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Load Flow Study
Load Flow Study
Load Flow Study
ETAP 14
Topics 3Ph & 1Ph Power Goals Load & Gen Study Case Main & Subs
Convergence
Steps Categories & Toolbars Connections
Non-Linear
Objectives Generation Global Panel
PF Iterative OPF
Operation Modes Adjustments Schedule
Methods
3-Phase
Per Unit Data Lumped
Capabilities Alerts 2-Phase
Requirements Load
1-Phase
Result
Exercise 1&2 IEEE Example
Analyzer
Exercise 3
Blue – PowerPoint Orange - ETAP
Gen1
4997.8
-j270.9
Bus3
Cable1
6 %
99.5
Bus1
796.9 -697.8 796.9 796.9 848.5 848.5 793 793 j892.1
j330.5 j289.4 j330.5 -j330.5 j525.9 -j525.9 j594.8 -j594.8
Gen1
209.4
-99.9%
Bus3
Cable1
6 %
209.4 99.5
Bus1 -99.9%
36.3 -31.7 36.3 36.3 41.9 41.9 41.7 41.7 37.5
92.4% -92.4% 92.4% -92.4% 85% -85% 80% -80% 0%
Base calculations
kVA B
IB
3kVB
(kVB ) 2
ZB
M VAB
X
Z pu x pu
X pu R R pu
X
2
X
1 R
R
% Loading Reports
Loads Rated kVA
X/R = 12.14
“n” stands for new & “O” stands for old values
2
o VB S Bn
2
13.8 100
o
Z n
pu Z pu n o (5.33 10 3 j 0.06478) (0.1115 j1.3538)
VB B
S 13.5 5
%Z 100 Zpu 11.15 j135.38
V 1 V1 1
V 2 V2 2
S V I P jQ
V V2 V1 V2 V2
2
1 Sin(1 2 ) j Cos (1 2 )
X X X
V1 V2
P Sin(1 2 )
X
V1 V2
2
V2
Q Cos(1 2 )
X X
Load Flow Analysis ©2015 ETAP PROPRIETARY & CONFIDENTIAL
Load Flow Concept
Decoupled Systems: Gen1
U1
1.7 % 1.7 %
Bus1 j1.054 100 Bus2 j1.054 100
1.7 0 de 1.7 0 de
j1.054 g j1.054 g
LUMP1 T1 LUMP2
U2 Gen2
%
3.26 101 0.162 %
Bus3
j78.735 Bus4 -j75.854 100
1.707 1.554 0 de 1.7
j1.058 j77.677
g 0 de
j1.054
g
LUMP3 LUMP4
T2
U3 Gen3
% %
1339.5 100 Bus6
1331.5
100
Bus5 j91.184 -j144.6
1.7 1337.8 10 d 1.7 0 de
j1.054 j90.13 eg j1.054 g
LUMP6
LUMP5 T3
Load Flow Analysis ©2015 ETAP PROPRIETARY & CONFIDENTIAL
Load Flow Concept
• Power transfer between two buses in per unit
Power Flow
1 1
( V E)
sin 0
X
2
( V E)
co s V
X X
2
2
0
Real Power Flow
Reactive Power Flow
Goals
Steps
Non-Linear Solution
Solution Methods
Requirements
Load Types
PV, PQ Elements
Output:
Voltage magnitude and angle at all buses
Power flows on all the branches including power factors
Losses on all branches
Non-Linear System
• Calculation Process
Iterative Calculation
Assume Load Voltage “VR”
(Initial Conditions)
Assume VR
Calculate the Current “I” Calc: I = Sload / VR
Based on Current Calc: Vd = I * Z
Calculate Voltage Drop “Vd” Re-Calc VR = Vs - Vd
Re-Calculate Load Voltage “VR”
Re-use “VR” until results are within the specified precision
Example-B1
Example-B2
Overview
Generator Operation Modes
Renewable Energy
Motor Operation
Generic Loads
Invertors & Chargers
UPS
Equipment Limits
Loading Governor
@60Hz Set Point
0% A
25% B
50% C
75% D
100% E
Voltage Control
Governor in Droop Mode
Automatic Voltage Regulator
Mvar Control
Governor in Droop Mode
Fixed Field Excitation (no AVR action)
PF Control
Governor in Droop Mode
AVR Adjusts to Power Factor Setting
Generator Characteristics
Operating
Exciter Governor
Modes
P Q V δ°
Voltage
Control √ X √ X AVR Droop
Mvar (PF)
Control √ √ X X Fixed Droop
IEEE Example
Example-B3
+ - Supply P, Absorb Q
- + Absorb P, Supply Q
- - Absorb P & Q
+ - Absorb P, Supply Q
- + Supply P, Absorb Q
- - Supply P & Q
• Scenario Parameters:
System (Network, CSD, UGS)
Presentation
Revision
Configuration
Study Mode
Study Type
Study Case
Output Report
Load Flow Analysis ©2015 ETAP PROPRIETARY & CONFIDENTIAL
Wizards
• Study:
Create new study macro / copy
existing study macros
Run study macro based on the
order of selected scenarios
• Study Parameters:
Add an existing scenario to end of
the list
Insert an existing scenario in
between the list
Reorder the scenario list
Activate/deactivate certain
scenarios
Create selective pause between
the scenario runs
Load Flow Analysis ©2015 ETAP PROPRIETARY & CONFIDENTIAL
Wizards
• Project:
Create new project macro / copy
existing project macros
Run project macro based on the
order of selected study macros
• Project Parameters:
Add an existing project macro to
end of the list
Insert an existing project macro in
between the list
Reorder the study macro list
Activate/deactivate certain studies
Create selective pause between
the study macro runs
Panel Boards:
• They are a collection of branch circuits feeding system
loads
• Panel System is used for representing power and
lighting panels in electrical systems
Advantages:
1. Easier Data Entry
2. Concise System
Representation
• Pin Assignment:
Pin 0 is the top pin of the panel
ETAP allows up to 24 external load connections
Assumptions:
• Vrated (internal load) = Vrated (Panel Voltage)
• Note that if a 1-Phase load is connected to a 3-Phase
panel circuit, the rated voltage of the panel circuit is
(1/√3) times the rated panel voltage
• The voltage of L1 or L2 phase in a 1-Phase 3-Wire panel
is (1/2) times the rated voltage of the panel
• There are no losses in the feeders connecting a load to
the panel
• Static loads are calculated based on their rated voltage
Load LoadB
Therefore, for load connected between phases B and C: For load connected to phase B
SC = VC.IC
PC = VC.IC.cos (θ + 30)
QC = VC.IC.sin (θ + 30)
• Info Page:
NEC Selection
A, B, C from top to bottom or
left to right from the front of the
panel
• Rating Page:
Intelligent kV Calculation
If a 1-Phase panel is connected to a 3-Phase bus
having a nominal voltage equal to 0.48 kV, the
default rated kV of the panel is set to (0.48/1.732
=) 0.277 kV
• Schedule Page:
Objective Function:
2n
AllBuses
Vi Vi ,avg
Voltage Security Index
i dVi
Where ,
2n
AllBranches
Si
Line Flow Security Index i
Si
Where , dSi is the line rating
Constraints:
• Open LF-Example-A3
• Follow instructions in LF-Example-A3.PDF