Elite Batch 2012

Lecture #1 cement
retained FDP
fixed dental
prosthesis screw
retained FDP
dental
prosthesis friction
retained FDP Definitive RPDs:
complete Final and lasting RPDs that is
RDP made mainly from Co-Cr alloy.
Removable
dental Temporary RPDs
prosthesis Partial RDP
mainly made from acrylic resin

1) interim 2) Transitional 3) Therapeutic

-When you have treatment now transition between status we place something
and further treatment later on you want to transit the in RPD that activates
-Waiting between treatment. (not patient gradually to a new the teeth and the
all treatments are done status (extraction or getting tissue until it
immediately) used to removable) resolves.

classifying the RPDs by describing the area of the missing teeth (type of support ) :

Bounded saddle RPD, Tooth born Free end saddle RPD, Tooth-mucosa
support supported

Supporting structures It take Half of the support from the

 Tooth tooth and half from the saddle itself .
 Periodontal ligaments Functional forces are transmitted
 Alveolar bone through
abutment teeth & mucosa to bone.

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irregularities on the occlusal plane causes:

1) difficulty in chewing
2) teeth over eruption ;; will cause roots to be Treatment Options Partial
exposed , and will lead to occlusal trauma Edentulism
3) teeth loss 1) No Replacement
4) spaces in between that the patient cannot clean 2) Fixed Partial Denture (FPD)
5) pain and problems in TMJ 3) Removable Partial Denture
6) periodontal disease , caries activity , more plaque (RPD)
accumulation , sometimes Candida infection under 4) Implant crowns/FPD
partial denture 5) Extractions & Complete Denture
Treatment Options:
1) No Replacement indications
1 ) Shortened Dental Arch(SDA)  all premolars are present and their
opposing are present as well ,
no significant difference in chewing and comfort
short dental arch = only 20 teeth
- Require Anterior teeth + 4-6 occlusal units
- Opposing PM’s = 1 occlusal unit
- Opposing PM’s = 2 occlusal units
- Symmetric loss need 4 units
- Assymetric loss need 6 units

2) Fixed Partial Denture (FPD)

The rule is : the number of roots of the abutments should be equal or larger than missing teeth

3) Removable Partial Denture (RPD)

Indication of RPD
- Long-span saddles, 4 or more missing
- Distal end saddle (extension base)
- Need for cross-arch stabilization
- Physical or emotional problems
-Esthetics, as when replacing soft tissue and bone.
-Immediate replacement
- Patients desires- Unfavorable maxillomandibular relationship
- To replace several teeth in the same quadrant or in both quadrants of the same arch.
- As a temporary replacement for missing teeth in a child.
- To replace missing teeth for patients who do not want a fixed bridge or implants.
- For the patient who finds it easier to maintain good oral hygiene.

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- To serve as a splint to support periodontally involved teeth, when there is excessive

bone loss
contraindications of RPD
- a lack of suitable teeth in the arch to support, stabilize and retain the removable prosthesis
- rampant caries
- severe periodontal conditions that threaten the remaining teeth in the arch
- a lack of patient acceptance for esthetic reason
- chronic poor oral hygiene with no motivation to improve oral condition
4) Implant crowns/FPD
5) Extractions & Complete Denture
Indications :
- The patient is edentulous
- The remaining teeth cannot be saved
- The remaining teeth cannot support a removable partial denture , and no
acceptable alternatives are available
- The patient refuses alternative treatment recommendations

Lecture #2
*Types of partial denatures ( according to the shapes) :
1- spoon denture : because it originally has the shape of spoon. It has
another name such as flipper.
* It is indicated in one missing tooth.
* are contraindicated in :
a- more than one missing tooth .
b- very deep hard palate.
* have some problems such as weakness & easily broken & don’t have any clasps so it is easily swallowed
by the patient .

2- modified spoon denture :

If the denture needs more support we use this type It extends to teeth . It is indicated in one missing
tooth.

