Health, Safety & Environment: Hazards During Working Process

VIETNAM OIL AND GAS GROUP
PETROVIETNAM UNIVERSITY
HEALTH, SAFETY & ENVIRONMENT
CHAPTER 1
Hazards during working process
Lecturer : Dr. Huyen Le

E-mail : huyenlt@pvu.edu.vn
Website : www.pvu.edu.vn
Objectives
➢ Define safety & hazard

➢ Identify the importance of safety control
➢ Distinguish bw hazard and risk
➢ Identify common hazards during working process
➢ Identify some hazards in the mining industry and the
petroleum industry
Dr. Huyen Le Health, Safety & Environment 2

Contents
❖ Definitions of safety & hazard
❖ Differences bw hazard & risk
❖ Common hazards during working process
- Physical Agents
- Chemical Agents
- Biological Agents
❖ Occupational health & safety in some industries
- Mining industry
- Petroleum industry

What is safety?
❖ Safety
- Concern for physical injuries possibly experienced by the worker (e.g:
cuts, abrasions, punctures, burns & the crushing of feet or arms)
❖ Health
- Concern for physiological injuries related to illness & debilitation
❖ Welfare
- Concern for psychological conditions, including stress & “burn out”
→ Safety in current industries: worker health + welfare + safety
Source: Erickson 1996, p. 3

What is safety?
❖ Vietnam’s Law on Occupational Health & Safety No.
84/2015/QH13:
“An toàn lao động là giải pháp phòng, chống tác động của các yếu tố nguy
hiểm nhằm đảm bảo không xảy ra thương tật, tử vong đối với con người
trong quá trình lao động”
Source: Luật An Toàn, Vệ sinh Lao Động số 84/2015/QH13, p. 1

What is hazard?
❖ Hazard
- Potential harm or injury (e.g.: asphyxiation)
- Most immediate precursor to harm or injury (e.g.: engulfment)
→ Any aspect of a workplace (e.g.: physical structure, process, procedure,
material…) can pose various hazards
Text source: Erickson 1996

Figure source: Safety-label n.d.

Practical question
❖ Discuss hazards in the class/university

Hazard vs Risk
nguy cơ rủi ro
nguy cơ có thể tiềm ẩn tổn hại chấn thương

❖ Hazard: a possible (or potential) harm or injury (or an
immediate precursor to harm or injury)
→ inherent within a substance or situation
❖ Risk: probability that a person will experience a specific
hazard in reality
→ inherent within a person’s actual exposure to a substance
or situation

Common hazards during working process
Physical Agents
Sonic & ultrasonic sound, including continuous &

Temperature intermittent (impact) noise
Acoustic Radiation Heat & cold stress
Magnetic flux densities, including those having influence

Physical Impact on implanted medical devices & ferromagnetic tools
Visible light, lasers, radiofrequency/microwave radiation,

Electromagnetic Radiation ultraviolet radiation, & x-rays
Ergonomic Stress Radionuclides & radiation ( )
Stress associated with mechanical tensions in musculo-

Radioactivity skeletal system
Magnetic Radiation Mechanical impact that exerts physical force on the body

Physical Agents
Sonic & ultrasonic sound, including continuous &

Acoustic Radiation intermittent (impact) noise
Temperature Heat & cold stress
Magnetic flux densities, including those having influence

Magnetic Radiation on implanted medical devices & ferromagnetic tools
Visible light, lasers, radiofrequency/microwave radiation,

Electromagnetic Radiation ultraviolet radiation, & x-rays
Radioactivity Radionuclides & radiation ( )
Stress associated with mechanical tensions in musculo-

Ergonomic Stress skeletal system
Physical Impact Mechanical impact that exerts physical force on the body

Electromagnetic radiation
Lasers
Radiofrequency/microwave
radiation
X-rays
UV radiation
Source: Dunham 2007; Health Care Culminating n.d.; SPIE 2010; Weaver 2016
❖ Modern industries: increasing use of high- and ultrahigh-
frequency electromagnetic fields (e.g.: high-frequency
generators, radiation antennas, wave transmission lines,
condensers…)
Text source: Thai 2013

