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IoT in Civil Engineering - ICE - Unit4
IoT in Civil Engineering - ICE - Unit4
UNIT 4
Contents
buildings
Smart
streets
IoT Smart
city
Smart
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Smart buildings
• Smart buildings use Internet of Things (IoT) devices—sensors, software, online connectivity—to monitor various building
characteristics, analyze the data, and generate insights around usage patterns and trends that can be used to optimize the
building’s environment and operations
• A smart building is any structure that uses automated processes to automatically control the building’s operations including
heating, ventilation, air conditioning, lighting, security and other systems.
• A smart building uses sensors, actuators and microchips, in order to collect data and manage it according to a business’
functions and services.
• This infrastructure helps owners, operators and facility managers improve asset reliability and performance, which reduces
energy use, optimizes how space is used and minimizes the environmental impact of buildings.
Smart buildings
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• At a more advanced stage, even elevators, access systems become part of the system. • Many
new building have “smart” technology, and are connected and responsive to a smart power
grid.
• Temperature
• Humidity
• Light
• Motion
• Vibration
• Air quality
• A key smart building component is the software that will help you understand the data collected by the
sensors. Software extracts and analyzes the rich insights the data provides (“energy intelligence”), and helps
you determine how to transform those insights into action.
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• The user interface is simply the way you and the software interact—the computer screens, icons, displays, etc.
• It’s important that information is delivered to you in a way that’s easy to access and simple to understand; and since the
amount of data can be huge, it should also be able to process data efficiently.
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• Finally, you need a way for your devices to communicate and connect to the Internet. Connectivity solutions include cellular
and Wi-Fi-based networking options.
• Cellular-based applications are a popular choice; they can operate over long ranges but are typically fairly expensive to use.
• Wi-Fi, on the other hand, is a local area network that provides good coverage throughout most buildings, but many IT
departments are hesitant to allow third-party IoT devices on their networks due to security concerns.
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• Improve decision making: When a building has intelligent systems, valuable information can be captured to make the best decision
based on empirical data rather than guesswork.
• Save on operating costs: Intelligent systems in buildings make it possible to reduce building maintenance costs and identify resources
that are being paid for but not used.
• Comply with data protection: The use of technologies that respect the privacy of the building’s users, as well as thermal sensors,
allows data to be obtained without the need to capture images of staff or people wandering around the building.11
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Application
1. For automation
• The most fundamental feature of a smart building is that the core systems within it are linked.
• Connecting smart technology, such as real-time IoT occupancy sensors and building management
systems together, means you can share information that can be used to automate various processes,
including, but not limited to, heating, ventilation, lighting, air conditioning, and security.
• This is what makes a building “smart” – the ability of the systems within it to talk to one another. 14
Application
2. To integrate with different building systems
• Sharing and integrating data between building systems enables the value of the combined smart building
to be greater than the sum of its parts.
• For example, integrating IoT occupancy sensor data into a desk or room booking system means that you
can enable efficient management processes and provide a smart environment for your employees with
assets that know when they are free, booked or occupied.
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Application
3. For space optimization
• Occupancy sensors may be integrated into the building to provide information that will help you understand whether
your facilities have the right types of spaces to meet your staff ’s requirements.
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Application
4. For preventative maintenance
• Using AI can help you identify if an asset needs maintenance, because it can learn abnormal usage patterns and alert
you when detected.
• By collecting accurate data from devices such as people sensors, you can get a more realistic picture of how often a
facility within your building is used, enabling you to take a more proactive approach to managing wear and tear,
cleaning and restocking, helping to prolong the life of equipment, furnishings and appliances.
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Smart street
• A smart street may use a number of smart city technologies that include smart street lights, smart traffic
lights, smart parking and other technologies that help to improve the flow of traffic, reduce commutes
times, make parking easier and ensure the safety of pedestrians, bicyclists and drivers.
• A smart street uses a variety of sensors and Internet of Things devices to collect a broad range of data
that can help smart cities better manage traffic flow, parking and public safety.
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1. Connectivity Corridor
• Increased broadband speed and coverage is linked to a wide variety of direct and indirect socio
economic outcomes including reduced operational costs, increased GDP, increased jobs, retail
and tourism visitor satisfaction, and social inclusion.
• Many rural towns and streets feature legacy utility wiring and street furniture that may adversely
impact the visual identity of the street.
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• The ability to collect data on fixed and moving things through sensors, video and beacon data will enable rapid low-cost
analysis and testing interventions using scenario-based modelling thus avoiding the cost, inconvenience associated with live
testing.
• Furthermore, it will allow the granular real-time evaluation of the impact of the redevelopment and enable optimization or
remediation, as necessary.