3- full palatal coverage

if multiple teeth are missing. Because spoon denture is only for one or two
missing teeth. If more than that we have to do a full palatal coverage and add the
teeth to them

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4- avery denture
*More than one missing teeth
* Used to replace anterior & posterior bilateral missing teeth
*We add to it a final clasp just engaging the last tooth which uncovers the
gingiva around the margins
*it has an open design in the saddle area (the contact with the natural teeth is
very minimal, only a point contact with the teeth to reduce lateral forces)
*we add wires posteriorly because we don’t want the tooth shifting posteriorly.
It holds the last tooth in place. And the flanges add in the resistance and
Support.

*acrylic denture base prostheses :

have their own advantages and
disadvantages. Some problems with these prostheses are difficult to address, such as
insertion in undercut areas, brittleness of methyl methacrylate which leads to
fracture, and allergy to methyl methacrylate monomer.

*nylon-derived denture :
Flexible dentures are an excellent alternative to conventionally used methyl
methacrylate dentures, which not only provide excellent aesthetics and comfort but
also adapt to the constant movement and flexibility in partially edentulous patients.
It still has a hazard to swallow, but with less harmful of intestinal injury by wires ;
because it is flexible .

*Classification of the clasps

1- According to metal types:

Wrought wire either from gold alloy or stainless steel .
2-According to approaching :
Occlusal approaching clasp (suprabulge direct retainers)
3- According to action of the clasp:
- Stress breaking like action

*Contact of the clasp with the tooth:

1- Line of contact:
mainly with wrought wire clasps which give the following advantages;

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a- Minimum friction to tooth surface

b- Highly flexible
c-Suitable for cases that need more clasps
d- Easy in construction
e - Posses an stress bearing area

2- Area of contact :with rounded wire clasp

This type of clasp less caries sustibtability due cover less area on the tooth surface
3- Point of contact :
all parts of the clasp (retentive arm ) buccally.

*Which factors determine the number of visits needed to prepare an RPD ?

1- number of missing teeth

2- the status of occlusion (main criteria) .
3- presence of free end saddle.
good occlusion , no free end saddle & few number of missing teeth ;
-so one visit is enough.
-More number of missing teeth__ more visits are needed
-Transitional RPD need more visits ; coz we replace the missing teeth one by
one.
Appointment Sequencing for a Partial Denture

*Appointment 1: Records
1-Updated health and dental history
2-Prophylaxis.
3-Preliminary impressions.
4-Radiographs.
5-Photographs.

*Appointment 2: Preparation
1-Prepare the teeth.
2-Take the final impression.
3-Take the occlusal registration.
4-Select the shade and mold of the teeth.
5-Prepare the laboratory prescription.

*Appointment 3: Try-in
-Evaluate the fit, comfort, and function of the appliance.
-Evaluate the shade, mold, and arrangement of the teeth.

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-Take new occlusal registration.

-Note any changes on the laboratory prescription.

(The hidden work really is lab work ; so you as a dentist must write good

laboratory prescription , you write to the technician exactly what to do.)

1- when impression comes to lab the technician pours it .
2- sometimes we need a secondary cast
3- we begin to do a wax rim if there is a free end saddle
4- we need mounting & bite registration if it is free end saddle.
5- Wire bending
6- Processing
7- Delivery
If it is bounded saddle we don’t do :
1- wax rim
2- mounting
3- bite registion
We immediately bend the wire then processing then delivery ; so one lab only.

*Flipper denture fabrication ( spoon denture)

-Wax Method:
-Most of the removable partial dentures have acrylic
resin denture bases and acrylic resin artificial teeth
-Acrylic resin base that extends into interproximal areas
provide retention for the prosthesis
-Ball claps consist of a ball of solder on the end of a piece
of wrought wire.

