Gypsum Products and Denture Polymers

Dental gypsum products

 Composition: CaSO4.2H2O

 Two main types:

 Dental plaster

 Dental stone

 Uses:

 Impressions

 Models

 Dies. What is the difference?

Dies: positive replica of a prepared tooth

Cast: positive replica of the oral cavity

Requirements for a dental die / model material

 When powder is mixed with water the mix flows.

 Has an adequate working time and not too long setting time.

 Sets without significant dimensional change.

 Reproduces fine detail.

 Not affected by the chemistry of the impression material.

 Set material stable over time.

 Sufficient strength.

 Good abrasion resistance.

 Insoluble.
ISO Classification of dental gypsum products

Types of dental gypsum

T/P Setting expansion % Compressive

strength MPa

Type 1 0 to 0.15 4

Type 2 0 to 0.30 9

Type 3 0 to 0.20 20

Type 4 0 to 0.15 35

Type 5 0.16 to 0.30 35

Mixing ratios

Plaster:

 Water : 45 → 60 ml

 Powder : 100 g

Stone:

 Water : 25 → 30 ml

 Powder : 100 g

~Setting environment; wet or dry?

Dry but why?

Hygroscopic expansion. The expansion that occurs under water, if the cast is
placed in a water container before it sets.

*Dental Investment material is formed from:

Gypsum material mixed with silica

Setting reaction of dental gypsum products

Control of expansion and setting time

Setting Expansion
time

K2SO4 ↓↓↓ ↓↓↓

Borax ↑↑ ↓

K2SO4 + ↓ ↓↓↓
Borax

Colouration
Advantages of colouration

Other uses for dental gypsum products

 Forensic science

 Reasons:

 Accurate.

 Durable.

 Can set in wet conditions.

Denture Polymers
Acrylics

-Denture base

-Teeth

-Reline and rebase

ISO classification of denture acrylics

Type Class Product

1 1 Heat processed (powder/liquid)

1 2 Heat processed (plastic cake)

2 1 Auto polymerised (powder/liquid)

2 2 Auto polymerised
(powder/pourable liquid)

3 - Thermoplastic

4 - Light cured materials

5 - Microwave cured materials

Polymerisation of acrylic

Monomer → Polymer

 Three stages:

 Initiation: initiator and activator.

 Propagation: linking of monomers.

  Termination: end of polymerisation.

Initiation

Initiator + activator → Free radicals

Initiator: Benzoyl peroxide

Activator: Heat (type 1, type3 and type 5)

Light (type 4)

Chemical* (type 2)

* (Amine or Dimethyl para toulidine)

Propagation and Termination

Propagation:

Free radicals + Monomer → Polymer

Monomer: methyl-methacrylate

Polymer: poly-methyl-methacrylate

Termination:

Direct coupling or disproportioning

Polymerisation shrinkage
Monomer (liquid) + Monomer (liquid) →

Polymer

Shrinkage 20%

Monomer (liquid) + Polymer (powder) →

Polymer

Shrinkage 7%
 Ratio (5 parts polymer powder: 2 parts monomer)

Heat cured acrylic contents

Changes in texture after mixing of powder and liquid

Sand in water

Stringy

Pre-dough → Inject

Dough → Pack

Rubber

Solid

How dough time can be altered?

Production of heat cures acrylic dentures

 Curing

 Water bath.

 Thermal oven.

 Important temperatures:

 65°C: The temperature at which (and above) Benzoyl peroxide dissociates.

 100.3°C: The temperature at which monomer boils.

 -Deflasking -Polishing

Physical defects in acrylic denture bases

Disadvantages of acrylics
 Lack of adequate radiopacity → metal inset.

 Not strong → Carbon fibre strengthening

Problems:

 Technical.

 Protruding fibres irritate soft tissues.

 Not aesthetic.
Acrylic teeth
 Poly(methylmethacrylate/glycol dimethacrylate) copolymer.

 Three layers:

a. Translucent surface layer (enamel).

b. Semi-opaque body (dentine core).

c. Base.

Acrylic teeth vs. porcelain teeth

Acrylic teeth Porcelain teeth

Adhesion to the denture base No adhesion to the denture base

No noise Click noise

weaker stronger

Moderate wear Low wear

Denture lining materials

 Rigid materials.

 Short-term soft lining materials.

 Long-term soft lining materials.

Rigid materials
A. Lower acrylic type:

 Powder : pmma

 Liquid: mma monomer + plasticizer.

B. Higher acrylic type:

 Powder: pema.

 Liquid: bma + primer.

Long term soft lining materials

Advantages over rigid lining material?

Soft acrylic.

 Heat cure or self cure.

↓ ↓

Free radical polymerisation.

pema and bma

Silicone rubber.

 Heat cure or self cure → Condensation reaction.

Free radical polymerisation.

Short term soft lining materials

 Tissue conditioner or functional impression material.

 Powder/liquid.
 Powder: pema.

 Liquid: ethanol and plasticizer.

 Ready to use sheet.

 Setting process: No chemical reaction.

 Reversible procedure.

Difference between tissue conditioner and functional impression material:

 Tissue conditioner: Elastic from the start.

