CHEMISTRY

INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT

SUBJECT- CHEMISTRY
Year- 2022-23
SCHOOL- HOLY CHILD AUXILIUM SCHOOL

TOPIC:
 ACETIC
ACID
CONTENT
IN
VINEGAR
BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that roll

number has
successfully completed her
chemistry project in school
laboratory during the year
2022-23.
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

I would like to express my sincere

gratitude to my principal ‘Sr. Celine’,
Chemistry teacher ‘Ms. Pooja
Khandelwal’ and lab assistant ‘Ms.
Reshma’ for letting me work on this
project. I am very grateful to them for
their constant support and guidance in
completing this project.
I am thankful to my parents as well. I
was able to successfully complete this
project with the help of their guidance
and support. Finally, I want to thank all
my dear friends in helping me to
complete this project within the limited
time frame.
 Index
S.NO. TOPIC PAGE
NO.
1 Introduction
2 Aim
3 Apparatus
4 Theory
5 Procedure
6 Observation
7 Calculation

8 Result

9 Pictures
9 Precaution

10 Sources of Error

11 Bibliography
 INTRODUCTION

Vinegar is a solution made from the fermentation of

ethanol (CH3CH2OH), which in turn was previously
fermented from sugar. The fermentation of ethanol
results in the production of acetic acid (CH3COOH).
There are many different types of vinegar, each starting
from a different acetic acid in vinegar can vary,
typically between original sugar source (e.g., rice, wine,
malt, etc.). The amount of 4 to 6% for table vinegar, but
up to three times higher (18%) for pickling vinegar.
In this project, we will determine the amount of acid in
different vinegars using titration, a common technique
in chemistry. Titration is a way to measure the
unknown amount of a chemical in a solution (the
titrant) by adding a measured amount of a chemical
with a known concentration (the titrating solution). The
titrating solution reacts with the titrant, and the endpoint
of the reaction is monitored in some way. The
concentration of the titrant can now be calculated from
the amount of titrating solution added, and the ratio of
the two chemicals in the chemical equation for the
reaction.
AIM:              
Measuring the Amount of Acetic Acid in
Vinegar by Titration with an Indicator
Solution.

Materials and Equipment:

To do this experiment we will need the
following materials and equipment:
 Vinegar, three different types.

 Distilled water

 Small funnel

 5% Phenolphthalein solution in alcohol

(pH indicator solution)
 1 M sodium hydroxide solution
 125 mL Conical flasks

 25 or 50 mL burette

 Ring stand
  Burette clamp

Theory:
Required amount of sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
can be calculated using the following formula:
W = Molarity x Volume(cm3 ) x Molar mass
Molar mass of NaOH = 40 g/mol
The acetic acid content of a vinegar may be
determined by titrating a vinegar sample with a
solution of sodium hydroxide of known molar
concentration (molarity).
CH3COOH(aq) + NaOH(aq)   →  CH3COONa(aq)
+ H2O(l) (acid) + (base)=> (salt) + (water)
At the end point in the titration stoichiometry
between the both solution lies in a 1:1 ratio.
Strength of acid in vinegar can be determined by
the following formula:
Strength of acetic acid = Molarity(acetic acid) x 60
Indicator: Phenolphthalein
 End Point:- Colourless to pink

PROCEDURE:
Performing the Titration
1. Pour 1.5 ml of vinegar in an Conical flask.
2. Add distilled water to dissolve the vinegar so
that the volume of the solution becomes 20
mL.
3. Add 3 drops of 0.5% phenolphthalein solution.
4. Use the burette clamp to attach the burette to
the ring stand. The opening at the bottom of
the burette should be just above the height of
the Conical flask we use for the vinegar and
phenolphthalein solution.
5. Use a funnel to fill the burette with a 0.1 M
solution of sodium hydroxide.
6. Note the starting level of the sodium
hydroxide solution in the burette. Put the
vinegar solution to be titrated under the
burette.
7. Slowly drip the solution of sodium hydroxide
into the vinegar solution. Swirl the flask gently
to mix the solution, while keeping the opening
underneath the burette.
8. At some point we will see a pink colour in the
vinegar solution when the sodium hydroxide is
added, but the colour will quickly disappear as
the solution is mixed. When this happens, slow
the burette to drop-by-drop addition.
9. When the vinegar solution turns pink and
remains that colour even with mixing, the
titration is complete. Close the tap (or pinch
valve) of the burette.
 10. Note the remaining level of the sodium
hydroxide solution in the burette. Remember
to read from the bottom of the meniscus.
11. Subtract the initial level from the
remaining level to figure out how much
titrating solution we have used.
12. For each vinegar that we test, repeat the
titration at least three times.