We use that for transitional RPD & treatment RPD. Such as: elderly patient have candidal
infection (before we use it, we line the biting surface by tissue conditioner ).
Wires used are 0.7mm for molars & 0.6mm for premolars.
we bend a wire as a shape of clasp if there are undercuts (permanent teeth) , but in young
patients , there is no undercut we shift to adam‘s clasp (deciduous teeth)
If we have a good skill , we do a rest to stabilize the tooth , we can add it mesially or distally
The doctor said that she wouldn’t put it mesially because the tooth is tilted mesially . She
would put it distally to put back the tooth in place. The rest on the long term will be seating
the tooth in place. So, it is a good idea to put it away from the tilt not around the tilt

But whenever using a clasp , acrylic should stay in here ;1- I have an undercut and the clasp
is coming in and out. Each time it comes in and out it moves the tooth, so I need something

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else to resist the movement of the tooth from the other side. We call this
reciprocating . Reciprocating and bracing element is the acrylic itself

*Rules of wire bending

1- wire adaptation
2- close to the tooth
3- away from gingival margin
4- beneath the undercut
5- away from the tooth proximally
6- I should add block out material

What we do after wire bending :

Add the base plate
Add the wax to do wax registration
Add teeth
Do bite registration ( in the case of bilateral free

end saddle)
Do flasking procedure
Sometimes we need adjustment in the clinic by burs.

mistakes
1- acrylic is away
2- wire isn’t correctly bend
3- if the denature is very small
4- if it is done incorrectly ( such as: inaccurate impression)

results
1- gingival ovregrowth
2- the denture will fracture
3- the patient will swallow it
4- it will lead to candidal infection

*Home Care Instructions for a Partial Denture

1- Store prosthesis in water or a moist airtight container
when not wearing it.
2-After eating, remove from mouth and brush or rinse the
retainers, rests, and complete partial.
3-Brush and floss abutment teeth and natural teeth to
keep them free of food debris and plaque.
4-Advise the patient not to adjust the partial denture.

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Lecture #3
Biomechanical principles

1. Support
2. Retention
3. Stability (Resistance form)
The upper 3 points are related to complete and partial dentures
4. Maintaining dental, gingival and periodontal health: we need to protect the gingival and
periodontal tissues and to protect teeth from caries

Forces in the oral cavity:

*Functional (normal) non-functional ( pathological &

physiological problems
Mastication-chewing Bruxism
Gravity Clenching
Tongue movements Nail biting
during speech Hard object biting- as seeds,
movement pipe, instruments.
Cheek pressure Premature dental contact as:
High fillings, crowns.
Biting on hard food-rock
Tongue thrust
Harsh hygiene practices
- If the forces exceed the ability of tolerance, they become potentially destructive which
considered as a pathological change
- First force that we have to resist is the natural forces that coming from mastication or from
regular using of the mouth, because:
1) The number of teeth remaining.
2) The quality of RPD itself.
- How do forces become harmful??
If they change from normal by changing:
1) Magnitude (mouth force) 2) direction 3) duration 4) frequency
- If RPD is present, it may change the amount and direction of force exerted on teeth and
tissue.
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Un-wanted movement in RPD:

The RPD are not rigidly connected to the teeth or tissues, which means they are
subject to movement in response to functional loads.
Gravity pulling upper RPD down.
Sticky food pulling both upper and lower dentures away from their seating.
 Occlusal forces moving the distal extension bases towards tissue are subject to movement
in response.

-So, for protecting the tissue, we need to select RPD design and the location of its component
and make sure that everything is in harmony with the occlusion.
-in the term of support if we have more than 4 teeth missing, they will cause some forces to
be exerted on the residual ridge
-We have tooth support and tooth tissue support for free end saddle, and mucosal support for
temporary RPD
-when we have a long span class 3 or 4 because of the large number of missing teeth , we
adapt it by major connector and rests, and these provide some types of resistance or
support.
-support components-resist occlusal forces:
1) 1. Rigid connectors
Major connector Promotes cross-arch force transmission (contributes to cross arch
stability and support).
Minor connectors Transfer forces to and from abutment teeth.
2) Maxillary major connectors incorporate horizontal hard palate coverage to provide muco-
osseos support as required.
3. Direct retainer designs for control of forces minimize horizontal forces on abutment teeth.
4. Rests provide dento-alveolar support

Un-wanted movements act as Levers in mechanics:

1. Class 1: the most famous unwanted movement is the movement of the distal extension of
the free end saddle.
2. Gravity
3. Long span in bounded saddle has some movements in the mucosa.
But when the denture moves, it has a way to move, this way is called Fulcrum line effect
The fulcrum line:
It's the center of rotation as the distal extension base moves toward the supporting tissue, when an occlusal
load is applied.