Photo source: Zemat n.d.
❖ Impacts of high- & ultrahigh-frequency electromagnetic fields
➢ Thermal impact:
- Living tissues affected by electromagnetic fields → their ions have
thermal movement & create high-frequency electric currents → negative
impact on activities of body systems (most on poorly adjusting organs
(eyes, liver))
➢ Special impact:
- Change conditional reactions, blood pressure, heart rhythm & breathing
rhythm → insomnia, headache, unreasonable tiresome, hot-
temperedness
→ loss of labour capacity (prolonged exposure)
Source: Thai 2013

Chemical Agents
Agents Presenting Physical Risk
Irritant Vapors displace air & thereby cause suffocation
Pyrophoric Burns when subjected to 1000F < t0 < 2000F
Flammable Chemically burns living tissue on contact
Explosive Suddenly releases pressure, gas & heat when ignited
Corrosive Burns when subjected to t0 < 1000F
A non-corrosive material that causes itching, soreness or

Asphyxiant inflammation of exposed skin, eyes or mucous membranes
Combustible Ignites spontaneously in air at t0 <= 1300F

Chemical Agents
Agents Presenting Physical Risk
Asphyxiant Vapors displace air & thereby cause suffocation
Combustible Burns when subjected to 1000F < t0 < 2000F
Corrosive Chemically burns living tissue on contact
Explosive Suddenly releases pressure, gas & heat when ignited
Flammable Burns when subjected to t0 < 1000F
A non-corrosive material that causes itching, soreness or

Irritant inflammation of exposed skin, eyes or mucous membranes
Pyrophoric Ignites spontaneously in air at t0 <= 1300F

Chemical Agents
Agents Presenting Health Risk
Terratogen Causes cancer
Causes changes in genetic information that is inherited

Toxic from generation to generation
Causes life-threatening damage to tissues or internal

Sensitizer organs in very small amounts
Causes allergic reactions after repeated exposures, with

Poison possibly severe or even life-threatening consequences
Carrinogen Causes malformation of the developing fetus

Mutagen organs, but in amounts > a poison

Chemical Agents
Agents Presenting Health Risk
Carrinogen Causes cancer
Causes changes in genetic information that is inherited

Mutagen from generation to generation

Poison organs in very small amounts
Causes allergic reactions after repeated exposures, with

Sensitizer possibly severe or even life-threatening consequences
Terratogen Causes malformation of the developing fetus

Toxic organs, but in amounts > a poison

Toxic
❖ H2S
- A strong toxic neurological substance, colorless, heavier than air, having
a rotten egg smell at low concentrations
➢ Sources
- In oil & gas formations; during the drilling & production, collection,
transportation & storage stages; at refinery factories, industrial zones,
farms or construction sites; in garbage bins, landfills & recycling sites
- In some soil and rock layers (mainly limestone) → H2S may exist &
accumulate in underground mining, while constructing underground
works, digging wells & seismic holes
Source: Thai 2013, pp. 107, 108

Toxic
❖ H2S
➢ Effects
- Increasing level of H2S → eyes feel burnt, turn red & become swell
- Paralyse respiratory organs, destruct the nervous system at the most
sensitive positions
- Kill people immediately at high concentrations
Source: Thai 2013

Toxic
❖ Hg
- Released from geological deposits by heat & pressure, and then migrated to oil
& gas traps as vapour
- Cooling of processed fluids → liquid mercury condense in heat exchangers,
separators, coolers, valves & piping
- Disassembling such equipment for maintenance or repair → Exposure to
mercury vapour
Text source: ILO 2017, p. 20

Figure source: Shutterstock n.d.

Toxic
❖ Aromatic hydrocarbons
Toluene Xylene Benzene
- Paralyse erythrocytes & destruct the activities of cerebral erythrocytes
Text source: Thai 2013, p. 114

Figure source: Chemistry 2019; Study n.d.; Viena Chemicals n.d.

Biological Agents
Disease causing organisms that may be transmitted
Bloodborne Pathogens through blood & other blood-related bodily fluids of
infected persons
Infectious diseases that may be transmitted by means
Other Pathogens other than the bodily fluids of infected persons (e.g.: water,
air, food)

Bloodborne Pathogens
HIV HBV
HCV
Source: Family Doctor 2018; Medical News Today 2017; OnHealth 2017
❖ HIV (human immunodeficiency virus)
- Cause of one of humanity’s deadliest & most persistent epidemics
- A virus that attacks cells that help the body fight infection → people
more vulnerable to other infections & diseases
- If left untreated → AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome).
- No existence of an effective HIV cure but HIV medicine can help stop
the progression of the disease.
Source: Asfahl & Rieske 2010, p. 44; HIV n.d.

