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Chittagong University of Engineering and Technology

Department of Materials Science and Engineering

Md. Abid Ashraf

1912023

Experiment 2
Study and observation of a tensile test of a mild steel experiment.
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Contents
I'mObjective :..............................................................................................................................................2
Introduction:................................................................................................................................................2
Theory:....................................................................................................................................................2
Stress:..................................................................................................................................................2
Strain:..................................................................................................................................................2
Proportional limit(P.L):.......................................................................................................................3
Elastic limit (E.L):...............................................................................................................................3
Yield point:..........................................................................................................................................3
Ultimate strength:................................................................................................................................3
Rupture strength:.................................................................................................................................3
Modulus of Elasticity (E):...................................................................................................................3
Experimental equipment:.............................................................................................................................3
Result and discussion:.................................................................................................................................6
Data from specimen:................................................................................................................................6
Table and result:......................................................................................................................................7
Stress – Strain curve of the specimen:.....................................................................................................8
Specimen image after rupture:................................................................................................................9
.................................................................................................................................................................9
Result by Calculation:...........................................................................................................................10
Result from the graph :..........................................................................................................................10
discussion:.............................................................................................................................................11
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Objective :
1. To observe the deformation of a mild steel specimen under tensile load till failure
2. To determine the tensile properties
a. Proportional limit
b. Elastic limit
c. Yield point
d. Ultimate strength
e. Rupture strength
f. Modulus of elasticity
3. To determine the percentage of elongation
4. To draw a stress strain relationship diagram

Introduction:
For safe design of structural components in bridges, railway lines, marines ships, aircrafts, pressure
vessels etc, the tensile properties of materials used should be analyzed. Hence the tensile strength of the
materials should meet the strength requirements of the structural applications.
The experiment’s purpose was to ascertain the mechanical characteristics of mild steel under tensile
loading. Young’s modulus, yield strength, ultimate strength, percentage of elongation after fracture,
percentage of area reduction, stress strain diagram, and percentage of reduction of area were the
mechanical parameters that were determined.

Theory:
Uniaxial tensile test is known as a basic and universal engineering test to achieve material parameters
such as ultimate strength, yield strength, % elongation, % area of reduction and Young’s modulus. These
important parameters obtained from the standard tensile testing are useful for the selection of engineering
materials for any applications required.
This test is carried out by using axial load at a specific extension rate to a standard tensile specimen with
known dimension till failure. The data applied load and extension of the specimen was recorded for the
calculation of stress and strain.

Stress:
It is the resisting force per unit area of a body when a load is applied to it.
σ = F/A
Where, σ = stress, F= Load, and A= Cross Sectional area.

Strain:
It is the deformation Per unit length of a body when a deforming load is applied to it.
E= δ/Li
Where, E= Strain, δ= Elongation, and Li= Initial length.
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Figure 1: typical stress- strain diagram of a ductile matel

Proportional limit(P.L):
In stress-strain curve the portion where stress is proportional to strain.

Elastic limit (E.L):

It is the ordinate of a point almost coincident with P.L is known as the elastic limit. Up to which a
material maintains its elastic property .

Yield point:
The yield point is the point on a stress-strain curve that indicates the limit of elastic behavior and the
beginning of plastic behavior.

Ultimate strength:
The maximum point of the stress-strain curve is known as the ultimate strength or the tensile strength of
the material.

Rupture strength:
The stress at failure is called the rupture strength.

Modulus of Elasticity (E):

It is the ratio of the stress in a body to the corresponding strain.

Experimental equipment:
The machine we need for this experiment is,

 Universal material tester

This machine can do tensile, compression and hardness test with different orientation.
The configuration of this machine is shown in figure2.
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Load frame with upper cross member

Force display
Dial gauge

 Specimen

support with cross head

Gripping head

Load frame with lower cross member

Figure 3: slide calipers

Hand wheel

Hydraulic system consisting of a main

Hand grips
cylinder

Machine base

Figure 2: Universal Material Tester

Slide calipers: Used to determine the diameter.