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5. Denture base extension provides muco-osseous support:

Maximum soft tissue coverage is limited by movable tissues (i.e. snowshoe effect).
Coverage of primary force hearing areas: - Posterior maxillary ridge
-buccal shelf - Pear-shaped pad –retro molar.

6. Impression procedures: The method we take impressions by(we want to take a very
accurate impression for this area)and we call it
Altered cast technique: it means that I'm taking a very accurate impression over here
do border molding take impression make our cast.
***Stability is provided by:
1. Any vertically placed components of RPD denture
2. Minor connectors: to get sub- stability from them
3. Proximal plates
4. Reciprocating arms of clasps
5. Lingual plates
6. Rest seats designed as intra-coronal boxes
7. Residual ridges as in complete dentures
8. Get stability from the other side of the arch and we call it Cross arch stabilization
** Another method to reduce unwanted movement :
1) We put something called I-bar where we have guide plane
2) Use stress breaking attachment
3) Sometime we make such cut to make the metal more flexible, we call it stress breaking
design
4) Indirect retainer
5) Put components of clasping and reciprocators closer to root area – tooth alterations,
lowering survey lines.

Lecture #4 major connectors

 Major connector : the part of a partial removable dental prosthesis that joins the components
on one side of the arch to those on the opposite side.
ex. Lingual bar
 Minor connector : the connecting link between the major connector or base of a
partial removable dental prosthesis and the other units of the prosthesis.
ex. clasps, indirect retainers, occlusal or cingulum rests, proximal plates.

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 Importance & function of major connectors :

- distribute the forces among abutment teeth . - connect components together
- provide support & indirect retention and - also provide some retention
Requirement :
- Rigidity - Located on the hard tissue ( teeth if possible ) - Mustn’t impinge on moving tissue
- contain relief under them - its design is periodontally safe
- Smooth & free from sharp edges - avoid pressure on gingiva by uncovering or relief
- Locates the borders that are sited & contoured for tolerance - Prevents food trapping under it.
Types of connectors :
- upper , lower
- according to shape :
( bar , strap , plate )

 The major connector in the maxilla can be bar,

strap, or plate
& can be : full coverage or partial coverage or
strap
(0.51- 0.64
( <12 mm wide ) mm)

 Complete palatal coverage :

- ( Metal or acrylic or combination )
 Strongly Indicated for :
 Advantages : - Palatal defects
-  indirect retainer
Good - Long spans bilateral tooth-mucosa borne edentulous
- Good retention by physical retention saddles without anterior teeth replacement.
- Good load distribution - When maximum support required
- If abutment teeth lost can be added - presence of poor residual ridge, periodontal disease,
- Itis made in a uniform thin metal plate, which reproduce increased muscular force and poor bone indices
anatomic contour of the palate and feel natural to the patient.
 - In transitional partial denture,temporary RPDs.

Note : when we don't want the force going directly to the abutment teeth which can't tolerate all of occlusal forces ,
we do ( split in between the major connector ) , this cut the force & make the area more flexible.