 Functional impression: Flowable at the start then becomes elastic.

 Elastic Impression Materials
A Dental Impression is defined as a negative record of tissues of the mouth. It is
used to reproduce the form of the teeth along with its surrounding structure.

Requirements for impression material include:

1- Simple to use and not technique sensitive. (Not affected by saliva)

2-Initially is in fluid state. (To be easily inserted into the patients’ mouth)

3-After a finite working time sets rapidly. (Long working time; short setting time)

4- When set is an elastomeric solid.

5- Good tear resistance.

6- Reproduce fine details.

7- Dimensionally accurate. We want the material that takes the dimensions

inside the patient mouth accurate in order to fabricate a good prosthesis
which is dimensionally precise.

8- Pleasant odor, taste, & color.

9- No reaction with model materials. If the material reacts with plaster for
example we will have a cast with porosities so it shouldn’t react with
plaster or stone.

10- Adequate shelf life for storage and distribution.

11- Inexpensive. This is an important feature in the impression material

because it may be redone so we want relatively cheap material..

12-Not toxic
 o Hydrocolloid impression materials
Reversible Agar

Sets by cooling.

Irreversible Alginate

Sets by chemical reaction.

Agar:
Agar was the first successful impression material to be used in dentistry. It is extracted
from certain types of seaweeds and can be reused.

Uses:
-Tissue conditioner.

-Full mouth impression without deep undercuts.

- Used for crown and bridge impression before elastomers came to the market.

-Widely used nowadays for cast duplication.

Advantages:

• Good surface detail

• Reusable

• Accurate

• Low cost

• Hydrophilic

Disadvantages:
 Dimensional instability: Main disadvantage because of loss of water or
gain of water (water syneresis: loss from material and gain is
ambibtion).

• Needs special equipment and technique (water baths)

• Only one model can be poured

• Should be poured immediately to avoid syneresis and imbibition.

• Tears easily (only agar; all hydrocolloids have low tear resistance)

Alginate:
- Also known as sodium alginate.

- Complex polysaccharide derived from seaweed.

- Forms hydro gel by cross – linking reaction when dispersed in water.

Uses:
- Impression making when there are undercuts in the mouth with excessive flow of
saliva.

-Impression to make study models and working cast

*Other uses: dressing for burns, thickening ice cream

Advantages:

• Easy to use & mix

• Non toxic and non irritant.

• Good surface detail.

• Setting time can be controlled.

• Pleasant taste and smell

• Highly flexible
Disadvantages:

• Poor dimensional stability

• Messy to work with

• Cannot be corrected

• Inhalation of silica particles causes health hazard

• Tears easily

►Why do we remove alginate impressions by snapshot??

In order to have elastic recovery & this will not cause permanent
deformation.

Chemistry of synthetic elastomers

The reactants: base paste, catalyst paste

Setting reaction.

Product/s of reaction: elastomer / other product of reaction.

*Elastomeric impression materials are like implants; they’re the future.

Polysulphide
Thiokol rubber.

Base paste → Polysulphide.

Catalyst paste → Lead oxide and sulphur.

Cross linking reaction (condensation rxn ).

Advantages:

• Dimensionally stable.

• Accurate
 • Long working time

• Long shelf life.

Disadvantages:

• Unpleasant odour.

• Slow setting (12.5 min).

• Dirty. (Has lead oxide so if it touches anything it makes bad stains!!)

• Contains lead (poisons or toxic)

Hydrophobic (not good with saliva)

• Condensation reaction.

Condensation silicone
Polysilixone also known as conventional silicon.

-Condensation reaction (with by-product).

-Alcohol by-product.

Advantages:
• Good surface detail.

• No odour.

• Rapid setting.

• Clean

• Easy to use

• Available in 3 viscosities

Disadvantages:
• Hydrophobic.
High polymerisation shrinkage during the reaction “setting rxn”.

Q. Why is this a disadvantage?

When you insert it in the pts mouth & take it out, you will find your tray deficient.

• Limited shelf life

Addition silicone
-Polyvinylsiloxane.

-Addition reaction (without by-product).

- platinum catalyst

Advantages:
• Hydrophilic.

• No odour

• Rapid setting.

• Clean.

• Dimensionally stable.

• Long shelf life.

• Excellent surface detail.

Disadvantages:
• Catalyst may be poisonous.

• H2 gas may be formed on pouring the model (main)

Polyether
-Base paste: Polyether, filler.

-Catalyst paste: Sulphonic acid ester.

-Addition reaction
Advantages:

• No odour.

• Rapid setting.

• Clean.

• Hydrophilic.

• Dimensionally stable.

Disadvantages:
• Very rigid when set.-

• May cause allergic reactions (sulphonic acid ester)

Comparison between synthetic elastomeric impression materials & some

Critical properties:

• Polymerization contraction (the material should have the least

polymerization contraction).

• Thermal contraction (least contraction )

• Dimensional stability.

• Elastic recovery, to recover after removal from undercut.

• Tear resistance, so no tear when it has contact with hard objects.

• Stiffness when set (elastic modulus is reasonable”not very high not

very low”).

Done By:

Sara AlHennawi & Haneen Bassam