OBSERVATION:
EXPERIMENT – 1: Take the household vinegar in the conical
flask and do the titration with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) as
mentioned.
S.No. Vol. of vinegar Burette reading Vol. of NaOH
solution(ml) Initial Final sol. Used (mL)
reading reading
1 1.5 0 11.5 11.5
2 1.5 11.5 22.5 11.0

EXPERIMENT – 2 : Take the chilli vinegar in the conical flask

and do the titration with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) as mentioned.

S.No. Vol. of vinegar Burette reading Vol. of NaOH

solution(ml) Initial Final sol. Used (mL)
reading reading
1 1.5 0 12.8 12.8
2 1.5 12.8 24.8 12.0

EXPERIMENT – 3: Take the apple cider vinegar in the conical

flask and do the titration with sodium hydroxide (NaOH)

S.No. Vol. of vinegar Burette reading Vol. of NaOH

solution(ml) Initial Final sol. Used (mL)
reading reading
1 1.5 0 13.2 13.2
2 1.5 13.2 25.9 12.7

CALCULATIONS:
 HOUSEHOLD VINEGAR
We know that, M acetic acid*Vacetic acid = MNaOH*VNaOH
Molarity of acetic acid can be calculated using the above
formula. M acetic acid = (MNaOH*VNaOH)/ Vacetic acid 
 = (0.1*11) /1.5
= 1.36M
Strength of acetic acid= M acetic acid *60
= 1.36*60
= 81.6g/l

 CHILLI VINEGAR
We know that, M acetic acid * Vacetic acid = MNaOH x VNaOH
Molarity of acetic acid can be calculated using the above
formula . M acetic acid = (MNaOH*VNaOH)/ Vacetic acid 
= (0.1*12) /1.5
= 1.25M
Strength of acetic acid= M acetic acid *60
= 1.25*60
= 75g/l

 APPLE CIDER VINEGAR

We know that, M acetic acid x Vacetic acid  = MNaOH x VNaOH
Molarity of acetic acid can be calculated using the above
formula . M acetic acid = (MNaOH*VNaOH)/ Vacetic acid 
= (0.1*12.7) /1.5
= 2.5M
Strength of acetic acid= M acetic acid *60
= 2.5*60
= 152.4g/l

 
RESULT:

 Strength of acetic acid in

household vinegar = 81.6
g/L.

 Strength of acetic acid in

chilli vinegar = 75 g/L.
 Strength of acetic acid in
apple cider vinegar =
152.4 g/L.

PICTURES:
Precautions:
1. Transference of measured vinegar into a
measuring flask should be done very
carefully.
2. Measuring must be performed carefully.
3. Look at the meniscus of solution at eye
level to avoid parallax.
4. Look at the lower meniscus in the light
coloured solution and upper meniscus in the
dark coloured solution because of visibility.
5. Do not forget to add distilled water to the
vinegar.
6. All the apparatus should be washed before
and after use.
SOUCES OF ERROR:

1. Measuring may not have been

performed carefully

2. The meniscus might not have been

viewed at eye level leading to error
due to parallax
BIBLIOGRAPHY:
1. What Is The Percentage Of Acetic Acid In Vinegar
https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!
&&p=b2287d626d85fb4cJmltdHM9MTY2MTU4NjM1OSZpZ3VpZD04
ODcwNWY3Zi1kNzZiLTRhMzMtOGIwNy1lYzBjZWMyMjFhMDUma
W5zaWQ9NTIzNA&ptn=3&hsh=3&fclid=4ab1222e-25dc-11ed-b10f-
945f7c568cf8&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9saXZpbmdzY2VudGVkLmNvbS93
aGF0LWlzLXRoZS1wZXJjZW50YWdlLW9mLWFjZXRpYy1hY2lkL
WluLXZpbmVnYXIv&ntb=1

2. Chemistry Part-1&2 Textbook for class 12

3. Core laboratory manual of Chemistry for class 12