• Finally, the vast amount of data generated from one street can stimulate both scientific and economic activity in the street
through entrepreneurial and research engagements with this open data.
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• A significant part of the general public experience on a street takes place on the footpath.
• Footpaths are a conduit for pedestrian movement and access to properties located on a
street, they enhance connectivity and promote walking
• A footpath may have a buffer zone or enhancement for optional elements including parking,
cycle racks, cycle-sharing stations, and kerbside cycle paths.
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THE ELEMENTS OF A SMART STREET
• For example, parts of or the whole street could be pedestrianized by raising automated retractable bollards at either end or the median
of the street.
• Different uses (at different times in the day and week) can be signaled using data-driven programmable LED lights in pavement tiling.
• Technologies that combine advanced video camera technology and deep learning, for example ALPR, can be used to provide access
and lower bollards, record infringements, identify stolen vehicles, and enforce regulations including fines and payment.
• In addition, adaptive smart traffic light systems can be implemented that identify and priorities pedestrians and cyclists.
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• Furthermore, parking spaces could be dynamically re-purposed and used for parklets, reservable, removable,
transient pop-up retail or social spaces.
• Such systems could also support dynamic pricing and prioritized parking for retail customers, the most
vulnerable, and EV owners (near charging points).
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Mock electric car charging lane from Highways England Feasibility Study, July 2015
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• Accessibility and safety issues can result from blocked, narrow or lack of footpaths, lack of accessible crossing,
lack of protection when crossing streets particularly for those moving at slower paces, lack of cycle facilities,
poor intersection designs, and other surface hazards.
• Increasing accessibility has a number of outcomes including improving the quality of life of all citizens,
regardless of age, size and ability by providing a safe and inclusive environment.
• It typically includes benches, transit stops and other shelters, waste receptacles, and public toilets.
• Smart street furniture re-imagines street furniture as not only a passive object but an active part of the street experience
supporting different activities and behaviors to meet social, economic and public health outcomes.
• For example, in the current COVID19 pandemic, it is worth noting the smart kiosks that have been implemented as
part of variety of health initiatives to facilitate dialogue with health professionals and public health announcements
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2. Smart Kiosks
3. Smart Benches
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2. Smart Kiosks
• Modern smart kiosks are a form of multifunctional street furniture that features hardware and software components for sensing
different environmental conditions, multi-modal interaction with users, and for capturing and transmitting data for
A kiosk refers to a small, temporary, stand-alone booth weather, route and wayfinding, town or city guide, and local events.
used in high-traffic areas for marketing purposes
analysis locally or in the cloud. • Transaction points e.g., bicycle sharing, voter registration, seasonal transactions, parking, transit
or other event tickets.
• Smart kiosks are increasingly adopted as part of smart city initiatives for a variety • Communication points e.g., emergency contact, public telephone access, and social interactions
of use cases including as: 34
through machine agents
• Information points e.g., public services and related announcements, transit information,
• Sensing points e.g., collecting passive environmental, traffic or security data through sensors and cameras.
• Advertising points e.g., displaying advertising for sponsors, local retailers and events or other advertisers.
• The City Bridge Link System has been rolled out in New York City and London, in conjunction with local authorities and utility providers providing
free Wi-Fi access with speeds up to 1Gb per second, funded through advertising 35
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3. Smart Benches
• Modern smart street benches can include a wide range of functionality that encourage different street uses.
• For example, they can include additional functionality such as shelter, lighting, CCTV, USB and EV charging, bicycle parking
and air pressure, as well as video displays that can be used for information, advertising, and entertainment e.g., games and
other programming. Increasingly, smart benches can power themselves completely or partially using solar panels.
• Additionally, they can be located at convenient intervals between smart lampposts thereby boosting the coverage and strength
of wireless signals.
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• Waste receptacles are a form of smart street furniture with a primary function. While necessary, they can adversely affect the visual identity of the
street, and introduce accessibility issues. Smart waste solutions can be autonomous and robot based or fixed.
• Sensors signal the need for collection, as well as recording data on volume, fill rate and collection activity for analysis and chargeback.
• The former include making standardized waste containers (organized by organic, recyclable and landfill material) available and having robots that
move these containers to centralized units for compaction and removal by type.
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cleaning robot
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(ii) support for a variety of weather mitigation strategies that can be triggered based on data, that block wind, and
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THE ELEMENTS OF A SMART STREET
• Smart street development provides the opportunity to embed sensors and other infrastructure systems for monitoring
purposes.
• This includes footpaths, roadbeds, water pipes and electricity systems, providing operators with proactive and
predictive maintenance and management systems to ensure usage and costs are within expected ranges, potential and
actual anomalies, for example leaks, are detected and resolved, and that service levels are met through cleaning,
repair, augmentation and other interventions.