 Partial coverage :  When we use partial coverage in temporary RPDs , we
should increase the thickness of the acrylic .
1- To increase indirect retention
 Once we have a problems with PDL support of the
2- More modifications in the case
teeth, the teeth are weak , we can't rest and support
3- If more than half of teeth lost
from them , we have to use the palate for our support .
Note : we call it strap = when it's less than 12 mm
 we can use straps With short spans , with long spans
wide , if it's more than 12 mm that's mean it’s a
we use partial coverage instead.
partial coverage.
 Also we can use strap coz of the sensitive rugae area .
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 palatal bar : which is less than 8 mm wide , It could be single bar in the middle or ant/post bar ,
 in the ant. : it has to be flat , thicker in the middle & thickest in post. ( around 4 mm ).
 Notes :
- we have acrylic full coverage , acrylic strap or partial coverage ,but we don't have acrylic bars in the
upper because acrylic is so weak in these extensions.
- Design consideration :
Borders 6 mm away from gingiva , when crossing gingival margin, over marginal gingiva by 3 mm .

 Indications of palatal bar :

- Tours palatines - prominent mid palatine suture - When a patient objects a large amount of palatal coverage.
- when the ant. & post. abutments are widely separated.
Beading : it's same as the post-dam seal to get retention , to make good contact between the tissue and denture.
It’s a 0.5 mm bead line ,the idea is to provide the partial denture with an elevated area at the posterior border
it displaces tissue and provides an increased seal across the edge of the maxillary partial denture.
 all maxillary majors connectors should cross the midline at a right angle rather than on a diagonal
so .. oblique >> straight (once I cross the mid line ) >> oblique.
 Lingual bar :
first choice major connector, should be used whenever the functional depth of the lingual vestibule equal
or exceed 8 mm.
- Location at least 3-4 mm away from gingival margins
Contraindicated :
- at least 1 mm above the floor of the mouth
- shallow sulcus
- Not situated at soft tissue of floor of the mouth
- anterior teeth inclined lingually
- Tissue must be relief under lingual bar
 Lingual plate :
- If the lingual bar extended to cover the cingulum area of the anterior teeth
- Funtion:
- Major connector , Indirect retainer
- Indications:
- 1.When the functional depth of the lingual vestibule (less than 5 mm) is not enough for bar placement,
- 2.When future loss of natural teeth is anticipated to facilitate addition of artificial teeth to the partial denture.
- 3.When splinting of anterior teeth is required.
- 4.When lingual tori are present.

 Minor connectors :
- join major connector at right angle.
- Should be located at least 5mm from other vertical components.
- Minor connector and rest junction must be at least 1.5mm thick.

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Lecture #5 RESTS AND REST SEATS

Rest:
Is a rigid component resting in a recessed preparation on the occlusal, lingual or incisal surface,
and it provides us with vertical support.
(rest seats: The prepared recess in a tooth)
______________________________________________________________________

Main functions of the rests: Secondary functions

 To redirect the force of the RPD in a  Prevent the extrusion of abutments

favorable root path
 Support; prevents denture base
from moving down while the patient
is under function (cervically)&
impinging gingival.
 Maintain a clasp -tooth relationship
by preventing settling (prevent
downward movement)
(prevents over eruption)
 Aids in stability: Most of the rest has
minor connector ( vertical component of
the RPD aids in stability ).
 **Reciprocation –bracing”retention”
 Provides reference for relines or
impressions.
 Prevents rotation ( Class I & II Only)
Sometimes we add an extra rest for
indirect retention (prevents rotation)
 Prevents food impaction (double rest)
 Closes gaps between two adjacent teeth.

** We add the reciprocal arm because we need other arm than retentive to prevent the tooth from
going laterally due to the action of clasps that go in & out, (without it there’ll be an orthodontic effect
with retentive arm only). Sometimes the rest itself provides us with this function (Reciprocation).
______________________________________________________________________
Types of rests:
depending on location and function we have:

1. Cingulum rest (lingual rest) 2. Occlusal rests

 Usually in canine but if the canine
doesn’t present and I have a good
cingulum on the incisor I can place this
rest on it.
 Inverted “V”shape using inverted bur.
 Less than 90 degree angulated toward
the tooth
 Maximum depth 1 mm with 2 mm away
from the gingival.
 When we put a probe inside it I have to
Called proximal if it placed on the
proximal surface of the tooth, and incisal
if it goes over the insical edge of the
tooth.
there is a cpecific type called
extended occlusal rest
l Incisal rest preparation:
 Prepared over the incisal edge sides

