7-Standardization and OSI Intro

Computer Networks

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OSI Model (Open Systems Interconnection)

• The OSI model is a layered framework for the design of network

systems that allows communication between all types of computer
systems

• It consists of seven separate but related layers

• Each layer defines a part of the process of moving information

across a network

• An OSI model provides a solid basis for understanding data

communications

• Developed by the International Organization for Standardization

(ISO) 2
OSI - The Layer Model

• Each layer has specific functions

and it is responsible

• All layers work together in the

correct order to move data
around a network

• Top to bottom – All People Seem

To Need Data Processing

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Seven Layers of the OSI Model

Application
Application
(Upper) Presentation
Layers
Session

Transport

Network
Data Flow
Layers
Data-Link

Physical

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Seven Layers of the OSI Model
Horizontal Communication

• The horizontal communication is the Logical connection

between the layers
• There is no direct communication between them
• Information included in each protocol header by the
transmitting system is a message that will be carried to
the same protocol in the destination system
Horizontal Communication

• When the packet reaches

at its destination, the
process by which the
headers are applied at
the source is reversed in
receiver to get
information
Vertical Communication
• The header information
also enables each layer
to communicate with the
layer above & below it.
• This interlayer
communication is called
vertical communication
Protocol Data Units (PDU)

• User data is passed from layer to layer

• Control information is added/removed to/from user data
at each layer
– Header (and sometimes trailer)
– Each layer has a different header/trailer
• Data + header + trailer = PDU (Protocol Data Unit)
– Each layer has a different PDU

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Data Encapsulation

• The outgoing information will travel down through the

layers to the lowest layer

• While moving down on the source machine, it acquires

all the control information which is required to reach the
destination machine

• This process of adding headers and trailers to the data is

called as data encapsulation

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Encapsulation/De-encapsulation

• The process of moving data between layers of the OSI

Model
• Encapsulation: Data > segment > packet > frame > bits
• De-encapsulation: Bits > frame > packet > segment > data

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Data Encapsulation

Application
Presentation
PDU
Upper-Layer Data Session

Transport Segment
TCP Header Upper-Layer Data

Network Packet
IP Header Data

LLC Header Data FCS

Data-Link Frame

MAC Header Data FCS

Physical Bits
0101110101001000010 12
Data Encapsulation

Layer Protocol Data Unit Layer Protocol Data Unit

Application Data Application Data

Presentation Data Presentation Data

Session Data Session Data
Transport Segment Transport Segment
Network Packet Network Packet
Data Link Frame Data Link Frame
Physical Bits Physical Bits

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The Wire