❖ HIV (human immunodeficiency virus)
➢ Worldwide threat:
- 74.9 mil people infected with HIV (end 2018)
- 32.0 mil people died from AIDS-related illnesses (end 2018)
➢ Occupational exposure
- Contacting with a potentially contaminated needle or sharp instrument /
chapped, abraded skin / mucous membranes
Source: UNAIDS n.d.; WHO n.d., p. 470

❖ HBV (hepatitis B virus)
- Attack the liver, causing both acute & chronic disease
- Most commonly transmitted from mother to child during birth & delivery
OR through contacting with blood or other body fluids
- Can be prevented by vaccines
Source: WHO 2019

❖ HBV (hepatitis B virus)
- 257 mil people chronically infected with HBV (2015)
- 887 000 people died, mostly from cirrhosis & hepatocellular carcinoma
(2015)
- Contacting with blood or other potentially infectious materials
Source: OSHA 2011; WHO 2019

❖ HCV (hepatitis C virus)
- Cause both acute & chronic hepatitis
- Most commonly transmitted through contacting with small quantities of
blood
- A main cause of liver cancer
- No effective vaccine against hepatitis C
Source: WHO 2019

❖ HCV (hepatitis C virus)
- 71 mil people chronically infected with HCV (2019)
- 399 000 people died, mostly from cirrhosis & hepatocellular carcinoma
- Low transmission rate: 1.9% per exposure

9–37% per exposure (HBV-infected source patients)
0.32% per exposure (HIV-infected source patients)
Source: Naggie et al. 2017, p. 92

Occupational health & safety
in some industries

Mining industry
❖ Underground mining
➢ Physical hazards
- Noise
- Heat and cold stress
➢ Safety hazards
- Falling materials (eg: Collapse of a mine shaft in Lo Son commune, Tan
Lac district, Hoa Binh province (2015) → 1 death & 2 people missing,
possibly caught at 700m below the shaft mouth)
- Slips, trips and falls
➢ Mine fires
- Fuels (coal seams) + O2 (ventilation) +
heat (electrical machines, equipment…)
→ Fire triangle Text source: ILO 2009; Thanh Nien 2015
Photo source: Groff Engineering 2018

Mining industry
❖ Opencast mines
➢ Tailings dams and lagoons
- Tailings: chemically similar to the parent mined material but properties
greatly changed due to process reagents, water evaporation &
weathering
- Tailings dam bursts → Release of potentially toxic sludge & mine waste
➢ High walls, tips or soil
dumps
- High walls – enormous energy
in the rock mass
- Tips – leftover mining material,
usually in large quantities
→ Collapse → disastrous
Text source: ILO 2018
consequences Photo source: Anglo American n.d.
Petroleum industry
❖ Offshore exploration & production (E&P) operations
- Illnesses from exposure to geographical & climatic elements
- Personal injury
- Psychological stress from traveling long distances over water, physical
isolation of exploratory sites, extended work periods required
- Seasickness & drowning
Text source: ILO 2017, pp. 16, 17

Photo source: Sumitomo Corporation n.d.
Petroleum industry
❖ Refining & petrochemical
➢ Hazardous chemicals
- Oil split into component streams – hazardous themselves & so are
additives
➢ Confined spaces
- Complicated collection of tanks, reactors, vessels & ducts combined
with hazardous chemicals & emissions in enclosed areas → multiplied
hazards
Text source: ISHA n.d.

Photo source: Vietnamnet 2019

Quiz
❖ Which of the following is NOT the high- or ultrahigh-frequency
radiation source?
A. X-rays
B. UV radiation
C. condensers
D. power lines
Source: Arpansa n.d.

Questions for presentation
1. What are safety measures for E&P operations?
Suggested reference:
OSHA n.d., ‘Safety Hazards Associated with Oil and Gas Extraction
Activities’, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, viewed 9
February 2020,
<https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/oilgaswelldrilling/safetyhazards.html>
2. What are safety measures in oil refineries?