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feel resistance while removing it.
 Shouldn’t be prominent with enough
enamel thickness.
 Away from the occlusion.
 If the opposing tooth bites are exactly on
the cingulum it’s an indication to change
this type of rest.
 If we don’t have enough enamel or the
canine is very flat I could add composite,
metal, veneer, or even good crown (To
provide the step of cingulum).
3. Onlay rest
 Over the tooth sides
 We have different material it could
be natural tooth rest (The best) or
we can add: A veneer alloy\
amalgam “on molars”\ Composite
and we can made a whole crown
to provide us with rest.
once we cannot use the cingulum.
 The problem is that it’ll be shown from the
patient’s mouth.
After doing the preparation we should polish the
surface of enamel very well using fine burs then
apply a fluoride gel and instruct the patient to
keep it clean as much as possible.
4. Round lingual rest seat with an
embrasure preparation.
 Used when there’s a poor cingulum, The
opposing tooth biting on the cingulum or
Large restoration.
 Seat going to the proximal area.

The shape of the regular rest seat

 Wide area proximally, and narrower close to the center of the tooth.
 Buccolingual width doesn’t exceed the 1/3 buccolingual maximum dimension of the tooth.
 We don’t prepare only inside the seat ( inside the occlusal table ) we also have to prepare
inside the marginal ridge To have enough bulk around 1.5 mm ( Thin metal fracture easily )
and to avoid narrow neck
 No sharp angles ( Fracture ).
 The direction should be less than 90 degrees because we don’t want it to slip away.
 The maximum depth in the central area around 2.5 mm.
 On the marginal ridge we prepare 1-1.5 mm in depth ( The narrowest area ).
 The floor should be ball & socket joint shaped ( concaved ). - This shape will concentrate the
force directly to the root ( the plane inclined inward ) not to the crown only.
 Provide very light pressure while preparing to keep all preparation on enamel so we don’t
need anesthesia; using high speed diamond burs.
 If I have two adjacent teeth, I have to prepare the rest seat slightly to the lingual
 If I have two adjacent molars I can prepare in between, this is called DOUBLE REST SEAT.
________________________________________________________________

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Lecture #6
Retention & indirect retention
-biomechanical principles
Support (resist the forces of dislodgment along the path of placement/insertion )
Retention
Stability (Resistance form)
Maintaining dental,
Gingival and Periodontal health
-retention of the denture : the resistance of a denture to dislodgment/displacement ( is
everything that keep the denture from coming out )
a)Direct Retention:
an assembly composed of :
1- Retentive element
2- Rest
3- Reciprocal element
4-minor connector
B) indirect retention :
by using an indirect retainer : the component of a partial removable dental prosthesis that
assists the direct retainer(s) in preventing displacement of the distal extension denture base
by functioning through lever action on the opposite side of the fulcrum line when the denture
base moves away from the tissues in pure rotation around the fulcrum line.
Retainers classification :
• PRIMARY (mechanical (undercuts), friction )OR SECONDARY (from denture base)
• DIRECT (against displacing forces clasps) OR INDIRECT (against other rotational
Forces (like rotation that accrue in tooth –tissue support cases  class I, class II and long span
class IV: rests)
• BY DIRECTION OF TOOTH APPROACH
• BY CONSTRUCTION METHOD
• BY LOCATION ON ABUTMENT
• BY SRESS- RELEASING METHOD 1)retentive arm : Middle to Lower 1/3
of Tooth is Reduce Tipping forces
• BY SHAPE Better Esthetics
Reduce occlusal interferences
Reduce occlusal table area
the best place to place the clasp. Is Lowering survey line if needed

