LIST OF ACID RADICALS , BASIC RADICALS & SIMPLE SALTS

I. LIST OF ACID RADICALS :

1. Carbonate 2. Nitrate 3. Chloride
4. Bromide 5. Sulphate 6. Acetate
II. LIST OF BASIC RADICALS :
1. Lead 2. Copper 3. Aluminium
4. Zinc 5. Nickel 6. Calcium
7. Barium 8. Magnesium 9. Ammonium.
SIMPLE SALT ANALYSIS (GENERAL PROCEDURE)
I. PRELIMINARY TEST :
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
Colour :
1. Colour of the salt is noted a)Blue a) Presence of copper
b)Green b) Presence of Nickel
c) Reddish brown c) Presence of Ferric
d)Colourless c) Absence of copper,
Nickel, Ferric.
2. Odour :
Odour of the salt is noted a) Pungent smell a) Presence of ammonium
b) Vinegar like smell b) Presence of CH3COO-
c) No characteristic b) Absence of ammonium &
odour CH3COO-

3. Solubility :
To a small amount of the Soluble
salt, add water and shake
well.
4. Action of Heat :
A pinch of the salt is heated a) Yellow when hot white
in a dry test tube. when cold
b) Blue salt turns white
c) Colourless gas turns
lime water milky
d) Reddish brown gas
evolved
e) Greenish yellow gas
turns starch iodide paper
blue
f) Reddish brown gas tuns
starch iodide paper
yellow
g) White salt sublimes
h) No characteristic change
5. Flame Test :
A pinch of salt is taken in a a) Bluish green flame
watch glass, a drop of conc. b) Apple green flame
HCl is added and made in to c) Brick red flame
May be chloride, bromide,
sulphate, nitrate, acetate or
ammonium carbonate.
a) Presence of Zinc
b) Presence of copper
sulphate.
c) Presence of carbonate
d) Presence of Nitrate
e) Presence of chloride
f) Presence of bromide
g) Presence of ammonium
chloride
h) Absence of Zinc,
carbonate, Nitrate,
Chloride, bromide &
Copper sulphate.
a) Presence of copper
b) Presence of barium
c) Presence of calcium
 a paste. The paste is d) Crimson red flame d) Presence of strontium
introduced into the non- d) Bluish white flame d) Presence of lead
luminous flame. e) No characteristic e) Absence of copper,
coloured flame is noted. barium, calcium, strontium
& Lead
6. ASH TEST :
A pinch of the salt is added a)
Blue coloured ash a) Presence of aluminium
with conc.HNO3 and cobalt b)
Green coloured ash b) Presence of Zinc
nitrate. A filter paper is c)
Pink coloured ash c) Presence of Magnesium
dipped and ignited. d)
No characteristic d) Absence of Aluminium,
coloured ash. Zinc & Magnesium.
II. IDENTIFICATION OF ACID RADICAL
7. ACTION OF Dil. H2SO4
To a small amount of salt, a) A colourless, odourless a) Presence of carbonate
add dil. H2SO4. gas with brisk
effervescence is seen.

b) No characteristic change b) Absence of carbonate.

8. ACTION OF Conc. H2SO4. a) Evolution of greenish a) Presence of chloride

To a small amount of salt, yellow gas which gives
add conc. H2SO4. white fumes with
aqueous ammonia.
b) Evolution of brown b) Presence of nitrate
fumes, turns FeSO4
solution black
c) Evolution of Reddish c) Presence of Bromide
brown vapours which
turns starch paper
yellow. d) Presence of acetate
d) Vinegar like odour
e) No characteristic gas e) Absence of chloride,
evolved. Bromide, Nitrate &
acetate.
9. K MnO4 test
To a small amount of the a)KMnO4 decolourised a) Presence of Cl-, Br-,
salt, add 2ml of dil. H2SO4 CH3COO-, & Fe3+
warm and add KMnO4 b) No decolourisation
solution drop wise.
b) Absence of Cl-, Br-,
CH3COO-, & Fe3+
10. COPPER TURNING
TEST:
To a small amount of the a) Reddish brown gas a) Presence of nitrate.
salt add copper turning and evolved.
conc. H2SO4, Warmed. b) No Reddish brown gas b) Absence of nitrate.
evolved.
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11. CHROMYL CHLORIDE

TEST:
a) A little of salt is heated with a) Red orange vapours
K2Cr2O7 crystals & conc. evolved.
H2SO4.
b) Pass the vapours into NaOH b) Yellow solution is
solution. obtained
c) Add lead acetate to the c) Yellow precipitate is a) Presence of chloride
above solution. formed.
d) No red orange vapours b) Absence of chloride.
evolved.
12. BARIUM CHLORIDE
TEST:
To a small amount of extract
add dil Hcl & Barium chloride
solution
a) A white precipitate a) Presence of sulphate
insoluble in conc. Hcl is
obtained.
b) No white precipitate. b) Absence of sulphate.