 Specimen
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Shoulder

Li Lf
Gauge length

Before the test

After fracture

Figure 4: terminology of a specimen

Top and bottom of the specimen is wider then the gauge length. Because we don’t want to
concentrate the load in the shoulder.
We have to maintain L/d ratio = 4.
It is needed for loader band to appear. And create deformation in the Center of the gauge length.

Result and discussion:

Before the experiment the specimen was prepared where the L/d ratio was 8.75. At first we measured the
initial length (Li) and diameter (di) of the specimen. Then the specimen was mounted in the machine
firmly. After that the load was initiated. And we take the measurement of Load and displacement very
carefully. While taking the data it is observed that at first it was following the hook’s law. That means
stress is proportional to strain. After some time the specimen stops to follow the hook’s law. After some
time constantly increasing load the specimen faced rupture. For precise rupture point we have to take the
video footage of rupturing. Finally the specimen was fractured in a cup cone shape.
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Data from specimen:

Initial diameter of the specimen (di) = 6mm
Initial length of the specimen (Li) = 52.5mm
Final diameter of the specimen (df) = 5mm
Final length of the specimen (Lf) = 74mm
Initial cross sectional area (Ai) = 28.27433mm²
Final cross sectional area (Af) = 19.63495mm²

Table and result:

No Load, P Deflection, δ Strain, ε Stress, σ Yield Stress Ultimate Elastic

of (KN) mm (GPa) (MPa) tensile stress Modulus (GPa)
obs. (MPa)
1 0 0 0 0
2 12.5000 0.6000 0.0114 0.4421
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3 13.0000 0.9000 0.0171 0.4598

4 14.5000 1.2000 0.0229 0.5128
5 14.5000 1.5000 0.0286 0.5128
6 14.6000 1.8000 0.0343 0.5164
7 14.6000 2.1000 0.0400 0.5164
8 14.6000 2.4000 0.0457 0.5164
9 14.6000 2.7000 0.0514 0.5164
10 14.6000 3.0000 0.0571 0.5164
11 14.6000 3.3000 0.0629 0.5164
12 14.6000 3.6000 0.0686 0.5164
13 14.6000 3.9000 0.0743 0.5164
14 14.6000 4.2000 0.0800 0.5164
15 14.6000 4.3000 0.0819 0.5164
16 14.6000 4.8000 0.0914 0.5164
17 14.6000 5.1000 0.0971 0.5164
18 14.6000 5.4000 0.1029 0.5164
19 14.6000 5.7000 0.1086 0.5164
20 14.6000 6.0000 0.1143 0.5164
21 14.6000 6.3000 0.1200 0.5164
22 14.6000 6.6000 0.1257 0.5164
23 14.6000 6.9000 0.1314 0.5164
24 14.7000 7.2000 0.1371 0.5199
25 14.8000 7.5000 0.1429 0.5234 442.097 526.978 38.037
26 14.8000 7.8000 0.1486 0.5234
27 14.8000 8.1000 0.1543 0.5234
28 14.8000 8.4000 0.1600 0.5234
29 14.8000 8.7000 0.1657 0.5234
30 14.8000 9.0000 0.1714 0.5234
31 14.9000 9.3000 0.1771 0.5270
32 14.9000 9.5000 0.1810 0.5270
33 14.9000 9.8000 0.1867 0.5270
34 14.9000 10.1000 0.1924 0.5270
35 14.5000 11.0000 0.2095 0.5128
36 14.2000 11.3000 0.2152 0.5022
37 13.8000 11.6000 0.2210 0.4881
38 13.4000 11.9000 0.2267 0.4739
39 12.7000 12.2000 0.2324 0.4492
40 12.1000 12.5000 0.2381 0.4279
41 11.2000 12.8000 0.2438 0.3961
42 10.9000 13.1000 0.2495 0.3855
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Stress – Strain curve of the specimen:

Figure 5: stress strain diagram of the specimen

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Specimen image after rupture:

Figure 6: cup cone shape fracture of the specimen

Figure 7: fractured specimen

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Result by Calculation:
Modulus of elasticity = (Y2-Y1)/(X2-X1)
=(0.442096-0)/(0.0114286-0)
=38.68Gpa
Parentage of elongation={(Lf-Li)/Li}×100%
={(74-52.5)/52.5}×100%
=40.95%
Parentage of reduction={(Ai-Af)/Ai}×100%
={(28.27433-19.63496)/28.27433}×100%
=30.55%
L/d ratio=52.5/6= 8.75

Result from the graph :

Modulus of elasticity=38.693878Gpa
Yield strength= 0.442096×10³
=442.096Mpa
Ultimate strength= 526.978Mpa
Rupture strength=387.463Mpa
Area under the curve=0.122965
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discussion:
By calculating modules of elasticity we find E=38.68Gpa and the value from the graph is 38.693878Gpa.
which is approximately same.

We can calculate three kind of ductility,

1. %elongation= 40.95%
2. %reduction= 30.55%
3. Area under the curve= 0.122965

This three have three different value .

We find that the ratio of gauge length and diameter of the specimen is 8.75 which is larger then 4. That’s
the reason our specimen didn’t break or fractured at the center.

From the graph ultimate strength is 526.978Mpa. In the specimen this is the maximum load for
deforming the specimen.

Rupture strength means the fracture strength or the stress after tensile load which is Responsible for
fracture. We find the rupture strength 387.463Mpa.

The yield strength of the specimen is 442.096Mpa.

From the calculation and graph we find this value which is approximately same
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Program for the graph:

%%Stress strain Diagram

Li= 52.5 ;
Di = 6;
Lf = 74 ;
Df = 5 ;
Ai = (1/4*3.1416*Di^2);
Af = (1/4*3.1416*Df^2);

force = [0; 12.5; 13; 14.5; 14.5; 14.6; 14.6; 14.6; 14.6; 14.6; 14.6; 14.6; 14.6; 14.6; 14.6; 14.6; 14.6; 14.6;
14.6; 14.6; 14.6; 14.6; 14.6; 14.7; 14.8; 14.8; 14.8; 14.8; 14.8; 14.8; 14.9; 14.9; 14.9; 14.9; 14.5; 14.2;
13.8; 13.4; 12.7; 12.1; 11.2; 10.9];
displacement = [0; 0.6; 0.9; 1.2; 1.5; 1.8; 2.1; 2.4; 2.7; 3.0; 3.3; 3.6; 3.9; 4.2; 4.3; 4.8; 5.1; 5.4; 5.7; 6.0;
6.3; 6.6; 6.9; 7.2; 7.5; 7.8; 8.1; 8.4; 8.7; 9.0; 9.3; 9.5; 9.8; 10.1; 11.0; 11.3; 11.6; 11.9; 12.2; 12.5; 12.8;
13.1 ];
strain = displacement/Li;
stress = force/Ai ;

figure
plot (strain,stress), title('stress - strain diagram of the specimen')
xlabel('Strain')
ylabel ('Stress (Gpa)')

fprintf('select a point on elastic zone \n')

[x y] = ginput(1);
E = y/x;
fprintf('The value of modulus of elasticity of the specimen is %f GPa \n', E)
hold on
fprintf('select the point where the specimen start plastic deformation \n')
[x1 y1] = ginput(1);
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Ys = y1*1000;
fprintf ('The value of Yield stress is %f MPa \n',Ys)
hold on

Tmax = max(stress*1000);
fprintf('The value of Ultimate stress is %f MPa \n',Tmax )
hold on
fprintf('select the end point of the curve\n')
[x y] = ginput(1);
Rs = y*1000;
fprintf ('The value of rupture stress is %f MPa\n',Rs)

Area_under_curve = trapz(strain,stress);
fprintf('The Area under curve is %f \n \n',Area_under_curve)