2) reciprocal arm: in the middle of the tooth

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 2) by construction method : Elite Batch 2012
-Cast Clasps: is cast in gold or chrome-cobalt alloy, it is accurately fitting and easily
varied in thickness, form and taper (more solid and produces force on teeth)
more flexible )-Wrought clasps : is usually made of stainless steel or gold alloy wire
and gentle on the tooth)
- Combination Clasp : cast clasp in which wrought wire has been substituted for the
usual cast retentive arm

1)By direction of tooth

3)By location on the
abutment Extra-coronal
attachment outside the
tooth
Intra-coronal Precision
attachment ( attachment
inside the crown
4)by stress distribution method :
Non-stress releasing retainers :
(use in tooth borne prosthesis
when we have minimal rotation ) :
1)Cast Circumferential
2) Ring Clasp
3) Embrasure Clasp
(Double Akers)
4) Reverse Action (‘C’) Clasp
Direct retention types
Stress-releasing retainers:
( use in tooth tissue born
prosthesis )
1) RPI Clasp
2)Bar Clasp with Mesial
Rest
3)RPA Clasp
4)Combination Clasp
approach : Supra-bulge
occlusal approaching
-Begin above height of
contour (rigid)
-Tip in gingival 1/3 of tooth
(flexible ,the tip is only
designed to be retentive so
everything else shoud be
above the survey line)
-Middle portion as low as
possible for esthetic
* Infrabulge gingival or
cervical approaching,
-Tip in gingival 1/3 of tooth
-3mm away from gingival

Requirements of Direct Retainers :

a)support  by rest
b) Reciprocation (the mechanism by which lateral forces generated by retentive clasp are
counter balanced by a reciprocal clasp  by bracing arms, minor connectors
c) Stability resists horizontal movement rest ,minor connector, bracing arm
e) Retention  retentive arm
f) Encircle > 180 ° ( ‫ )تطويق‬ the clasp arms should be go around the tooth more than 180 ° to
prevent tooth migration and provide better stability .
g) Passivity:  The clasp should exert no pressure against the tooth until it is activated either
by denture movement in function, or during removal from the mouth . ( to prevent
orthodontic tooth movement).
**in class 1 and 2 I need something to release stress cause it is free- end saddle and it takes
strength from the ridge, but if bounded saddle class( 3+4), there are some teeth which can
handle the stress released from forces so it is okay to place a stress releasing clasp
-Rare exception where I cannot put rests on bounded saddle??
 Include very weak teeth, long span: means I have a lot of missing teeth so I need to use a
stress releasing clasp because I don't want all forces exerted on a specific tooth

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 Elite Batch 2012

-C- Clasp shape → each clasp has two arms a retentive and reciprocal arm ( it is in the
lingual surface ) ,so rest itself on the lingual surface will act as a reciprocal arm and it
is also called Akers , it is simple to make , hygienic
- Ring clasp: it is start from the lingual side and goes all the way around from the lingual to the
distal and then reaches the mesial on the other side, very difficult to adjust, Contraindicated
with excessive tissue undercuts
-Double Embrasure Clasp or compound → goes on both sides and has double rests. That’s
what we use when: 1) teeth are all prevent 2) need to go the other side 3) utilize both
undercuts on teeth
-The Half and Half Clasp : The half and half clasp consists of a circumferential retentive arm
arising from one direction and a reciprocal arm arising from another, it is used with isolated
pre-molars and molars for bounded and free-end partial dentures
-The multiple clasps are simply two opposing circumferential clasps joined at the terminal-
end of the two reciprocal arms. It is used when additional retention is needed, usually on
tooth-borne partial dentures; it may be used for multiple clasping in instances in which the
partial denture replaces an entire half of the dental arch.
RPD Stress Distribution:
Distal Rest
Rotation: retentive tip, proximal plate 1)Move mostly forward (tip rotates up) 3)Toward
height of contour (activate or bind undercuts)
Mesial Rest
1) Reduced rotational forces 2) Exceptions: Mesial rest not indicated 3) Mesial Restorations 4)
Rotations 5) Mesial plunger cusp opposing

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