Suggested reference:
Johns, DSJ 2008, ‘Chapter 15: Refinery safety measures and handling of
hazardous materials’, in DSJ Johns & PR Pujadó (eds.), Handbook of
Petroleum Processing, Springer, Dordrecht.

Summary
❖ Definitions of safety & hazard
❖ Distinguish hazard from risk
❖ Common hazards during working process
- Physical Agents
- Chemical Agents
- Biological Agents
❖ Occupational health & safety in some industries
- Mining industry
- Petroleum industry

References
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References for next lecture
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❖ TOHS n.d., ‘Custom Fit Molded Earplugs’, viewed 3 February 2020,
<http://www.tohs.co.nz/custom-fit-molded-ear-plugs/>

❖ Worksafegear n.d., ‘Hearing protection’, viewed 4 February 2020,
<https://worksafegear.com.au/ppe/hearing-protection>

VIETNAM OIL AND GAS GROUP
PETROVIETNAM UNIVERSITY
CHAPTER 1
Thank you!
Lecturer : Dr. Huyen Le

E-mail : huyenlt@pvu.edu.vn
Website : www.pvu.edu.vn

Health, Safety & Environment: Hazards During Working Process

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Health, Safety & Environment: Hazards During Working Process

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VIETNAM OIL AND GAS GROUP

HEALTH, SAFETY & ENVIRONMENT

Lecturer : Dr. Huyen Le

➢ Define safety & hazard

Dr. Huyen Le Health, Safety & Environment 2

Dr. Huyen Le Health, Safety & Environment 3

Source: Erickson 1996, p. 3

Source: Luật An Toàn, Vệ sinh Lao Động số 84/2015/QH13, p. 1

Dr. Huyen Le Health, Safety & Environment 5

Text source: Erickson 1996

Dr. Huyen Le Health, Safety & Environment 6

❖ Discuss hazards in the class/university

Dr. Huyen Le Health, Safety & Environment 7

nguy cơ có thể tiềm ẩn tổn hại chấn thương

Source: Erickson 1996, p. 14

Sonic & ultrasonic sound, including continuous &

Acoustic Radiation Heat & cold stress

Magnetic flux densities, including those having influence

Visible light, lasers, radiofrequency/microwave radiation,

Ergonomic Stress Radionuclides & radiation ( )

Stress associated with mechanical tensions in musculo-

Source: Erickson 1996, p. 17

Sonic & ultrasonic sound, including continuous &

Temperature Heat & cold stress

Magnetic flux densities, including those having influence

Visible light, lasers, radiofrequency/microwave radiation,

Radioactivity Radionuclides & radiation ( )

Stress associated with mechanical tensions in musculo-

Source: Erickson 1996, p. 17

Text source: Thai 2013

Source: Thai 2013

Dr. Huyen Le Health, Safety & Environment 13

Agents Presenting Physical Risk

Irritant Vapors displace air & thereby cause suffocation

Pyrophoric Burns when subjected to 1000F < t0 < 2000F

Flammable Chemically burns living tissue on contact

Explosive Suddenly releases pressure, gas & heat when ignited

Corrosive Burns when subjected to t0 < 1000F

A non-corrosive material that causes itching, soreness or

Combustible Ignites spontaneously in air at t0 <= 1300F

Source: Erickson 1996, p. 17

Agents Presenting Physical Risk

Asphyxiant Vapors displace air & thereby cause suffocation

Combustible Burns when subjected to 1000F < t0 < 2000F

Corrosive Chemically burns living tissue on contact

Explosive Suddenly releases pressure, gas & heat when ignited

Flammable Burns when subjected to t0 < 1000F

A non-corrosive material that causes itching, soreness or

Pyrophoric Ignites spontaneously in air at t0 <= 1300F

Source: Erickson 1996, p. 17

Agents Presenting Health Risk

Terratogen Causes cancer

Causes changes in genetic information that is inherited

Causes life-threatening damage to tissues or internal

Causes allergic reactions after repeated exposures, with

Carrinogen Causes malformation of the developing fetus

Causes life-threatening damage to tissues or internal

Source: Erickson 1996, p. 18

Agents Presenting Health Risk

Carrinogen Causes cancer

Causes changes in genetic information that is inherited

Causes life-threatening damage to tissues or internal