What exactly is meant by the phrase "Buffer Overflow"?

When a computer program tries to store more information in a temporary storage area than the system is able to
allow, this is referred to as a "buffer overflow," which is the circumstance referred to by the phrase "buffer
overflow." Writing outside of the memory region that has been allocated may cause the data to become
corrupted, the application to become unresponsive, or the execution of malicious code that can enable an
attacker to change the address space of the target process. All of these outcomes are possible when writing
occurs outside of the memory region that has been allocated.

The condition that occurs when the quantity of data that is written to a buffer ultimately causes the data values
in memory locations to become corrupted as well is referred to as a "buffer overflow," and the word "buffer
overflow" refers to the circumstance. Insecure programming methods (which provide the foundation) have the
potential to leave exposed vulnerabilities, which attackers may subsequently take advantage of in the form of
buffer overflow attacks. It is common practice in certain programming languages because some programming
languages supply low-level information about buffers for data types. This practice is common in some
programming languages. Because many methods that manage memory in programming languages do not
conduct bounds checking, it is quite simple for these functions to simply overflow the allocated buffers that they
are working on. When designing web apps, this omission is quite common and should be avoided. Either buffers
of an adequate size must be allocated, or one must make certain that there are no overflow problems. Neither
option is acceptable. Web applications that provide both static and dynamic expression are susceptible to having
a buffer overflow happen to them. Attackers often exploit buffer overflows as one strategy for wreaking havoc
on the execution stack of web applications they target. It is not like the typical email virus, in which users may
protect themselves from infection by not opening the files that have been attached to the email. This virus, on
the other hand, prevents users from protecting themselves from infection. In the case of buffer overflow
assaults, users don't even have to open the message for the attack to be effective; it might take place without
their participation. Before utilizing a variable, it is feasible to prevent buffer overflows by first determining
whether or not the variable is already contained inside a set of restrictions. It's possible that the supplemental
data contains programs designed to turn on certain processes, which would then result in the transmission of
new instructions to the computer that's being targeted by the assault. A buffer overflow is the name given to this
particular kind of assault.