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• A number of the proposed interventions can make use of alternative energy sources e.g. solar power street furniture.
• To reinforce the sustainability of the street and proposed innovations, dedicated space on streets can be reserved for installing and
demonstrating pavement interventions that encourage physical activity and convert alternative energy into off grid electrical energy
to power lighting, kiosks, digital signage and other smart furniture.
• For example, even a relatively small strip of Pavegen tiles can generate 6 to 8 joules of offgrid electrical energy.
• Bluetooth beacons in the system connect to smartphones, rewarding users for their steps and generating permission-based analytics.
Furthermore, it can be integrated with other platforms using APIs
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• Two bins have radio-frequency identification (RFID) tags on them in which their locations have been integrated. RFID is a tracking
system that uses smart barcodes in order to identify items.
• Five car parking bays on the street have been fitted with sensors and an electronic board connected to them displays how many
parking spaces are still free. One can also prebook parking space on an app called Newtown Smart Parking.
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Solid waste bin with RFID tag Electric vehicle charging station Parking Sensor 49
Wifi Tree Water ATM Solar bench 50
Smart city
• A smart city uses a framework of information and communication technologies to create, deploy and promote
development practices to address urban challenges and create a joined-up technologically-enabled and
sustainable infrastructure.
• It is a system that makes optimal use of all the interconnected information available, to better understand and
control its operations and optimize the use of limited resources.
• Smart cities use a variety of software, user interface and communication networks alongside the Internet of
Things (IoT) to deliver connected solutions for the public. Of these, the IoT is the most important.
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Smart city
• The IoT is a network of connected devices that communicate and exchange data.
• This can include anything from vehicles to home appliances and on-street sensors.
• Data collected from these devices is stored in the cloud or on servers to allow for improvements to be made to both public and
private sector efficiencies and deliver economic benefits and improvements to the lives of citizens.
• Many of the IoT devices use edge computing, which ensures that only the most relevant and important data is delivered over the
communication network.
• In addition, a security system is implemented to protect, monitor and control the transmission of data from the smart city network
and prevent unauthorized access to the IoT network of city’s data platform.
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• Smart cities follow four steps to improve the quality of life and enable economic growth through a
network of connected IoT devices and other technologies. These steps are as follows: 1. Collection
– Smart sensors gather real-time data
2. Analysis – The data is analyzed to gain insights into the operation of city services and operation 3.
Communication – The results of the data analysis are communicated to decision makers
4. Action – Action is taken to improve operations, manage assets and improve the quality of city life for the
residents
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• Another example would be smart traffic management to monitor traffic flows and optimize traffic lights to
reduce congestion, while ride-sharing services can also be managed by a smart city infrastructure.
• Smart city features can also include energy conservation and environmental efficiencies, such as streetlights
that dim when the roads are empty. Such smart grid technologies can improve everything from operations to
maintenance and planning to power supplies.
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• Aside from services, smart cities allow for the provision of safety measures such as monitoring areas of high crime or using
sensors to enable an early warning for incidents like floods, landslides, hurricanes or droughts.
• Citizens can also access this system to notify officials of any problems, such as potholes, while sensors can also monitor
infrastructure problems such as leaks in water pipes.
• In addition, smart city technology can improve the efficiency of manufacturing, urban farming, energy use, and more. •
Smart cities can connect all manner of services to provide joined up solutions for citizens.
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Examples
• The city state of Singapore is considered to be one of the
front
runners in the race to creating fully smart cities, with IoT
cameras
monitoring the cleanliness of public spaces, crowd density
and the
movement of registered vehicles.
Examples
• Elsewhere, Kansas City has introduced smart streetlights, interactive kiosks and over 50 blocks of free
Wi-Fi. Parking space details, traffic flow measurement and pedestrian hotpots are also all available to
residents via the city's data visualization app.
• San Diego, meanwhile, has installed 3,200 smart sensors to optimize traffic flow and parking as well as
enhancing public safety and environmental awareness. Electric vehicles are supported by solar-to
electric charging stations and connected cameras monitor for traffic problems and crime.
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Examples
• Traffic monitoring systems are also in place in Dubai, which has
telemedicine and smart healthcare solutions as well as smart
buildings, utilities, education and tourism options.
• Smart city projects need to be transparent and available to citizens via an open data portal or
mobile app. This allows residents to engage with the data and complete personal tasks like paying
bills, finding efficient transportation options and assessing energy consumption in the home.
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• Technology aside, smart cities also need to account for social factors that provide a cultural fabric that is
attractive to residents and offer a sense of place. This is particularly important for those cities that are
being created from the ground up and need to attract residents.
