eis me [Bin =1? (0m 1 (/-+1)—m? +m|/m)Summary L?|lm)=hl (1 +1)|/m) LL. |1m)=hm|Im) -l The spin quantum number of the particles that make up ordinary matter (protons, neutrons, and electrons), as well as all quarks and all Fermions 1/2h -tlvons s=1/2, with m, | 1/2h x a Eigen value is s+l i= a Proton Neutron > For spin 1/2 , there are two basis wave functions for the two dimensional spin space. 1 " St = \ a5 2 3 i The eigen state is reppagented as: |s m, ) >So 8. =tohy where 7’ is for spin up (projection on the z-axis) and ZY for spin down. > Operators are represented by 2 x 2 matrices. > In order to include the spin in the Schrédinger wave function, we must use the fact that spin coordinates are independent of the configuration space w =V,) (r O. ¢)x” Be nim \P29, Radial and angular spinThe column vectors representing the states are 1 1 F =|2\. eg a For or m, |3) x" =H or |+) (6) Z —- _ (0 -5), x" =x 0 |-)=({) The most general state we can write is a superposition of these basis states Iv) =a|+) + B|-) If the state is normalized, then lal? + [pl? =1 For m, = where |a|? gives the probability of finding the system in the spin-up state |++) and ||? is the probability of finding the system in the spin-down state |—). Using the column vector representations of the basis states, we can write |y) in the compact i =a(5) +6(4)=(5) bi Tewe know that: m,)= I s(s+1)d so, to find the matrix elements of S? operator:1 | These states are orthonormal, and so the inner (+| products between them are | (H)=CH=1 (H)=()=0 In general, the matrix representations of operators in this basis are written in the following way: 7 [a]= ek we) (-|O|+) (-|O|-) Therefore, the matrix representation of Szis given by — ((t1S2|+) (41 S2|-) 13) 41 (- l=(s) Gsi)= Ga iw Cie 3) =F(4 “) )I-) )I-) estsa Caan =m,ho 27 Sy) 3 ae, 7 \o a Using the Ladder Operators to Construct Sx, Sy Reminding ourselves that the ladder operators act in the following way: Ss, s,m,) = hs (s +1)—m, (m, +1) |s,m, +1), For the spin 1/2case wehave _|S,|+)=0, S_|-)=0 For s=1/2, m,=-1/2> S$,|1,-1) or § h x nie 3 = a a 3 i and so we have __ Likewise, we find that enThe column vectors representing the states are 1 1 F all) je ay p For OF at, i) eae |p (4) -3), HL" =H or I-)=(?) The most general state we can write is a superposition of these basis states lv) =a|+) +B If the state is normalized, then For m, = 2 2 lal’ + |B =1 where |a|? gives the probability of finding the system in the spin-up state |+) and ||? is the probability of finding the system in the spin-down state |—). Using the column vector representations of the basis states, we can write |y) in the compact nt W=alt) +Bl-y=a(5) +A (7) = (5)Example: | a 1/2 A particle is in the state lv) == ( f ) V5 \! Find the probabilities of Measuring spin-up or spin-down in the z direction. Solution: We know that the most general state we can write is a superposition of these basis tate ane Iw) =a|+) + BI-) First we expand the state in the standard basis |) : 50) OE) 2 i = lott) 2 ; | ee"To determines the probability of measuring spin-up in the z direction, it is found from computing +1 ¥)P. 22a 2i “Glatt Hlagl) 2P 4 3 (+I w)P -|5 = 7 =08 So a7 =0.8 the probability of measuring spin-down =i 2 =i i 4-13 |4) + C1Z4I-) Ls 2 = e(— =z) = 5702 So pf =0.2 K-1 val (%)(%)-g-02 % #0. Notice that the probabilit es sum to one, as they should.Suppose a spin % particle is in the state y = ae er = v6\ 2 (a) What are the probabilities of getting 2 ang —” if you measure Sz 2 2 (b) What is the expectation value of Sz . ma aids) ae aC) elo) el] or tye 2 vo \o) Vol ve!’ V6 The probabilities of measuring spin-up in the z direction it is found from computing \¢ \z yf. zero rie 2/2 2_1 |-) === —=0.333333 arg ale l) RiaThe probabilities of measuring spin-down in the z direction it is found from comp Kl of - zero Ey URAL) ote Ae V6 v6 vo 6 So f? =0.6666667 wit = 0.6666667 (b) The expectation value of Sz .I“ ————— EE (1): For a particle with spin % , compute in two ways the expectation value of S,,Syand S, where the particle wave function is : a}) V2\2/| 2 (a) Using S_and S, (b) Using the matrix representation. 37 (2): . An electron is in the spin state y =A (3) (a) Determine the normalization constant A. (b) Find the expectation values of S,, Syand S2. (c) Find the uncertainties AS,, AS yand AS,. (d) Confirm that your results are consistent with all three uncertainty principk (ass; > Nis) jutation of ink] ue