13. ESTER TEST : a) Fruity smell is noted a) Presence of CH3COO-

Take a pinch of salt in a dry test b) No characteristic b) Absence of CH3COO-
tube and add 1ml of Conc. smell is noted
H2SO4 and 4-5 drops of ethyl
alcohol. Heat the contents of the
test tube.
III. CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR ACID RADICAL

Silver nitrate test :

To a small amount of salt a) A curdy white
solution add dil. HNO3 and precipitate soluble in
silver nitrate solution. NH4OH.
b) A pale yellow
precipitate sparingly
soluble in NH4OH
a) Presence of Chloride is
confirmed.
b) Presence of Bromide is
confirmed

Lead acetate test :

To a small amount of salt A white precipitate is Presence of sulphate is
solution add dil acetic acid obtained. confirmed.
and lead acetate solution.
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Brown ring test :

To a small amount of salt A dark brown ring is formed Presence of Nitrate is
solution add freshly at the junction of two confirmed.
prepared FeSO4 solution & liquids.
then add conc. H2SO4 along
the sides of the test tube.
Ferric chloride test: Deep red colouration is Presence of CH3COO- is
To a small amount of salt produced which confirmed
solution add a few drops of disappears on adding dil.
neutral FeCl3 solution HCl
Brisk effervescence test: a) Brisk effervescence Presence of carbonate is
a) Add dil. H2SO4 to the with evolution of confirmed
salt solution and pass the CO2 turns lime water
gas evolved through milky
lime water b) Milkiness is
b) Keep passing the gas for disappeared
long
IV. IDENTIFICATION OF BASIC RADICAL
Zero Group :
To a small amount of salt, a) A pungent smelling gas a) Presence of ammonium
add NaOH solution and which gives dense white
warmed. fumes with a glass rod
dipped in conc. Hcl is
evolved

b) No characteristic
change. b) Absence of ammonium.
PREPARATION OF ORIGINAL SOLUTION
To a small amount of the salt, add distilled water and shake well. The clear solution
obtained is known as 'original solution'
IV. GROUP SEPARATION
I. Group :
1. To a small amount of a) A white precipitate is a) Presence of I group
original solution, add dil obtained. (Lead).
HCl. b) No white precipitate is b) Absence of I group.
obtained.
2. To a small amount of a) A black precipitate is a) Presence of II group
original solution, add dil. obtained. (Copper).
HCl & sodium sulphide.
b) No black precipitate is b) Absence of II group.
obtained.
3. To a small amount of a) A gelatinous white a) Presence of III group
original solution, add precipitate is obtained. (Aluminium)
ammonium chloride & b) Reddish brown b) Presence of III group (
ammonium hydroxide. precipitate is obtained Ferric)

c) No characteristic c) Absence of III group.

precipitate is obtained.
4. To a small amount of
original solution, add
ammonium chloride,
ammonium hydroxide &
sodium sulphide.
a) A white precipitate is a) Presence of IV group
obtained. (Zinc)
b) A black precipitate is b) Presence of IV group
obtained. (Nickel)

c) No characteristic c) Absence of IV group.

precipitate is obtained.
5. To a small amount of a) A white precipitate is a) Presence of V group
original solution, add obtained. (Calcium, Strontium or
ammonium chloride, Barium)
ammonium hydroxide & b) No white precipitate is
ammonium carbonate. obtained. b) Absence of V group.

6. To a small amount of a) A crystalline white a) Presence of VI group

original solution add precipitate is obtained (Magnesium)
ammonium chloride, on scratching the sides
ammonium hydroxide & of the test tube.
disodium hydrogen
phosphate. b) No characteristic b) Absence of VI group.
precipitate is obtained.
V. CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR BASIC RADICALS)
LEAD
To a small amount of original Yellow precipitate is Presence of Lead is
solution, add potassium obtained. confirmed.
chromate solution.
COPPER
To a small amount of Chocolate brown Presence of copper is
original solution, add precipitate is obtained. confirmed.
potassium ferrocyanide.
ALUMINIUM :
To a small amount of Bright red lake is Presence of Aluminium is
original solution, add 1 ml obtained. confirmed.
of NH4OH and aluminon
reagent.
ZINC
To a small amount of White or Bluish white Presence of zinc is
original solution, add precipitate is obtained. confirmed.
potassium ferrocyanide
solution.
NICKEL
To a small amount of Bright rose red Presence of Nickel is
original solution, add precipitate is obtained. confirmed.
ammonium hydroxide in
excess and then add
Dimethyl glyoxime.
BARIUM
To a small amount of Yellow precipitate is Presence of Barium is
original solution, add obtained. confirmed.
potassium chromate
solution.
CALCIUM
To a small amount of A white precipitate is Presence of Calcium is
original solution, add obtained. confirmed.
ammonium oxalate. Then
add little of NH4OH &
scratch the sides of the test
tube.

MAGNESIUM
To a small amount of Blue precipitate is Presence of magnesium is
original solution, add dil. obtained. confirmed.
Hcl and few drops of
magneson reagent.
AMMONIUM
To a small amount of Reddish brown Presence of ammonium is
original solution, add NaOH precipitate is obtained. confirmed.
and then Nessler's reagent.

VI. RESULT:

i) The given acid radical is _____________

iI) The given basic radical is ____________

iii) The given simple salt is ______________________

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