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IoT in Civil
• The internet of things (IoT)is the inter-networking
engineering of physical devices, vehicles, buildings, and other
items—embedded with electronics, software, sensors,
actuators, and network connectivity that enable these objects—a.k.a.
"things"—that are embedded with sensors, software, and other
objects to collect and exchange data. technologies for the purpose of connecting and exchanging data with
other devices and systems over the Internet.
• The IoT, or telematics, allows people to keep up to date on important assessment information about
their equipment such as the speed of idling, tire pressure, and GPS tracking.
• The Internet of Things (IoT) is transforming every facet of the building – how we inhabit them, how
we manage them, and even how we build them.
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• As previously stated, if IoT is the connection of devices (including people), then this is already
happening in construction. Many construction sites have internet connectivity to enable a connected
job site.
• Connected devices on job sites provide a number of benefits to the project, the companies, and most of
all the employees.
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• IoT enables real-time inspection of construction sites for easier control of operations
• IoT sensors used on construction equipment and vehicles help to locate and monitor them around the clock
• IoT can be used to generate equipment health data to guide maintenance operations for timely repairs and
prevention of breakdowns
• Using IoT, paperwork can be reduced through digital record maintenance and real-time reporting which can
save your business printing costs 66
• IoT enables effective resource and asset management, which reduces the cost due to wastage of resources
• With the help of IoT devices on a construction site, the site inspector can track the workers on the site and respond
to emergency situations aptly and rapidly
• Locating and tracking materials and other resources using IoT will improve scheduling and coordination among
between different teams involved in construction projects
• IoT can increase revenue by driving cost-savings as well as enhancing overall construction quality 67
Application of IoT in construction
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• At a construction site, keeping track of a massive volume and variety of data corresponding to different workers and tools is
necessary.
• Since this cannot be handled manually, IoT can play a significant role by making this process automatic and precise. •
Through IoT devices and networks, the information from the machines and vehicles can be accessed on mobile devices.
• Thus, the construction manager can have real-time insights of employees and machines without keeping track of operationsmanually.
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• IoT sensors can guide these machines to function with greater precision and minimal human involvement.
• These IoT systems can also constantly give the operators information on equipment health to prevent any unexpected breakdowns
and failure.
• Thus, construction processes can be completed in shorter times without compromising building quality.70
• Safety is of utmost importance in the construction industry, and it is an area of concern for both the workers and the
managers leading them.
• Construction sites are equipped with various safety measures for ensuring a safe work environment.
• By using IoT, site safety can be further enhanced by using impactful tools and techniques.
• Wearable tech is increasingly being used in the construction industry to achieve a wide range of benefits, its biggest
gains come in the form of labor tracking and safety.
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• Unexpected weather conditions and road conditions are among the most critical problems for fleet managers.
• Project managers and site supervisors can track the status of materials in transit, helping them to plan and coordinate on-site
operations more effectively.
• IoT devices can show precisely where vehicles are and how fast they are traveling.
• Having accurate speed and location information can help in preventing delays and any changes in the schedule can be communicated
to the customer with the use of IoT data.
• IoT fleet management solutions can also be used for optimizing transit routes and maintaining vehicles.72
• Budget plays an essential role in the construction department for any project manager, and completing a project within a limited budget is a key
performance indicator for project managers as well as construction companies.
• The use of IoT in construction can help contractors utilize the resources available to them in an efficient way.
• IoT devices can facilitate cost-cutting by using site monitoring techniques for monitoring vehicles, equipment, material utilization, thereby keeping the
project budget-friendly.
• This enables construction firms to offer better and faster services while reducing the workload for project managers. • It also helps in completing
the project at a faster rate. 73
• Warning the crew by making high-pitched noises when a worker is close to a dangerous zone;
• Track workers’ vitals and remind them to take a break when their bodies are close to exhaustion;
• Offering workers real-time instruction on how to complete work tasks safely and efficiently.
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• Smart Cap — a wearable device that tracks brain waves to monitor worker fatigue;
• Triax — a device that tracks the number of workers on each building in real-time, assisting
project management;
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Example:
• Hyundai Construction Equipment — this monitoring system gives project managers a full, 360-degree view of the site from
any angle of the machine — a lift, an excavator, etc.
• Remote Eye — a technical assistance system that helps track the performance of the equipment and instruct on-site workers 76
in real-time.
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IoT tools in
construction Example:
• Bimba — this monitor offers site managers real-time data regarding the efficiency of construction
equipment.
• VibrAlign — tracks the vibrations of on-site equipment both online and offline and provides insights
on a dedicated dashboard.
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IoT tools in
construction Example:
• Atmel — a GPS tracking platform that offers real-time location data on construction equipment and materials.
• Ayantra Asset Management — a product for monitoring lifts, excavators, and other heavyweight equipment.